List of Hawaii hurricanes explained

A Hawaiian hurricane is a tropical cyclone that forms in the Pacific Ocean and affects the Hawaiian Islands. Hawaii lies in the central Pacific, where about four or five tropical cyclones appear each year, although as many as fifteen have occurred, such as in the 2015 season; rarely do these storms actually affect Hawaii. Tropical cyclone records were not kept before the 1950s. Earlier windstorms that struck Hawaii were not labeled as hurricanes.^[1] Extratropical cyclones are also common, causing considerable damage; they are known as Kona storms, but are not included in counts of hurricanes.

List of tropical cyclones

This list contains every tropical cyclone that had a somewhat notable effect on the State of Hawaiʻi.

Pre–1950

• September 1843: The earliest report of a tropical cyclone that could have affected Hawaiʻi was made in 1843. On September 23, a German ship recorded a cyclone (known later as the "Cyclone of the Lark") near 17°N and 141°W. No further records are available, but extrapolation of its forward movement predicted that it would make landfall on the southern coast of the Big Island of Hawaiʻi.^[2]
• August 9, 1871: Indigenous newspapers record a major category 3 hurricane causing significant damage across the islands of Hawai'i and Maui.^[3]
• November 1874: In November, a possible tropical cyclone may have dropped over of rain on Honolulu, and southerly gales destroyed 23 homes and damaged at least 50.^[2]
• December 1902–03: A low-pressure system (known later as "The Froc Cyclone") that took a path similar to that of a tropical cyclone, passed through Kaulakahi Channel in late December 1902. No records of unusual weather were recorded, so the storm was likely still forming as it crossed Hawaiʻi.
• October 1906: In October a tropical cyclone passed about south of South Point. Heavy rains were recorded; "the heaviest in years". A little over fell in 4½ hours.^[4]
• November 1906: south of Honolulu on November 3, 1906, a tropical cyclone was recognized. The storm supposedly tracked northward, passing through the Kauai channel. This cyclone must have been abnormally small or very weak, because climatological records show no unusual rainfall, wind, surge, or low pressure. The storm dissipated near British Columbia.^[4]
• August 1925: In August high seas and gusty winds were recorded in Hawaiʻi from a nearby tropical cyclone.^[4]
• August 1938: Again in August a possible tropical cyclone produced heavy wind and rain in the state.^[4]

1950s

• August 1950: Hurricane Hiki passed north of the islands, bringing gale winds. 68mph winds were recorded in Kauai. Additionally, at total of 52 inches (1321 mm) of rain fell over 4 days in Kauai. One person died from Hiki.^[4]
• July 1957: Hurricane Kanoa, after taking a long journey across the eastern Pacific, became a non-tropical circulation a few miles east of Hawaiʻi. The remnants of Kanoa brought welcomed rain.^[5]
• November 1957: Hurricane Nina was a Category 1 hurricane that formed in November south of Hawaiʻi. Nina moved north and took a sharp turn to the west without actually striking the state. Nina's closest approach to land, which was relatively far off the coast, was only about southwest of Kauai. Nina caused about $100,000 damage in Kauai and dropped over of rain in 14 hours. Nina set a record for the highest wind gust ever recorded in Honolulu: . Nina killed four people throughout the islands.^[5]
• August 1958: On August 7, a tropical storm seemed to rapidly appear directly off the coast of Hilo. It moved across the islands, dropping considerable rainfall and causing about $500,000 of damage, before dissipating.^[6]
• August 1959: Hurricane Dot was another powerful August arrival. Dot entered the Central Pacific as a Category 4 hurricane just south of Hawaiʻi. On August 5, Dot seemed to turn more northwest, aiming it directly at Kauai. On the 6th, Dot began weakening, and at its landfall in Kauai, Dot was only a Category 1 hurricane. Despite being greatly weakened, the hurricane brought gusts of over . In some areas of the island, palm trees snapped in half, suggesting winds were locally over . Damages from Dot cost no more than a few million dollars, and rainfall was relatively light; around . No Dot-related deaths were recorded.^[7]

1960s

• September 1963: Tropical Storm Irah crossed the islands as a tropical depression, bringing winds, but caused little damage.^[8]
• August 1966: Hurricane Connie brought heavy rain to Big Island and Maui without making landfall.^[9]

1970s

• August 1970: Tropical Storm Maggie passed just south of the Big Island, dropping nearly of rain.^[10]
• January 1971: Although not having existed in the Central Pacific as a tropical cyclone, the extratropical low that was Tropical Storm Sarah in the West Pacific passed over Hawaiʻi in mid January, causing high winds and heavy rain.^[11]
• July 1971: Hurricane Denise dissipated before reaching Hawaiʻi, but brought beneficial rain of over one inch to dry farms and sugarcane plantations. Denise's outer winds helped Sheila Scott while she was flying solo around the world and a boat named Winward Passage won the Transpacific Yacht Race. Both were headed to Honolulu.^[11]
• August 1972: Hurricane Diana dissipated a few miles off shore of the Big Island, dropping over of rain in some parts.^[12]
• September 1972: Hurricane Fernanda may have caused flash flooding near Waipio as it passed to the northeast.^[12]
• August 1976: Tropical Storm Gwen passed north of Hawaiʻi, dropping 1- of rain across the entire state.^[13]
• July 1978: Hurricane Fico created waves, felled trees and knocked out power across the islands.^[14]

1980s

• July 1982: Hurricane Daniel passed through the islands as a tropical depression, causing little if any damage.^[15]
• November 1982: Hurricane Iwa was one of Hawaii's most damaging hurricanes. Although it was only a category 1 storm, it passed just miles west of Kauai, moving at a speed of nearly . Severe property damage was inflicted on the island; up to (a record for that time). Iwa was the most damaging hurricane to ever hit Hawaiʻi until Hurricane Iniki took over the title 10 years later.^[15]
• July–August 1983: Hurricane Gil passed over northern Hawaiʻi as a tropical storm, causing minor damage.^[16]
• October 1983: Hurricane Raymond took a path similar to Gil's, but as a depression, causing no damage.^[16]
• July 1985: Hurricane Ignacio, although missing the islands, generated surf that measured from 10to causing damage to coastal roads and structures. Only light rain was reported.^[17]
• July 1986: Waves caused by Hurricane Estelle caused in damage when they destroyed five houses and damaged several others. Two people on Oʻahu drowned in rough surf.^[18]
• August 1988: Tropical Storm Gilma moved through the island chain as a depression, dropping locally heavy rainfall of up to in some places.^[19]
• August 1988: Hurricane Uleki approached the state. Two drownings on Oahu were attributed to rough surf caused by the hurricane.^[19]
• July 1989: Hurricane Dalilia dropped heavy rains over Hawaiʻi, setting a new July record for Honolulu International Airport, in 24 hours. Rain was heavier elsewhere, with up to falling near the North Shore.^[20]

1990s

• August 1991: Hurricane Fefa dissipated shortly before landfall. Two people were injured by lightning. Locally strong wind gusts reached at some localities, mainly over Hawaiʻi and Maui. Some heavy downpours occurred, particularly on the Big Island. Localized flash flooding was reported in the Kohala and Hamakua districts.^[21]
• July 1992: Hurricane Georgette brought locally squally winds over the state as a depression. Several large waterspouts were sighted off Hapuna Beach in the South Kohala district.^[22]
• September 1992: Hurricane Iniki caused more damage than any other hurricane to affect Hawaiʻi since records began. It hit the island of Kauai as a Category 4 on September 11. Iniki caused $3.1 billion in damage, mainly to Kauai.^[23] Not accounting for inflation, it remains the second-costliest east or central Pacific hurricane on record, behind Hurricane Manuel in 2013. Six died as a result. Iniki brought winds of .^[22]
• September 1992: Hurricane Orlene struck Hawaii as a tropical depression causing heavy rainfall, washing out roads, shortly after Iniki ravaged the island.^[22]
• July 1993: Hurricane Eugene dropped valuable rain on the state as it dissipated. Minor power outages and rain made traffic conditions hazardous. One fisherman was reported missing.^[24]
• August 1993: Hurricane Fernanda brought heavy surf of up to on the east facing beaches from the Big Island to Kauai. Wave heights between 15and was reported on Kauai. Shoreline roads on all islands were damaged and some homes flooded.^[24]
• July 1994: Tropical Storm Daniel dumped of rain over the windward slopes of Big Island. Moderate surf of up to affected the east and southeast shorelines on the Big Island.
• July 1994: Hurricane Emilia damaged trees and foliage while passing south of Hawaiʻi. Surf reached along the Puna and Kau shorelines.
• July 1994: The remnants of Tropical Storm Fabio brought heavy showers to Big Island and Oahu. Rainfall accumulated to .
• August 1994: Tropical Depression One-C passed just south of the islands, causing severe flooding in Hilo.^[25]
• August 1999: Hurricane Dora caused minor wind gusts of up to on the southern part of Big Island as it passed south of Hawaiʻi.^[26]

2000s

• August 2000: Hurricane Daniel passed north of the islands, bringing a few thunderstorms but no significant flooding. High surf with waves of up to impacted the eastern side of the island of Hawaiʻi.^[27]
• August 2003: Hurricane Jimena brought up to of rain as it passed the Big Island. High surf with heights of up to were reported on the windward sections of Big Island. A gust of was recorded at South Point.^[28]
• August 2004: The remnants of Hurricane Darby passed over the islands and combined with an upper-level trough to create unstable moisture, dropping up to of rain in a few hours on the Big Island, causing flooding and road closures. Rainfall up to was also reported in Oahu.^[29]
• September 2005: An upper-level trough which had resulted in the remnants of Hurricane Jova brought unstable conditions to Hawaiʻi, allowing locally heavy rainfall to occur.^[30]
• September 2005: The remnants of Hurricane Kenneth brought locally heavy rainfall, with up to falling on the Big Island of Hawaiʻi. Intense rains over Oahu and Kauai caused flash floods on Kaukonahua Stream and the overflow of Lake Wilson at Wahiawa Dam. Flash floods occurred on Hanalei River forcing the closure of Kuhio Highway.^[30]
• August 2007: Hurricane Flossie passed within of the Big Island of Hawaii bringing rain and tropical storm-force winds to the island.
• August 2008: The remnants of Hurricane Hernan brought moisture to the island of Hawaii causing cloud and shower activity.
• August 2009: The remnants of Hurricane Felicia brought light rainfall to the northern islands.^[31]
• October 2009: Hurricane Neki caused minor damage to the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, striking the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument as a tropical storm.

2010s

• December 2010: Tropical Storm Omeka brushed Lisianski Island as a weak tropical storm, although no damage was reported.
• July 2013: Tropical Storm Flossie passed just north of the Hawaiian Islands before dissipated.
• August 2014: Hurricane Iselle made landfall in the southeastern part of the Island of Hawaiʻi as a moderate tropical storm. Hurricane warnings were issued on the island, the first occurrence since 1992.^[32] Upon landfall, Iselle brought heavy rain, flooding and minor structural damage. Overall, Iselle caused $148 million (2014 USD) in damage, mainly to the papaya crop. One person was killed indirectly having been swept away by a stream engorged with heavy rain from the storm.^[33]
• October 2014: Hurricane Ana skirted just south of the Hawaiian islands, passing southwest of Kauai as a category 1 hurricane. Damage was limited to a few downed trees.
• August 2015: Hurricane Hilda passed within southeast of Island of Hawaiʻi as a tropical depression.
• August 2015: Hurricane Kilo passed well south of Island of Hawaiʻi as a tropical depression, it brought enhanced moisture into Hawaii, leading to locally heavy rainfall in that state.
• August 2015: Hurricane Loke brushed Pearl and Hermes Atoll as a minimal hurricane, although no damage was reported.
• August–September 2015: Hurricane Ignacio passed about northeast of Maui and Molokai as a category 1 hurricane, causing only minimal impacts.
• September 2015: Hurricane Jimena passed well north of the Hawaiian islands before dissipated, it brought scattered heavy rains to Hawaii.
• September 2015: Tropical Storm Malia brushed Maro Reef as a weak tropical storm, although no damage was reported.
• September 2015: Tropical Storm Niala passes to the southeast of the Big Island, bringing tropical storm force winds to the island. Flood and High Wind Advisories were released.
• July 2016: Moisture associated with the remnants of Hurricane Blas brought showers to Hawaii. Peak daily rainfall totals primarily ranged between 1 and 2 in (25 to 50 mm) and did not cause any serious flooding.
• July 2016: Large swells as high as 15 ft (4.6 m) generated by the remnants of Hurricane Celia affected the east-facing shores of the Hawaiian Islands. These swells produced rough surf that caused two drowning deaths on the southeastern shore of the island of Oahu on July 16.
• July 2016: Hurricane Darby made landfall in southeast Island of Hawaiʻi as a minimal tropical storm. Darby brought heavy rain and widespread flash floods to the windward sides of the Hawaiian Islands, however, overall damage was minor.
• July 2016: Remnant moisture from Hurricane Georgette brought heavy rain to Oahu on July 31 but caused only minor flooding.
• August 2016: The remnants of Tropical Storm Howard moved across the main Hawaiian Island group on August 7, dropping up to 2 in (51 mm) of rain over portions of Kauai, Oahu, and Maui, with minor flooding occurring on northwestern Oahu and northern sections of Maui.
• September 2016: Hurricane Madeline passes to the southeast of the Big Island as a weakening tropical storm, producing heavy rain and gusty winds. Total rainfall accumulations amounted up to 5–11 inches (13–28 cm) across the Big Island.
• September 2016: Hurricane Lester passed slowly to the northeast of the islands as a category 1 hurricane. Its outer rainbands produced heavy showers and minor flooding over the leeward slopes of the Big Island and portions of east Maui.
• July 2017: The remnants of Hurricane Fernanda passed to the north of the islands on July 24, producing thunderstorms and heavy showers in the region.^[34]
• August 2018: Hurricane Hector passed about south of the Island of Hawaiʻi as a Category 3 hurricane, generating 20 foot high surf along the southern side of the island. At least 90 people had to be rescued off the shores of Oahu due to dangerous swells generated by the cyclone.^[35]
• August 2018: Hurricane Lane slowly approached the islands from the southeast, peaking as a powerful Category 5 hurricane (one of only two recorded within 350 miles of the state), prompting the issuance of hurricane watches and warnings for every island in Hawaii and becoming the first major threat to the state since Hurricane Iniki. Lane weakened significantly as it moved towards the islands, however its outer rainbands caused severe mudslides and flash flooding especially in the Island of Hawaiʻi, where a maximum of 52.02inch of rain was recorded at Mountainview, Hawaii on August 27.^[36] In Koloa, a man drowned after jumping in a river to save a dog.^[37]
• September 2018: Hurricane Norman passed about to the northeast of the main Hawaiian islands as a weakening Category 1 hurricane. A high surf warning was issued for the eastern shores of Maui and the Island of Hawaiʻi, although no damage was reported.
• September 2018: Hurricane Walaka struck the French Frigate Shoals as a category 3 hurricane completely destroying the uninhabited East Island in the atoll.
• September 2018: Hurricane Olivia made landfall in northwest Maui as a minimal tropical storm, becoming the first storm on record to make landfall on the island since reliable records began. As Olivia continued towards the west, it then made a second landfall on the northeast coast of Lanai with heavy rains and gusty winds. Several homes were evacuated in Maui due to the threat of flooding, though overall damage was relatively minor, with some reports of downed trees and flooded roads.
• July 2019: The remnants of Hurricane Barbara passed 120miles south of Hawai'i on July 8, producing showers over the windward regions of the island and nearby Maui.^[38] The storms generated by Barbara's remnants were cited by Hawaiian Electric Industries as the likely cause of power outages affecting 45,000 electricity customers.^[39]
• August 2019: Hurricane Erick passed about south of the island of Hawaiʻi as a tropical storm, bringing swells and rainfall to the island.^[40] Subsequently, Hurricane Flossie approaches Hawaii as a weakening tropical depression, before passing northeast of the Big Island and dissipated.

2020s

• July 2020: Hurricane Douglas passed just north of the Hawaiian Islands, bringing heavy rainfall and gusty winds to the island chain, though damage was minor. Nonetheless, it was the closest hurricane that has come to Oahu in recorded history.^[41]
• August 2021: The remnants of Hurricane Linda traversed the Hawaiian Islands, bringing heavy rain and gusty winds. However, damage was minor.^[42]
• July 2022: Hurricane Darby passed to the south of the Island of Hawai’i as a weakening tropical storm, bringing rain and high surf. However, only minor damage was reported.^[43]
• July 2023: Hurricane Calvin passed to the south of the Island of Hawaiʻi as a tropical storm, bringing heavy rainfall and gusty winds to the island, but caused no significant damage.^[44]
• August 2023: Hurricane Dora passed far to the south of the Island of Hawaiʻi.^[45] Even so, a steep pressure gradient between a strong anticyclone to the north of the Hawaiian Islands and Dora to the south produced incredibly strong gradient winds over the islands which in turn helped cause multiple wildfires on Hawaiʻi and Maui.^[46]

Statistics

Of the 68 tropical cyclones have affected Hawaii since official record-keeping began in 1949, 30 (44%) did so during August. With only one exception, none have approached the islands prior to July.

At least 29 people have died in Hawaii as a result of tropical cyclones since 1949.

Number of fatalities in Hawaii per storm

Name	Year	deaths
	1992	6
	1957	4
	1982	4
	1959	2
	1986	2
	1988	2
	2016	2
	1950	1
	1958	1
	1983	1
	1983	1
	1993	1
	2014	1
	2018	1

Hawaii's apparent immunity to most hurricanes

The islands of Hawaii, with Kauai as the notable exception, appear to be remarkably immune from direct hurricane hits. The USGS states that "more commonly, near-misses that generate large swell and moderately high winds causing varying degrees of damage are the hallmark of hurricanes passing close to the islands."^[47] This has also drawn media attention.^{[48] [49]} One notion is that Hawaii's volcanic peaks slow down or divert storms.^[50]

A partial source of this idea may be the long list of hurricanes in the above paragraphs that dissipated into tropical storms or depressions upon approaching the islands. Satellite images of Hurricane Flossie's breakup when approaching Hawaii Island fueled this idea.^[51] Another example may be Hurricane Felicia which dropped from Category 4 down to a tropical depression with residual winds predicted at only .^[52] Tropical Storm Flossie (not to be confused with Hurricane Flossie in 2007) provides still another example. On July 28, 2013, the storm appeared headed for a direct hit to the Big Island, home to Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa. Both mountains rise to elevations in excess of 13,000 feet above sea level, and as Flossie approached the island, its track shifted abruptly overnight and assumed a more northerly alignment, heading instead to the island of Maui on July 29.^[53]

Wind data in particular supports the USGS assertion that hurricane damage has been low on all islands except for Kauai. Data collected by the Western Regional Climate Center show no hurricane-strength winds on any Hawaii Islands with the exception of Kauai.^[54] Despite this data, FEMA classified all of Hawaii as being in a "Wind-Borne Debris Region".^{[55] [56] [57]}

Landfalling systems

Recorded tropical cyclone landfalls in Hawaii

Name	Date	Year	SSHWS category	Sustained winds
Unnamed			bgcolor=#		Unknown
Unnamed			bgcolor=#
Dot			bgcolor=#
Raymond			bgcolor=#
Gilma			bgcolor=#
Iniki			bgcolor=#
Orlene			bgcolor=#
Eugene			bgcolor=#
Iselle			bgcolor=#
Darby			bgcolor=#
Olivia			bgcolor=#

See also

• Central Pacific Hurricane Center
• List of Pacific hurricanes
• Pacific hurricane season
• List of wettest tropical cyclones to affect Hawaii
• Tropical cyclone
• Kona storm
• List of Hawaii tornadoes

External links

• Eastern Pacific hurricane tracks
• Climatic Atlas of Tropical Cyclone Tracks over the Central North Pacific
• History of Hurricanes in Hawaii, University of Hawaii
• Hawaii Hurricanes

Notes and References

1. http://www.honolulu.gov/ocda/hurric.htm Oahu Civil Defense Agency
2. Web site: Central Pacific Hurricane Center. Tropical Cyclones in the 1800s. June 8, 2012. United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service.
3. Businger . Steven . M. P. Nogelmeier . P. W. U. Chinn . T. Schroeder . Hurricane with a History: Hawaiian Newspapers Illuminate an 1871 Storm . Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. . 99 . 1 . 137–47 . 2018 . 10.1175/BAMS-D-16-0333.1 . 2018BAMS...99..137B .
4. Central Pacific Hurricane Center. Tropical Cyclones During the Years 1900-1952. June 8, 2012. United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service.
5. The 1957 Central Pacific Tropical Cyclone Season. United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. Central Pacific Hurricane Center. June 9, 2012.
6. The 1958 Central Pacific Tropical Cyclone Season. United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. Central Pacific Hurricane Center. June 9, 2012.
7. The 1959 Central Pacific Tropical Cyclone Season. United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. Central Pacific Hurricane Center. June 9, 2012.
8. 1963 Tropical Cyclones in the Central North Pacific. United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. June 9, 2012. Central Pacific Hurricane Center.
9. 1966 Tropical Cyclones in the Central North Pacific. United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. June 9, 2012. Central Pacific Hurricane Center.
10. The 1970 Central Pacific Tropical Cyclone Season. Central Pacific Hurricane Center. United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. June 9, 2012.
11. The 1971 Central Pacific Tropical Cyclone Season. Central Pacific Hurricane Center. United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. June 9, 2012.
12. The 1972 Central Pacific Tropical Cyclone Season. Central Pacific Hurricane Center. United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. June 9, 2012.
13. The 1976 Central Pacific Tropical Cyclone Season. Central Pacific Hurricane Center. United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. June 9, 2012.
14. The 1978 Central Pacific Tropical Cyclone Season. Central Pacific Hurricane Center. United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. June 9, 2012.
15. June 8, 2012. The 1982 Central Pacific Tropical Cyclone Season. United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. Central Pacific Hurricane Center. NOAA Technical Memorandum NWSTM PR-29.
16. June 8, 2012. The 1983 Central Pacific Tropical Cyclone Season. United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. Central Pacific Hurricane Center. NOAA Technical Memorandum NWSTM PR-30.
17. June 8, 2012. The 1985 Central Pacific Tropical Cyclone Season. United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. Central Pacific Hurricane Center. NOAA Technical Memorandum NWSTM PR-32.
18. June 8, 2012. The 1986 Central Pacific Tropical Cyclone Season. United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. Central Pacific Hurricane Center. NOAA Technical Memorandum NWSTM PR-33.
19. June 8, 2012. The 1988 Central Pacific Tropical Cyclone Season. United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. Central Pacific Hurricane Center. NOAA Technical Memorandum NWSTM PR-35.
20. June 8, 2012. The 1989 Central Pacific Tropical Cyclone Season. United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. Central Pacific Hurricane Center. NOAA Technical Memorandum NWSTM PR-36.
21. June 8, 2012. The 1991 Central Pacific Tropical Cyclone Season. United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. Central Pacific Hurricane Center. NOAA Technical Memorandum NWSTM PR-38.
22. June 8, 2012. The 1992 Central Pacific Tropical Cyclone Season. United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. Central Pacific Hurricane Center. NOAA Technical Memorandum NWSTM PR-39.
23. Web site: Costliest U.S. tropical cyclones tables update. National Hurricane Center. January 28, 2018.
24. June 8, 2012. The 1993 Central Pacific Tropical Cyclone Season. Central Pacific Hurricane Center. United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. NOAA Technical Memorandum NWSTM PR-40.
25. November 28, 2007. The 1994 Central Pacific Tropical Cyclone Season. Central Pacific Hurricane Center. United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. NOAA Technical Memorandum NWSTM PR-41.
26. June 9, 2012. The 1999 Central Pacific Tropical Cyclone Season. Central Pacific Hurricane Center. United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. NOAA Technical Memorandum NWSTM PR-46. Hablutzel, Benjamin C. Weyman, James C. Rosendal, Hans E. Jendrowski, Paul A. Hoag, Jonathan D. Tanabe, Raymond M.
27. The 2000 Central Pacific Tropical Cyclone Season. Central Pacific Hurricane Center. United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. June 9, 2012. NOAA Technical Memorandum NWSTM PR-. Kodama, Kevin R. Rosendal, Hans E. Hablutzelm Benjamin C. Jendrowski, Paul A. Eum, Daniel.
28. The 2003 Central Pacific Tropical Cyclone Season. Central Pacific Hurricane Center. United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. June 9, 2012. NOAA Technical Memorandum NWSTM PR-51. Nash, Andy. Craig, Tim. Farrell, Robert. Rosendal, Hans E.
29. The 2004 Central Pacific Tropical Cyclone Season. Central Pacific Hurricane Center. United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. June 9, 2012. NOAA Technical Memorandum NWSTM PR-52. Nash, Andy. Craig, Tim. Matsuda, Roy. Powell, Jeffery.
30. 2005 Tropical Cyclones in the Central North Pacific. Nash, Andy. Proton, Victor. Farrell, Robert. Matsuda, Roy. United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. NOAA Technical Memorandum NWSTM PR-53. Central Pacific Hurricane Center. June 9, 2012.
31. National Hurricane Center. [{{NHC TCR url|id=EP082009_Felicia}} Hurricane Felicia]. Kimberlain, Todd B. Wroe Derek. Knabb, Richard D. 3. May 13, 2012. Central Pacific Hurricane Center. January 10, 2010. United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. Tropical Cyclone Report.
32. Web site: Public Advisory for HURRICANE ISELLE . August 2, 2018 . August 2, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180802193227/http://www.prh.noaa.gov/cphc/tcpages/archive/2014/WEB_TCPCP3.EP092014.31A.1408080034.php . dead .
33. News: Hawaii News Now. Hawaii News Now. August 9, 2014. December 12, 2017. Rescuers find body of Kauai hiker swept away by rushing river.
34. News: Hawaii News Now. July 24, 2017. December 12, 2017. Remnants of Fernanda to bring humidity, possible thunderstorms.
35. Web site: Birchard . Hurricane Hector Intermediate Advisory Number 33A . Central Pacific Hurricane Center . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . August 8, 2018.
36. National Weather Service Office in Honolulu, Hawaii. August 27, 2018. August 27, 2018. Public Information Statement. Lane Possibly Breaks Hawaii Tropical Cyclone Rainfall Record. August 29, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180829072332/http://www.prh.noaa.gov/hnl/Products/PNSHFO/PNSHFO.1808271505.txt. dead.
37. News: Associated Press. Hawaii News Now. August 29, 2018. August 30, 2018. 1 death from Hawaii storm Lane reported on Kauai.
38. Web site: Burke . Bob . Area Forecast Discussion . National Weather Service Raw Text Product . Iowa State University . July 9, 2019 . Ames, Iowa . July 8, 2019.
39. News: Power Interrupted as Storm Remnants Hit Hawaii's Big Island . July 9, 2019 . The New York Times . Associated Press . July 8, 2019.
40. Web site: Tropical Storm Erick Advisory Number 24. www.nhc.noaa.gov. 2019-08-02. 2019-08-05.
41. Web site: Service. NOAA's National Weather. NWSChat – NOAA's National Weather Service. 2020-07-27. nwschat.weather.gov. EN-US.
42. Web site: US Department of Commerce . NOAA . Remnants of Linda Pass Through the Islands with Rain and Gusty Winds . 2024-07-24 . www.weather.gov . EN-US.
43. Web site: Staff . Star-Advertiser . 2022-12-01 . Hurricane season ends with just 1 cyclone reaching Hawaii . 2024-07-24 . Honolulu Star-Advertiser . en.
44. News: . Calvin now a post-tropical cyclone as it passes far south of Hawaii. July 19, 2023. Honolulu Star-Advertiser. en. August 9, 2023.
45. Web site: Dora remains Category 4 hurricane as passes south of Hawaiʻi Island, bringing high winds, surf, fire hazards. August 8, 2023. Big Island Now. August 8, 2023.
46. News: Wildfires burning across Maui prompt evacuations. Sangal. Aditi. Levenson. Eric. Vogt. Adrienne. August 9, 2023. CNN. August 9, 2023.
47. http://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/i2761/sections/1_Intro.pdf Atlas of Natural Hazards in the Hawaiian Coastal Zone published by the USGS Page 11
48. https://www.usatoday.com/weather/hurricane/2003-09-01-hawaii-hurricnes_x.htm Hurricanes rarely hit Hawaii
49. https://www.usatoday.com/weather/hurricane/2009-11-17-hawaii-hurricanes_N.htm Hawaii escaping hurricanes
50. https://web.archive.org/web/20120403003308/http://www.mauinews.com/page/content.detail/id/30709/Maui-not--rsquo-immune-rsquo--to-hurricane-strike.html Maui not ’immune’ to hurricane strike published by Maui News, May 22, 2007
51. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p_rxu0fJ2h8 Video of Hurricane Flossie's breakup upon approach to Hawaii Island
52. https://archive.today/20120701145559/http://articles.cnn.com/2009-08-06/us/hurricane.felicia_1_central-pacific-hurricane-center-miles-west-southwest-richard-knabb?_s=PM:CNN US article: Hurricane Felicia strengthens, heads toward Hawaii, August 09, 2009
53. Web site: HNN Hurricane Center.
54. http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/ Western Regional Climate Center - Historic Wind Measurements
55. http://www.fema.gov/library/file?type=originalAccessibleFormatFile&file=577_apndxb.txt&fileid=ab1e9390-29a6-11dc-b1f0-000bdba87d5b FEMA Definitions for Wind-Borne Debris Region
56. http://www.fema.gov/library/file?type=originalAccessibleFormatFile&file=577_apndxb.txt&fileid=ab1e9390-29a6-11dc-b1f0-000bdba87d5b FEMA Definitions for Hurricane-Prone Region
57. http://www.fema.gov/plan/prevent/saferoom/tsfs02_wind_zones.shtm FEMA - Wind zones in the United States