List of Germans relocated to the US via the Operation Paperclip explained

Operation Paperclip was a secret United States intelligence program in which more than 1,600 German scientists, engineers, and technicians were taken from the former Nazi Germany to the U.S. for government employment after the end of World War II in Europe, between 1945 and 1959. Conducted by the Joint Intelligence Objectives Agency (JIOA), it was largely carried out by special agents of the U.S. Army's Counterintelligence Corps (CIC). Many of these Germans were former Nazi members and some worked with the leaders of the Nazi Party.[1] [2]

Key recruits

Aeronautics and rocketry

Many engineers had been involved with the V-2 in Peenemünde, and 127 of them eventually entered the U.S. through Operation Paperclip. They were also known as the Von Braun Group.[3]

Hans Amtmann[4]

Herbert Axster

Erich Ball[5]

Oscar Bauschinger[6]

Hermann Beduerftig[7]

Rudi Beichel[8]

Anton Beier[9]

Herbert Bergeler[10]

Rudi Berndt, expert in parachute development[11]

Magnus von Braun

Wernher von Braun

Ernst Czerlinsky

Walter Burose[12]

Adolf Busemann

GN Constan[13]

Werner Dahm[14]

Konrad Dannenberg[3]

Kurt H. Debus

Gerd De Beek[15]

Walter Dornberger – head of rocket programme

Gerhard Drawe[16]

Friedrich Duerr[17]

Ernst R. G. Eckert

[18]

Otto Eisenhardt[19]

Krafft Arnold Ehricke

Alfred Finzel[20]

Edward Fischel[21]

Karl Fleischer[22]

Anselm Franz

Herbert Fuhrmann[23]

Ernst Geissler

Werner Gengelbach[24]

Dieter Grau

Hans Gruene[25]

Herbert Guendel[26]

Fritz Haber[27]

Heinz Haber

Karl Hager[28]

Guenther Haukohl[29]

Walter Häussermann

Karl Heimburg[30]

Emil Hellebrand[31]

Gerhard B. Heller[32]

Bruno Helm[33]

Rudolf Hermann[34]

Bruno Heusinger[35] [36]

Hans Hueter[37]

Guenther Hintze[38]

Sighard F. Hoerner

Kurt Hohenemser

Oscar Holderer

Helmut Horn[39]

, Director of Flight Dynamics, Marshall Space Flight Center[40]

Dieter Huzel[41]

Walter Jacobi

Erich Kaschig[42]

Ernst Klauss[43]

Theodore Knacke[44]

Siegfried Knemeyer

Heinz-Hermann Koelle

Gustav Kroll[45]

Willi Kuberg[46]

Werner Kuers[47]

Hermann Kurzweg[48]

Hermann Lange[49]

Hans Lindenberg[50]

Hans Lindenmayer[51]

Alexander Martin Lippisch – aeronautical engineer

Robert Lusser

Hans Maus[52]

Helmut Merk[53]

Joseph Michel[54]

Hans Milde[55]

Heinz Millinger[56]

Rudolf Minning[57]

William Mrazek[58]

Erich W. Neubert[59]

Hans von Ohain (designer of German jet engines)

Robert Paetz[60]

Hans Palaoro[61]

Kurt Patt[62]

Hans Paul[63]

Fritz Pauli[64]

Arnold Peter[65]

Helmuth Pfaff[66]

Theodor Poppel[67] [68]

Werner Rosinski[69]

Ludwig Roth[70]

Heinrich Rothe[71]

Martin Schilling[72]

Helmut Schlitt[73]

Albert Schuler[74]

Walter Schwidetzky[75]

Ernst Steinhoff

Wolfgang Steurer[76]

Heinrich Struck

Ernst Stuhlinger[77]

Bernhard Tessmann

Adolf Thiel

Georg von Tiesenhausen

Werner Tiller[78]

JG Tschinkel[79]

Arthur Urbanski[80]

Fritz Vandersee[81]

Richard Vogt

Woldemar Voigt, designer of Messerschmitt P.1101

Werner Voss[82]

Theodor Vowe[83]

Herbert A. Wagner

Hermann Rudolf Wagner[84]

Hermann Weidner[85]

Walter Fritz Wiesemann[86]

Philipp Wolfgang Zettler-Seidel[87]

Architecture
  • Heinz Hilten[88]
  • Hannes Luehrsen[89]
    Electronics – including guidance systems, radar and satellites
  • [90]
  • Josef Boehm[91]
  • Hans Fichtner
  • Hans Friedrich[92]
  • Eduard Gerber[93]
  • Walter Haeussermann
  • [94] [95]
  • Otto Hoberg[96]
  • Rudolf Hoelker[97]
  • Hans Hollmann
  • Helmut Hölzer
  • Helmut Horn
  • Wilhelm Jungert[98]
  • Horst Kedesdy[99]
  • Georg ("George") Emil Knausenberger
  • Heinz-Hermann Koelle
  • Max Kramer
  • Hubert E. Kroh[100]
  • Hermann H. Kurzweg [101]
  • Kurt Lehovec
  • Kurt Lindner[102]
  • Alexander Martin Lippisch
  • JW Muehlner[103]
  • Fritz Mueller[104]
  • William Mrazek
  • Hans R. Palaoro
  • Johannes Plendl
  • Fritz Karl Preikschat
  • Eberhard Rees
  • Gerhard Reisig[105]
  • Georg Rickhey[106]
  • Werner Rosinski [107]
  • Ludwig Roth
  • Arthur Rudolph
  • Walter Schwidetzky[108]
  • Harry Ruppe[109]
  • Friedrich von Saurma
  • William August Schulze[110]
  • Heinz Schlicke
  • Werner Sieber[111]
  • Othmar Stuetzer[112]
  • Albin Wittmann[113]
  • Hugo Woerdemann[114]
  • Albert Zeiler[115]
  • Hans K. Ziegler
  • Helmut Zoike
    Material Science (high temperature)
  • Klaus Scheufelen[116]
  • Rudolf Schlidt[117]
    Medicine – including biological weapons, chemical weapons, and space medicine
  • Kurt Blome[118]
  • Rudolf Brill
  • Konrad Johannes Karl Büttner
  • Paul Anton Cibis
  • Fritz Laves
  • Richard Lindenberg
  • Walter Schreiber
  • Hubertus Strughold
  • Hans Georg Clamann
  • Erich Traub
    Physics
  • Gunter Guttein
  • Willibald Jentschke
  • Gerhard Schwesinger[119]
  • Gottfried Wehner
  • Helmut Weickmann[120]
  • Friedwardt Winterberg
    Chemistry and Chemical engineering
  • Helmut Pichler
  • Leonard Alberts
  • Ernst Donath
  • Josef Guymer[121]
  • Hans Schappert
  • Max Josenhaus
  • Kurt Bretschneider[121]
  • Erich Frese

    See also

    Further reading

    Notes and References

    1. Book: Jacobsen, Annie . Operation Paperclip: The Secret Intelligence Program to Bring Nazi Scientists to America . Little, Brown and Company . Prologue, ix . New York . 2014 . 978-0-316-22105-4.
    2. Web site: Joint Intelligence Objectives Agency . . October 9, 2008.
    3. News: The New York Times . Konrad Dannenberg, 96, Top Rocket Scientist, Dies . Jeremy . Pearce . February 23, 2009.
    4. Book: Amtmann, Hans. The Vanishing Paperclips: America's Aerospace Secret, A Personal Account. Hans Amtmann. May 1, 1988.
    5. Web site: Ball, Erich. https://web.archive.org/web/20161227231622/http://astronautix.com/b/ballerich.html. December 27, 2016. www.astronautix.com.
    6. Web site: Bauschinger. https://web.archive.org/web/20161227202444/http://astronautix.com/b/bauschinger.html. December 27, 2016. www.astronautix.com.
    7. Web site: Beduerftig. https://web.archive.org/web/20161227205654/http://astronautix.com/b/beduerftig.html. December 27, 2016. www.astronautix.com.
    8. Web site: Beichel. https://web.archive.org/web/20160823170200/http://www.astronautix.com/b/beichel.html. August 23, 2016. www.astronautix.com.
    9. Web site: Beier. https://web.archive.org/web/20161228023616/http://astronautix.com/b/beier.html. December 28, 2016. www.astronautix.com.
    10. Web site: Bergeler. https://web.archive.org/web/20161227211053/http://astronautix.com/b/bergeler.html. December 27, 2016. www.astronautix.com.
    11. Web site: Rickey . Lisa . Papers of Rudi Berndt, WPAFB Engineer via Operation Paperclip, Now Open for Research . blogs.libraries.wright.edu . 22 December 2023.
    12. Web site: Burose. https://web.archive.org/web/20161227211703/http://astronautix.com/b/burose.html. December 27, 2016. www.astronautix.com.
    13. Web site: Constan. https://web.archive.org/web/20161228021036/http://astronautix.com/c/constan.html. December 28, 2016. www.astronautix.com.
    14. Web site: Dahm . Astronautix.com . 2010-08-30 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100912071716/http://www.astronautix.com/astros/dahm.htm . 2010-09-12 .
    15. Web site: De Beek. https://web.archive.org/web/20161228034504/http://astronautix.com/d/debeek.html. December 28, 2016. www.astronautix.com.
    16. Web site: Drawe. https://web.archive.org/web/20161228031659/http://astronautix.com/d/drawe.html. December 28, 2016. www.astronautix.com.
    17. Web site: Duerr. https://web.archive.org/web/20161228135708/http://astronautix.com/d/duerr.html. December 28, 2016. www.astronautix.com.
    18. Web site: Edse. https://web.archive.org/web/20220723235537/http://www.astronautix.com/e/edse.html. July 23, 2022. www.astronautix.com.
    19. Web site: Eisenhardt. https://web.archive.org/web/20161228012829/http://astronautix.com/e/eisenhardt.html. December 28, 2016. www.astronautix.com.
    20. Web site: Finzel. https://web.archive.org/web/20161228151050/http://astronautix.com/f/finzel.html. December 28, 2016. www.astronautix.com.
    21. Web site: Fischel. https://web.archive.org/web/20161228055814/http://astronautix.com/f/fischel.html. December 28, 2016. www.astronautix.com.
    22. Web site: Fleischer. https://web.archive.org/web/20161228041426/http://astronautix.com/f/fleischer.html. December 28, 2016. www.astronautix.com.
    23. Web site: Fuhrmann. https://web.archive.org/web/20161228042619/http://astronautix.com/f/fuhrmann.html. December 28, 2016. www.astronautix.com.
    24. Web site: Werner K. Gengelbach. January 16, 2016. National Air and Space Museum.
    25. Web site: Gruene, Hans. https://web.archive.org/web/20161228022706/http://astronautix.com/g/gruene.html . December 28, 2016 .
    26. Web site: Guendel. https://web.archive.org/web/20161228084024/http://astronautix.com/g/guendel.html. December 28, 2016. www.astronautix.com.
    27. News: Fritz Haber, 86, Dies; Simulated Weightlessness of Space. Ford. Burkhart. The New York Times. August 29, 1998.
    28. Web site: Hager. https://web.archive.org/web/20161228021907/http://astronautix.com/h/hager.html. December 28, 2016. www.astronautix.com.
    29. Web site: Haukohl. https://web.archive.org/web/20161227195150/http://astronautix.com/h/haukohl.html. December 27, 2016. www.astronautix.com.
    30. Web site: Heimburg. https://web.archive.org/web/20161228020225/http://astronautix.com/h/heimburg.html. December 28, 2016. www.astronautix.com.
    31. Web site: Emil Hellebrand Dead; Rocket Expert Was 67 . . December 19, 1981 . February 24, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150524082753/http://www.nytimes.com/1981/12/19/obituaries/emil-hellebrand-dead-rocket-expert-was-67.html . May 24, 2015.
    32. Web site: Heller, Gerhard Bernhard. https://web.archive.org/web/20161227224529/http://astronautix.com/h/heller.html . December 27, 2016 .
    33. Web site: Helm, Bruno. https://web.archive.org/web/20161227214216/http://astronautix.com/h/helm.html . December 27, 2016 .
    34. Web site: Hermann, Rudolf. https://web.archive.org/web/20161228015906/http://astronautix.com/h/hermannrudolf.html. December 28, 2016. www.astronautix.com.
    35. Web site: Heusinger. https://web.archive.org/web/20161227211433/http://astronautix.com/h/heusinger.html. December 27, 2016. www.astronautix.com.
    36. Web site: Bruno Heusinger Collection. Adan. Drew. 2020. UAH Archives and Special Collections. University of Alabama in Huntsville. April 5, 2021.
    37. Web site: Hueter. https://web.archive.org/web/20161227213426/http://astronautix.com/h/hueter.html. December 27, 2016. www.astronautix.com.
    38. Web site: Hintze. https://web.archive.org/web/20161227214938/http://astronautix.com/h/hintze.html. December 27, 2016. www.astronautix.com.
    39. Web site: Horn. https://web.archive.org/web/20161228021943/http://astronautix.com/h/horn.html. December 28, 2016. www.astronautix.com.
    40. Web site: Hosenthien . www.astronautix.com . 22 December 2023.
    41. Web site: Huzel. https://web.archive.org/web/20161228023221/http://astronautix.com/h/huzel.html. December 28, 2016. www.astronautix.com.
    42. Web site: Kaschig. https://web.archive.org/web/20161228030647/http://astronautix.com/k/kaschig.html. December 28, 2016. www.astronautix.com.
    43. Web site: Ernst Karl Klauss Collection. Adan. Drew. April 13, 2018. UAH Archives and Special Collections. University of Alabama in Huntsville. March 15, 2021.
    44. Web site: Theodore W. Knacke, USA. January 16, 2016. National Air and Space Museum.
    45. Web site: Kroll. https://web.archive.org/web/20161228051422/http://astronautix.com/k/kroll.html. December 28, 2016. www.astronautix.com.
    46. Web site: Willi Karl Kuberg Collection. Sullivan. Megan. 2020. UAH Archives and Special Collections. University of Alabama in Huntsville. April 5, 2021.
    47. Web site: Kuers. https://web.archive.org/web/20161228063400/http://astronautix.com/k/kuers.html. December 28, 2016. www.astronautix.com.
    48. Web site: Kurzweg, Hermann H. (1908–2000). David. Darling. www.daviddarling.info.
    49. Web site: Lange. https://web.archive.org/web/20161227215343/http://astronautix.com/l/lange.html. December 27, 2016. www.astronautix.com.
    50. Web site: Lindenberg. https://web.archive.org/web/20161227201528/http://astronautix.com/l/lindenberg.html. December 27, 2016. www.astronautix.com.
    51. Web site: Lindenmayer. https://web.archive.org/web/20161227213318/http://astronautix.com/l/lindenmayer.html. December 27, 2016. www.astronautix.com.
    52. Web site: Maus. https://web.archive.org/web/20161228150706/http://astronautix.com/m/maus.html. December 28, 2016. www.astronautix.com.
    53. Web site: Merk. https://web.archive.org/web/20161228043652/http://astronautix.com/m/merk.html. December 28, 2016. www.astronautix.com.
    54. Web site: Michel, Josef. https://web.archive.org/web/20161228025818/http://astronautix.com/m/micheljosef.html. December 28, 2016. www.astronautix.com.
    55. Web site: Milde. https://web.archive.org/web/20161228022213/http://astronautix.com/m/milde.html. December 28, 2016. www.astronautix.com.
    56. Web site: Millinger. https://web.archive.org/web/20161228142136/http://astronautix.com/m/millinger.html. December 28, 2016. www.astronautix.com.
    57. Web site: Minning. https://web.archive.org/web/20161228044104/http://astronautix.com/m/minning.html. December 28, 2016. www.astronautix.com.
    58. Web site: Mrazek. https://web.archive.org/web/20161228051549/http://astronautix.com/m/mrazek.html. December 28, 2016. www.astronautix.com.
    59. Web site: Neubert. https://web.archive.org/web/20161228022018/http://astronautix.com/n/neubert.html. December 28, 2016. www.astronautix.com.
    60. Web site: Paetz. https://web.archive.org/web/20161227222137/http://astronautix.com/p/paetz.html. December 27, 2016. www.astronautix.com.
    61. Web site: Palaoro. https://web.archive.org/web/20161228015546/http://astronautix.com/p/palaoro.html. December 28, 2016. www.astronautix.com.
    62. Web site: Patt. https://web.archive.org/web/20161228010119/http://astronautix.com/p/patt.html. December 28, 2016. www.astronautix.com.
    63. Web site: Paul. https://web.archive.org/web/20161227220335/http://astronautix.com/p/paul.html. December 27, 2016. www.astronautix.com.
    64. Web site: Fritz Karl Pauli Collection. Johnson. Matthew. April 13, 2018. UAH Archives and Special Collections. University of Alabama in Huntsville. April 5, 2021.
    65. Web site: Cookevillian recalls secret Operation Paperclip. Megan. Trotter. Herald Citizen.
    66. Web site: Helmuth Pfaff Collection. Roberts. Melissa. 2017. UAH Archives and Special Collections. University of Alabama in Huntsville. March 15, 2021.
    67. Web site: Poppel. https://web.archive.org/web/20161227200047/http://astronautix.com/p/poppel.html. December 27, 2016. www.astronautix.com.
    68. Web site: Moonport, CH2-7 .
    69. Web site: Rosinski. https://web.archive.org/web/20100912062731/http://www.astronautix.com/astros/rosinski.htm. September 12, 2010. September 12, 2010.
    70. Web site: Roth .
    71. Web site: Rothe. https://web.archive.org/web/20161228025429/http://astronautix.com/r/rothe.html. December 28, 2016. www.astronautix.com.
    72. Web site: Schilling. https://web.archive.org/web/20161228025521/http://astronautix.com/s/schilling.html. December 28, 2016. www.astronautix.com.
    73. Web site: Schlitt. https://web.archive.org/web/20161228155347/http://astronautix.com/s/schlitt.html. December 28, 2016. www.astronautix.com.
    74. Web site: Schuler. https://web.archive.org/web/20161228060232/http://astronautix.com/s/schuler.html. December 28, 2016. www.astronautix.com.
    75. Web site: Schwidetzky. https://web.archive.org/web/20161228044620/http://astronautix.com/s/schwidetzky.html. December 28, 2016. www.astronautix.com.
    76. Web site: Steurer. https://web.archive.org/web/20161228022705/http://astronautix.com/s/steurer.html. December 28, 2016. www.astronautix.com.
    77. News: Ernst Stuhlinger, Rocket Scientist Crucial in Space Race, Is Dead at 94 . The New York Times. John Noble Wilford. May 28, 2008 . 2010-08-29.
    78. Web site: Tiller. https://web.archive.org/web/20161228031813/http://astronautix.com/t/tiller.html. December 28, 2016. www.astronautix.com.
    79. Web site: Tschinkel. https://web.archive.org/web/20161228013102/http://astronautix.com/t/tschinkel.html. December 28, 2016. www.astronautix.com.
    80. Web site: Urbanski. https://web.archive.org/web/20161227223747/http://astronautix.com/u/urbanski.html. December 27, 2016. www.astronautix.com.
    81. Web site: Vandersee. https://web.archive.org/web/20161228013844/http://astronautix.com/v/vandersee.html. December 28, 2016. www.astronautix.com.
    82. Web site: Voss, Werner. https://web.archive.org/web/20161228040727/http://astronautix.com/v/vosswerner.html. December 28, 2016. www.astronautix.com.
    83. Web site: Vowe. https://web.archive.org/web/20161228041509/http://astronautix.com/v/vowe.html. December 28, 2016. www.astronautix.com.
    84. Web site: Hermann Rudolf Wagner Collection. Sullivan. Megan. 2020. UAH Archives and Special Collections. University of Alabama in Huntsville. March 15, 2021.
    85. Web site: Weidner. https://web.archive.org/web/20161228014929/http://astronautix.com/w/weidner.html. December 28, 2016. www.astronautix.com.
    86. Web site: Wiesemann. https://web.archive.org/web/20161228061521/http://astronautix.com/w/wiesemann.html. December 28, 2016. www.astronautix.com.
    87. Web site: Philipp Wolfgang Zettler-Seidel Collection. Sullivan. Megan. 2020. UAH Archives and Special Collections. University of Alabama in Huntsville. March 15, 2021.
    88. Web site: Rare architect's drawings show Huntsville's change from cotton town to Rocket City. Lee. Roop. January 26, 2016. al.com.
    89. Web site: Luehrsen. https://web.archive.org/web/20161227234418/http://astronautix.com/l/luehrsen.html. December 27, 2016. www.astronautix.com.
    90. News: Wilhelm Angele, 91, Engineer in Space Program. Wolfgang. Saxon. The New York Times. September 1, 1996.
    91. Web site: Boehm. https://web.archive.org/web/20161221164008/http://www.astronautix.com/b/boehm.html. December 21, 2016. www.astronautix.com.
    92. Web site: Friedrich. https://web.archive.org/web/20161228150814/http://astronautix.com/f/friedrich.html. December 28, 2016. www.astronautix.com.
    93. In Memoriam Eduard A. Gerber. A.. Ballato. January 1, 1987. IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control. 34. 1. 2. 10.1109/T-UFFC.1987.26903. 43468114.
    94. News: H. Otto Hirschler, 87, Aided Space Program. Wolfgang. Saxon. The New York Times. February 9, 2001.
    95. Web site: Hirschler . Astronautix.com . 2010-08-30 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100916223621/http://www.astronautix.com/astros/hirchler.htm . 2010-09-16 .
    96. Web site: Hoberg. https://web.archive.org/web/20161227205819/http://astronautix.com/h/hoberg.html. December 27, 2016. www.astronautix.com.
    97. News: Rudolf F. Hoelker, 91, Space Flight Scientist. Wolfgang. Saxon. The New York Times. June 20, 2003.
    98. Web site: Orders for the transportation of seventeen German civilians to the United States. . William August Schulze Collection . 22 December 2023 . en . 15 September 1945.
    99. Web site: OPERATION PAPERCLIP – ARCHIVE OF DR. HORST KEDESDY . www.liveauctioneers.com.
    100. Web site: Transplanted Rocket Pioneers. Lundquist, Charles A.. 107. April 28, 2023.
    101. Web site: Biographies of Aerospace Officials and Policymakers, K-N . History.nasa.gov . 2010-08-30.
    102. Web site: Lindner. https://web.archive.org/web/20161227213920/http://astronautix.com/l/lindner.html. December 27, 2016. www.astronautix.com.
    103. Web site: Muehlner. https://web.archive.org/web/20161228023918/http://astronautix.com/m/muehlner.html. December 28, 2016. www.astronautix.com.
    104. Web site: Mueller, Fritz . Astronautix.com . 2010-08-30 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100912071721/http://www.astronautix.com/astros/muefritz.htm . 2010-09-12 .
    105. Web site: Reisig . Astronautix.com . 2010-08-30 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100912064023/http://www.astronautix.com/astros/reisig.htm . 2010-09-12 .
    106. Web site: Rickhey . Astronautix.com . 1947-01-02 . 2010-08-30 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100912062726/http://www.astronautix.com/astros/rickhey.htm . 2010-09-12 .
    107. Web site: Rosinski . Astronautix.com . 2010-08-30 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100912062731/http://www.astronautix.com/astros/rosinski.htm . 2010-09-12 .
    108. Web site: Rocket Pioneers, Schemers and Dreamers!. lunarpedia.org. 2023-04-28.
    109. Web site: Ruppe. https://web.archive.org/web/20161228025445/http://astronautix.com/r/ruppe.html. December 28, 2016. www.astronautix.com.
    110. Web site: Schulze. https://web.archive.org/web/20161228055315/http://astronautix.com/s/schulze.html. December 28, 2016. www.astronautix.com.
    111. Web site: Sieber. https://web.archive.org/web/20161228032730/http://astronautix.com/s/sieber.html. December 28, 2016. www.astronautix.com.
    112. Web site: Albuquerque Journal Obituaries. obits.abqjournal.com.
    113. Web site: Wittmann. https://web.archive.org/web/20161228032626/http://astronautix.com/w/wittmann.html. December 28, 2016. www.astronautix.com.
    114. Web site: Woerdemann. https://web.archive.org/web/20161228020007/http://astronautix.com/w/woerdemann.html. December 28, 2016. www.astronautix.com.
    115. News: Albert Zeiler. The New York Times. October 18, 1975.
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