List of battles involving Georgia (country) explained

This is a list of the battles in the history of the country of Georgia.

The list gives the name, the date, the combatants, and the result of the battles following this legend:

(*e.g. a treaty or peace without a clear result,
status quo ante bellum, result of civil or internal conflict, result unknown or indecisive)

Antiquity

Date	Battle	Modern Location	Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Result
1312 BC	Battle of Ganuvara		Part of the Hittite Battles	Hittite Empire	Hayasa-Azzi	Victory
1300s BC	Battle of Nihriya	Nihriya, Iraq	Part of the Hittite Battles	Hittite Empire	Assyria	Defeat
1275 BC	Battles of Alashiya		Part of the Hittite Battles	Hittite Empire	Kingdom of Alashiya	Victory
1274 BC	Battle of Kadesh^[1]		second Syrian campaign of Ramesses II	Hittite Empire	New Kingdom of Egypt	Stalemate
1269 BC	Siege of Dapur		Ramesses II campaigns in Syria	Hittite Empire	New Kingdom of Egypt	Defeat
845 BC	Capture of Artvin		Assyrian–Georgian Wars	Diauehi	Assyria	Defeat
790 BC	Capture of Shavsheti		Urartu's invasions of Georgia	Diauehi	Urartu	Defeat
785 BC	Urartu's trek to Diauehi		Urartu's invasions of Georgia	Diauehi	Urartu	Defeat
720 BC	Scytho-Cimmerian invasion of Colchis		Scytho-Cimmerian invasions of Georgia	Colchis	Scythians Cimmerians	Defeat
284 BC	Battle of Artaan		Alexander's invasion of Iberia	Kingdom of Iberia,Colchis	Aryan Kartli,Macedonian Empire	Iberian Victory• Death of Azo of Iberia
65 BC	Battle of the Pelorus		Caucasian campaign of Pompey		Roman Republic	Defeat
47 AD	Pharnavaz,s invasion of Armenia		Iberian–Armenian War	Kingdom of Iberia,Parthian Empire	Kingdom of Armenia	Victory
51 AD	Siege of Garni		Iberian–Armenian War	Kingdom of Iberia	Kingdom of Armenia Roman Empire	Victory Rhadamistus ascended on the Armenian throne^[2]

Early medieval fragmentation

Date	Battle	Modern Location	Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Result
456	Siege of Trebizond		Byzantine–Georgian wars	Lazica		Victory• Army of the Byzantine Empire fails to Capture city Trebizond
482	Persian-Hephthalite Battle		Hephthalite–Sasanian Wars	Sassanid Empire Kingdom of Iberia	Hephthalite Empire	Defeat
483	Siege of Caucasia	Caucasia	İberian–Sassanian Wars	Kingdom of Iberia Kingdom of Armenia	Sassanid Empire	Defeat
527	Capture of Shorapani		Iberian War 526-532	Kingdom of Iberia	Sassanid Empire	Defeat
528	Capture of Skande		Iberian War 526-532	Kingdom of Iberia	Sassanid Empire	Defeat
541	Siege of Petra		Lazic War	Sassanid Empire, Lazica		Victory
549	Siege of Petra		Lazic War	Lazica	Sassanid Empire	Defeat
550	Battle of the Hippus^[3]		Lazic War	Lazica	Sassanid Empire Alans	Victory
550		Imereti, Georgia	Lazic War	Lazica	Sassanid Empire	Victory
550		Imereti, Georgia	Lazic War	Lazica	Sassanid Empire	Victory
550	Battle of Phasis	Imereti, Georgia	Lazic War	Lazica	Sassanid Empire	Victory
551	Battle of Archaepolis	Nokalakevi, Mingrelia, Georgia	Lazic War	Lazica	Sassanid Empire	Victory
551	Siege of Petra		Lazic War	Lazica	Sassanid Empire	Victory
551			Lazic War		Sassanid Empire	Victory
553	Battle of Telephis–Ollaria		Lazic War	Lazica	Sassanid Empire	Defeat
555	Siege of Phasis	Poti, Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti Georgia	Lazic war	Lazica	Sassanid Empire	Victory
556	^[4]		Misimian revolt	Misimian rebels		Defeat
627-628	Siege of Tbilisi		Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628	Sasanian Iberia Sasanian Empire	Western Turkic Khaganate (retreated) Chosroid Dynasty	Defeat• End of the Sasanian Iberia
737	Siege of Anacopia^[5]		Umayyad invasion of Georgia^[6]	Principality of Iberia Principality of Abkhazia	Umayyad Caliphate	Victory
818	Battle of Ksani		War over control of Kartli		Kingdom of Kakheti-Hereti Emirate of Tbilisi Mtiuletians Tsanars	Iberian-Abkhazian victory• Principality of Iberia gains land from Klarjeti to Ksani
840-842	Battle of Gavazi		Khalid ibn Yazid al-Shaybani's campaign in the Caucasus	Principality of Kakheti	Abbasid Caliphate Arminiya	Victory
842			Muhammad ibn Khalid al-Shaybani's campaign in the Caucasus	Emirate of TbilisiPrincipality of Kakheti	Abbasid Caliphate Arminiya Kouropalatate of Tao-Klarjeti	Victory of Kakheti
853	Siege of Tbilisi		Bugha al-Kabir's campaign in the Caucasus	Emirate of Tbilisi	Abbasid Caliphate Arminiya Kouropalatate of Tao-Klarjeti	Victory of Abbasids and Tao• Tbilisi is burnt down and its emir Sahak is executed Kouropalates of Tao-Klarjeti Bagrat I briefly gains Kartli
853	Battle of Kvertskhobi		Bugha al-Kabir's campaign in the Caucasus	Kingdom of Abkhazia	Abbasid Caliphate Arminiya Kouropalatate of Tao-Klarjeti	Victory of Abbasids and Tao
853	Battle of Tskhavati		Bugha al-Kabir's campaign in the Caucasus	Mtiuletians	Abbasid Caliphate Arminiya	Victory
888	Battle of Aspindza^[7]		Dynastic strife in Iberia	Adarnase IV of Iberia Gurgen I of Tao Bagratid Armenia	Nasra of Tao-Klarjeti Kingdom of Abkhazia Alania	Victory of Adarnase Nasra is put to death at Aspindza Adarnase crowns himself as the King of the Iberians
891	Battle of Mglinavi^[8]		Dynastic strife in Iberia	Adarnase IV of Iberia Bagrat I of Klarjeti	Gurgen I of Tao	Victory of Adarnase
904	Siege of Uplistsikhe^[9]		War over control of Shida Kartli		Kingdom of Abkhazia	Armenian-Iberian victory, but Constantine III of Abkhazia soon reclaims Shida Kartli
914	Siege of Queli		Sajid invasion of Georgia		Sajid dynasty	Defeat
970	Siege of Dzama		Abkhazian civil war	Theodosius III of AbkhaziaDuchy of Dzama	Demetrius III of Abkhazia	Inconclusive
979	Battle of Pankaleia		Rebellion of Bardas Skleros		Bardas Skleros	Victory
980	Battle of Moghrisi	Temporary Tighvi Municipality, Shida Kartli, Georgia (de facto South Ossetia)	Unification of the Georgian realm	Bagrat III of Georgia	Kavtar Tbeli	Victory Bagrat III establishes his sovereignty over Kartli
990	Battle of Valashkert		David III's campaigns against the Muslims	Kingdom of the IberiansPrincipality of Tao	Rawadid dynasty	Victory
992-994	Capture of Malazgird		David III's campaigns against the Muslims	Principality of Tao	Marwanids	Victory David III captures Malazgird and expels Muslims
998	Battle of Tsumb		Mamlan I's campaign against David III	Kingdom of the IberiansPrincipality of Tao Bagratid Armenia	Rawadid dynasty	Victory

Kingdom of Georgia (1008–1490)

Date	Battle	Modern Location	Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Result
1021	Battle of Shirimni		Byzantine–Georgian war (1014-1022)	Bagratid Armenia		Defeat
1022	Battle of Svindax		Byzantine–Georgian war (1014-1022)			Defeat
1026	Siege of Shamkor		Georgian–Shaddadid wars		Shaddadids	Defeat
1028	Battle of Kldekari		Byzantine–Georgian war (1028)	Duchy of Kldekari		Victory
1030	Battle of Ekletz		Georgian–Shaddadid wars	Duchy of Kldekari Kingdom of Kakheti-Hereti Kingdom of Tashir-Dzoraget Emirate of Tbilisi	Shaddadids	Victory
1038-1040	Siege of Tbilisi		Unification of the Georgian realm	Duchy of Kldekari Kingdom of Kakheti-Hereti	Emirate of Tbilisi	Inconclusive Bagrat IV lifts the siege
1042	Battle of Sasireti		Georgian civil war of 1033-1058	Varangians	Duchy of Kldekari	Defeat
1046			Byzantine–Seljuk wars	Duchy of Kldekari	Seljuk Empire	Defeat
1047	Battle of Arkistsikhe		Georgian civil war of 1033-1058	Duchy of Kalmakhi Duchy of Artanuj	Duchy of Kldekari Kingdom of Kakheti-Hereti Kingdom of Tashir-Dzoraget	Defeat
1048	Battle of Kapetron		Byzantine–Seljuk wars	Duchy of Kldekari	Seljuk Empire	Victory▼• Tactical Victory of the Byzantine Empire and Duchy of Kldekari
1064	Battle of Akhalkalaki		Georgian–Seljuk wars	Bagratid Armenia	Seljuk Empire	Defeat Seljuks conquer southern Georgian territories
1068	Siege of Sveri		Georgian–Seljuk wars	Bagratid Armenia	Seljuk Empire Kingdom of Tashir-Dzoraget Kingdom of Kakheti-Hereti Emirate of Tbilisi	Defeat Pyrrhic Seljuk victory: Seljuks take the fortress with heavy casualties, but halt their further advance into western Georgia due to a harsh winter
1071	Battle of Manzikert	Malazgirt, Turkey	Byzantine-Seljuk wars	Bagratid ArmeniaEnglishFrankishBulgarianNormanmercenaries	Seljuk EmpireKurdishPechenegArabIranianmercenaries	Defeat• Byzantine Empire lost a Battle because of the Betrayal
1074	Battle of Partskhisi		Georgian–Seljuk wars	Kingdom of Kakheti-Hereti	Seljuk Empire	Victory Giorgi II reclaims southern Georgian territories
1080	Battle of Queli		Georgian–Seljuk wars		Seljuk Empire	Defeat Beginning of Great Turkish Invasion
1084	Siege of Vejini		Unification of the Georgian realm	Seljuk Empire	Kingdom of Kakheti-Hereti	Inconclusive George II lifts the siege
1103			Unification of the Georgian realm		Kingdom of Kakheti-Hereti Seljuk Empire	Victory
1104	Battle of Ertsukhi			Duchy of Kldekari	Seljuk Empire	Victory
1110	Siege of Samshvilde		Georgian–Seljuk wars		Seljuk Empire	Victory
1110	Battle of Trialeti		Georgian–Seljuk wars		Seljuk Empire	Victory
1115			Georgian–Seljuk wars		Seljuk Empire	Victory
1117			Georgian–Seljuk wars		Seljuk Empire	Victory
1118	Battle of Rakhsi				Seljuk Empire	Victory
1120	Battle of Botora		Georgian–Seljuk wars		Seljuk Empire	Victory
1121	Battle of Didgori			Kipchaks Armenian English Frankish Alan mercenaries	Seljuk Empire Sultanate of Rum Artuqids Beylik of Dilmaç Banu Mazyad Shaddadids Emirate of Tbilisi	Victory Beginning of the Georgian Golden Age
1122	Siege of Tbilisi		Georgian Crusade		Emirate of Tbilisi	Victory Reclamation of Tbilisi by the Georgians
1123			Georgian–Seljuk wars		Seljuk Empire	Victory
1124			Georgian–Seljuk wars		Seljuk Empire	Victory
1124	Siege of Ani		Georgian–Seljuk wars		Shaddadids	Victory
1139	Capture of Ganja		Georgian–Seljuk wars		Eldiguzids	Victory
1161	Siege of Ani		Georgian–Seljuk wars		Eldiguzids Shah-Armens Artuqids Emirate of Kars Beylik of Dilmaç	Victory
1162	Battle of Dvin		Georgian–Seljuk wars		Eldiguzids Shah-Armens Artuqids	Victory
1163	Battle of al-Krkri		Georgian–Seljuk wars		Seljuk EmpireEldiguzids Shah-Armens Ahmadilis Artuqids Beylik of Dilmaç	Defeat
1173	Siege of Derbent		Caspian expeditions of the Rusʹ	Shirvanshah	Rus' people Alans Kipchaks	Victory
1174			Georgian–Shaddadid wars Georgian–Seljuk wars		ShaddadidsSaltukidsShah-Armens	Victory
1191	^[10]		Revolt of Yury Bogolyubsky		Yury Bogolyubsky	Victory
1195	Battle of Shamkor		Georgian–Seljuk wars	Shirvanshahs	Eldiguzids	Victory
1196			Georgian–Seljuk wars	Zakarids	Shaddadids	Victory
1199			Georgian–Seljuk wars Georgian–Shaddadid wars	Zakarids	Shaddadids	Victory Ani conclusively annexed to the Kingdom of Georgia End of Shaddadids
1202	Battle of Basiani		Georgian–Seljuk wars	AlansArmenian Mercenaries	Sultanate of Rum Ayyubid Dynasty Abbasid CaliphateBeylik of DilmaçGhurid DynastyMengujekidsArtuqidsSaltukidsZengidsShah-ArmensAhlatshahs	Victory• Ahlatshahs and Beylik of Dilmaç becomes vassal of the Kingdom of Georgia
1203	Capture of Dvin^[11]		Georgian–Seljuk wars	Zakarids	Shah-Armens Sultanate of Rum	Victory Dvin conclusively annexed to the Kingdom of Georgia
1204			Byzantine–Georgian warsGeorgian expedition to Chalda	Empire of Trebizond		Victory• Empire of Trebizond established under Georgian vassalage
1205-1206	Siege of Trebizond (1205-1206)		Byzantine–Seljuk wars,Georgian–Seljuk wars	Empire of Trebizond	Seljuk Empire	Victory• Seljuk Empire fails to recapture the capital
1206–1207	Siege of Kars		Georgian–Seljuk wars		Emirate of Kars Sultanate of Rum	Victory Kars annexed to the Kingdom of Georgia
1208-1209			Ayyubid–Georgian wars		Ayyubid dynasty	Victory
1210	Siege of Ahlat^[12]		Ayyubid–Georgian wars		Ayyubid dynasty	Thirty Years' Truce
1210	Capture of Marand^[13]		Georgian campaign against the Eldiguzids	,Zakarid Armenia	Eldiguzids	Victory
1210	Capture of Tabriz		Georgian campaign against the Eldiguzids	,Zakarid Armenia	Eldiguzids	Victory
1210	Battle of Zaranjan		Georgian campaign against the Eldiguzids	,Zakarid Armenia	Eldiguzids	Victory
1210	Battle of Qazvin		Georgian campaign against the Eldiguzids	,Zakarid Armenia	Eldiguzids	Victory• End of the Georgian campaign against the Eldiguzids (1209-1211)
1213	Siege of Ganja		Georgian–Seljuk wars		Eldiguzids	Victory• Last Battle between Eldiguzids and Kingdom of Georgia
1222			Mongol invasions of Georgia		Mongol Empire	Defeat
1225			Jalal al-Din's invasions of Georgia		Khwarazmian Empire	Defeat
1226	Siege of Tbilisi		Jalal al-Din's invasions of Georgia		Khwarazmian Empire	Defeat
1228	Battle of Bolnisi		Jalal al-Din's invasions of Georgia		Khwarazmian Empire	Defeat
1243	Battle of Köse Dağ		Mongol invasions of Anatolia	Mongol Empire Principality of Khachen Georgian mercenaries	Sultanate of Rum Georgian auxiliaries Trapezuntine auxiliaries Latin mercenaries	Mongol victory
1258	Siege of Baghdad		Mongol invasions and conquests	Ilkhanate Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia	Abbasid Caliphate	Victory Annexation of Mesopotamia by the Ilkhanate
1260	Battle of Ain Jalut		Mongol invasions of the Levant	Ilkhanate Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia		Defeat
1260	^[14]			Kingdom of Georgia Principality of Samtskhe	IlkhanateGeorgian nobles	Defeat
1277	Battle of Elbistan		Mongol invasions of the Levant	Ilkhanate Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia Sultanate of Rum	Mamluk Sultanate	Defeat
1281	Second Battle of Homs		Mongol invasions of the Levant	Ilkhanate Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia Sultanate of Rum Knights Hospitaller	Mamluk Sultanate	Defeat
1282	Siege of Trebizond		Byzantine–Georgian wars	Kingdom of Western Georgia	Empire of Trebizond	Defeat
1299	Battle of Wadi al-Khaznadar		Mongol invasions of the Levant	Ilkhanate Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia	Mamluk Sultanate	Victory
1303	Battle of Marj al-Saffar		Mongol invasions of the Levant	Ilkhanate Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia ^[15]	Mamluk Sultanate	Defeat
1327	Battle of Lomisi		War between Aragvi and Ksani to dominate Mtiuleti	Duchy of Ksani	Duchy of Aragvi Ilkhanate	Victory of Ksani
1330	Siege of Kutaisi^[16]		Military campaign of George V		Kingdom of Western Georgia	Victory Reunification of Western and Eastern Georgia
1367	Siege of Samtskhe		Georgian–Ottoman wars		Ottoman Empire	Victory
1373	Battle of Alastan		Turkoman invasions of Georgia		Qara Qoyunlu	Victory
1386	Siege of Tbilisi		Timurid invasions of Georgia		Timurid Empire	Defeat
1386	Bagrat Liberation Expedition		Timurid invasions of Georgia			Victory
1387	Timurid invasion of Georgia		Timurid invasions of Georgia			Victory
1388	Siege of Alinja		Timurid invasions of Georgia			Defeat
1394	Samtskhe Campaign		Timurid invasions of Georgia			Defeat
1394	Capture of Kors		Timurid invasions of Georgia			Defeat
1394	Capture of Kola		Timurid invasions of Georgia			Defeat
1394	Capture of Akhaltsikhe		Timurid invasions of Georgia			Defeat
1394	Recapture of Kors		Timurid invasions of Georgia			Victory
1394	Recapture of Kola		Timurid invasions of Georgia			Victory
1394	Recapture of Akhaltsikhe		Timurid invasions of Georgia			Victory
1394	Defense of Dariali		Timurid invasions of Georgia		Timurid Empire	Victory
1396	George VII's Liberation		Timurid invasions of Georgia			Victory
1397	Georgian Campaign		Timurid invasions of Georgia			Victory
1398	Siege of Alinja		Timurid invasions of Georgia			Defeat
1399	Battle of Alinja (1399)		Timurid invasions of Georgia			Victory
1399	Recapture of Tbilisi		Timurid invasions of Georgia			Victory
1400	Battle of Sagim River^[17]		Timurid invasions of Georgia			Victory
1401	Siege of Alinja^[18]		Timurid invasions of Georgia			Defeat• Last Siege of Alinja
1401	Capture of Tortumi^[19]		Timurid invasions of Georgia			Defeat
1403			Timurid invasions of Georgia		Timurid Empire	Defeat
1405	Conquest of Nakhchivan		George's campaign against the Timurids			Victory
1405	Conquest of Ganja		George's campaign against the Timurids			Victory
1405	Siege of Ani		George's campaign against the Timurids			Victory
1405	Siege of Erzurum		George's campaign against the Timurids			Victory
1405	Siege of Tabriz		George's campaign against the Timurids			Victory
1407	Battle of Nakhiduri		Turkoman invasions of GeorgiaQara Yusuf's invasions of Georgia	Simsir Shirvanshah	Qara Qoyunlu	Defeat
1410	Battle of Kura		Turkoman invasions of GeorgiaQara Yusuf's invasions of Georgia		Qara Qoyunlu	Defeat
1412	Battle of Chalagan		Turkoman invasions of GeorgiaQara Yusuf's invasions of Georgia		Qara Qoyunlu	Defeat
1416	Siege of Samshvilde		Turkoman invasions of GeorgiaQara Yusuf's invasions of Georgia		Qara Qoyunlu	Defeat
1431	Annexation of Ani		Turkoman invasions of GeorgiaAlexander's reqonquests		Qara Qoyunlu	Victory
1434	Battle of Syunik		Turkoman invasions of GeorgiaAlexander's reqonquests	Armenian Mercenaries	Qara Qoyunlu	Victory• Lori becomes vassal of the Kingdom of Georgia
1440	Samshvilde Campaign		Turkoman invasions of GeorgiaJahan Shah's first invasion of Georgia		Qara Qoyunlu	Defeat
1444			Turkoman invasions of GeorgiaJahan Shah's second invasion of Georgia		Qara Qoyunlu	Victory• Jahan Shah quietly left the battlefield at night and escaped to Tabriz
1461	Siege of Trebizond (1461)		Byzantine-Ottoman Wars	Empire of Trebizond	Ottoman Empire	Defeat• Fall of the Empire of Trebizond
1463	Battle of Chikhori		Collapse of the Georgian realm		Kingdom of Imereti	Victory of İmereti
1465	Battle of Paravani^[20]		Collapse of the Georgian realm		Principality of Samtskhe	Victory of Samtskhe
1466	Georgian Campaign		Turkoman invasions of GeorgiaUzun Hasan's invasions of Georgia		Qara Qoyunlu	Victory
1468	Siege of Tbilisi		Turkoman invasions of GeorgiaUzun Hasan's invasions of Georgia		Qara Qoyunlu	Victory
1472	Georgian Campaign		Turkoman invasions of GeorgiaUzun Hasan's invasions of Georgia		Aq Qoyunlu	Defeat
1476-1477	Siege of Tbilisi		Turkoman invasions of GeorgiaUzun Hasan's invasions of Georgia		Aq Qoyunlu	Defeat• Bagrat VI of Georgia had to make peace with the invaders, abandoning Tbilisi to the enemy
1479	Samtskhe Campaign		Turkoman invasions of GeorgiaYaqub's invasions of Georgia		Aq Qoyunlu	Victory
1482	Capture of Akhaltsikhe		Turkoman invasions of GeorgiaYaqub's invasions of Georgia		Aq Qoyunlu	Victory
1483	Battle of Aradeti		Collapse of the Georgian realm		Principality of Samtskhe	Victory of Samtskhe
1486	Battle of Dmanisi		Turkoman invasions of GeorgiaYaqub's invasions of Georgia		Aq Qoyunlu	Victory
1486	Battle of Kveshi		Turkoman invasions of GeorgiaYaqub's invasions of Georgia		Aq Qoyunlu	Victory
1488			Turkoman invasions of GeorgiaYaqub's invasions of Georgia		Aq Qoyunlu	Defeat
1488			Turkoman invasions of GeorgiaYaqub's invasions of Georgia		Aq Qoyunlu	Victory
1488	Siege of Tbilisi		Turkoman invasions of GeorgiaYaqub's invasions of Georgia		Aq Qoyunlu	Victory
1488	Battle of Chandari		Turkoman invasions of GeorgiaYaqub's invasions of Georgia		Aq Qoyunlu	Victory
1489	Capture of Kutaisi		Turkoman invasions of GeorgiaYaqub's invasions of Georgia		Aq Qoyunlu	Victory
1489			Turkoman invasions of GeorgiaYaqub's invasions of Georgia		Aq Qoyunlu	Defeat
1490	Siege of Orbeti		Turkoman invasions of GeorgiaYaqub's invasions of Georgia		Aq Qoyunlu	Victory
1490	Siege of Kojori		Turkoman invasions of GeorgiaYaqub's invasions of Georgia		Aq Qoyunlu	Defeat
1490	Siege of Agdzhakala		Turkoman invasions of GeorgiaYaqub's invasions of Georgia		Aq Qoyunlu	Victory
1490	Siege of Kaoziani		Turkoman invasions of GeorgiaYaqub's invasions of Georgia		Aq Qoyunlu	Victory

Royal triarchy and principalities (1490–1801)

Date	Battle	Modern Location	Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Result
1498	Siege of Chaneti		Georgian–Ottoman wars		Ottoman Empire	Defeat
1500	Samtskhe Expedition		Georgian–Ottoman wars		Ottoman Empire	Defeat
1501	Battle of Sharur		Part of Safavid–Aq qoyunlu wars,Turkoman invasions of Georgia 1407-1502	Kingdom of Kartli	Aq Qoyunlu	Victory Last battle of Turkoman invasions of Georgia (1407-1502)
1508	Georgian Expedition		Georgian–Ottoman wars	Kingdom of Imereti Principality of Guria	Ottoman Empire	Defeat• Selim I invaded Western Georgia and allegedly enslaved more than 10,000 Georgians
1512			Civil war	Bagrat III of Imereti	VakhtangSupported by: Kingdom of Kartli Principality of Samtskhe	Victory of Bagrat
1518	Battle of Tmogvi		Civil war	Manuchar I Jaqeli	Qvarqvare III Jaqeli	Qvarqvare's victory Qvarqvare is reinstalled as the prince of Samtskhe-Saatabago
1520	Battle of Mokhisi		War of the Kakhetian Succession	Principality of Guria	Kingdom of Kartli	Gurian victory Levan of Kakheti ascends to the throne
1522	^[21]		Georgian–Safavid wars	Kingdom of Kartli		Defeat
1535	Battle of Murjakheti		Imereti–Samtskhe war	Kingdom of Imereti Principality of Mingrelia Principality of Guria		Victory Principality of Samtskhe is annexed by Imereti
1543	Battle of Karagak		Georgian–Ottoman wars	Kingdom of Imereti Principality of Guria	Ottoman Empire	Victory• Death of Musa Pasha
1545	Battle of Sokhoista		Georgian–Ottoman wars	Kingdom of Imereti Kingdom of Kartli Principality of Guria	Ottoman Empire	Defeat• Samtskhe becomes Ottoman vassal
1549			Georgian–Ottoman wars		Ottoman Empire	Defeat
1554	Battle of Rioni		Georgian–Ottoman wars	Kingdom of Kartli	Ottoman Empire	Victory• Death of Kilis Pasha
1555	Peace of Amasya		Georgian–Ottoman wars,Georgian–Persian wars	Kingdom of Imereti Kingdom of Kartli	Ottoman Empire	Defeat Vassalization of Kingdom of Imereti & Kingdom of Kartli
1556	Battle of Garisi		Georgian–Safavid wars	Kingdom of Kartli		Victory• Death of Shahverdi Sultan and Luarsab I of Kartli
1561			Georgian–Safavid wars	Kingdom of Kartli		Defeat
1567	Battle of Digomi		Georgian–Safavid wars	Kingdom of Kartli	Daud Khan	Victory
1568			Georgian–Safavid wars	Kingdom of Kartli	Daud Khan	Victory
1568	Battle of Ianeti		Civil war	Principality of MingreliaVaraz ChiladzeLiparteliani	Kingdom of Imereti	Imeretian victory
1569	Battle of Partskhisi		Georgian–Safavid wars	Kingdom of Kartli	Daud Khan	Victory Simon I of Kartli defeats Safavids in a battle, but is captured and imprisoned, while Daud Khan assumes nominal control of Kartli
1573	Battle of Zugdidi		Guria–Mingrelia war	Principality of Guria	Principality of Mingrelia	Gurian victory Giorgi II of Guria overthrows Mingrelian prince George III Dadiani and installs Mamia IV Dadiani instead
1578	Lala Mustafa Pasha's Caucasian campaign	Caucasus	Georgian–Ottoman wars	Kingdom of Kartli	Ottoman Empire	Defeat
1578	Battle of Çıldır		Ottoman–Safavid War (1578–1590)	Kingdom of Kartli	Ottoman Empire	Defeat
1579	Siege of Tbilisi		Ottoman–Safavid War (1578–1590)	Kingdom of Kartli	Ottoman Empire	Defeat Georgian-Kizilbash army fails to recapture Tbilisi
1581	Gurian Uprising		Georgian–Ottoman wars	Principality of Guria Kingdom of Imereti	Ottoman Empire	Victory
1582			Georgian–Ottoman wars,Ottoman–Persian Wars	Kingdom of Kartli	Ottoman EmpireÇıldır Eyalet,Erzurum Eyalet,Diyarbekir Eyalet	Victory• Army of the Ottoman Empire fails to capture Kartli
1583	Ferhad Pasha's march to Georgia		Ottoman–Safavid War (1578–1590) Georgian-Ottoman wars	Kingdom of Kartli	Ottoman Empire	Defeat• Simon I had to pay tribute to the Ottomans every year
1584	Battle of Khatisopeli		Ottoman–Safavid War (1578–1590) Georgian-Ottoman wars	Kingdom of Kartli Principality of Samtskhe	Ottoman Empire	Victory
1587	Occupation of Akhaltsikhe		Ottoman–Safavid War (1578–1590) Georgian-Ottoman wars	Principality of Samtskhe Kingdom of Kartli	Ottoman Empire	Defeat
1587	Occupation of Tbilisi		Ottoman–Safavid War (1578–1590) Georgian-Ottoman wars	Kingdom of Kartli	Ottoman Empire	Defeat
1588	Battle of Gopanto		War of Imeretian succession	Kingdom of Kartli	Principality of Mingrelia Rostom of Imereti	Mingrelian victory• Simon I recognizes Rostom as the King of Imereti
1598–1599	Battle of Gori^[22]		Georgian–Ottoman wars	Kingdom of Kartli	Ottoman Empire	Victory• King Simon I of Kartli liberates city Gori from the Ottoman Empire
1599	Battle of Nakhiduri		Georgian–Ottoman wars	Kingdom of Kartli Principality of Guria Kingdom of Imereti	Ottoman Empire	Defeat Simon who was taken captive, was brought to Istanbul and imprisoned in Yedikule. he converted to Islam and took a name Mehmed Pasha
1603	Safavid capture of Tabriz	Tabriz	Ottoman-Safavid wars	Safavid Empire Kingdom of Kartli	Ottoman Empire	Victory
1604	Battle of Zeyem	Azerbaijan	Georgian–Ottoman wars	Kingdom of Kartli	Ottoman Empire	Victory
1608	Battle of Niabi		Georgian–Ottoman wars	Kingdom of Kartli	Ottoman Empire	Victory
1609	Battle of Tashiskari		Georgian–Ottoman wars	Kingdom of Kartli	Ottoman Empire Crimean Khanate	Victory
1615	Battle of Tsitsamuri		Abbas I's Kakhetian and Kartlian campaigns			Victory
1623	Battle of Gochouri			Principality of Mingrelia	Kingdom of Imereti	Mingrelian victory
1624	Capture of Baghdad (1624)	Baghdad Iraq	Part of Ottoman–Persian Wars	Safavid Empire Kingdom of Kartli	Ottoman Empire	Victory
1625	Battle of Aghaiani		Kartli-Kakhetian Uprising (1625)	Kingdom of Kartli		Defeat
1625	Battle of Martqopi		Kartli-Kakhetian Uprising (1625)	Kingdom of Kartli		Victory
1625	Battle of Marabda		Kartli-Kakhetian Uprising (1625)	Kingdom of Kartli		Defeat
1625			Kartli-Kakhetian Uprising (1625)			Victory
1625-1626	Siege of Baghdad (1625-1626)	Baghdad, Iraq	Ottoman–Safavid War (1623–1639),Georgian–Ottoman Wars	Safavid Empire Kingdom of Kartli	Ottoman Empire	Victory• March of Baghdad 1625
1626	Battle of Bazaleti		Civil War		Giorgi Saakadze	Victory
1634	Battle of Kaka Bridge			Principality of Mingrelia	Kingdom of Imereti	Victory of Mingrelia
1658				Kingdom of Imereti Vameq III Dadiani	Liparit III Dadiani Principality of Guria Childir Eyalet	Victory of Imereti Vameq is confirmed as Prince of Mingrelia • Imereti restores hegemony over western Georgia
1659	Bakhtrioni Uprising		Georgian–Safavid wars		Safavid Empire	Victory• 80,000 Turkoman and Persian killed by Georgians
1684			Civil war	Kingdom of Imereti Paata Abashidze	Principality of GuriaDuchy of Racha	Imeretian victory
1690	Battle of Gogodani		Civil war	Archil of Imereti	Alexander IV of Imereti	Archil's victory
1716			Civil war	Kingdom of Imereti	Principality of MingreliaZurab AbashidzeChildir Eyalet	Victory of Mingrelia and Abashidze George IV of Guria is crowned as King of Imereti, but George VII of Imereti soon regains power
1723	Battle of Zedavela		Georgian–Ottoman wars,Georgian–Safavid wars	Kingdom of Kartli	Ottoman Empire Erivan Khanate Ganja Khanate Lezgin Mercenaries	Defeat
1724			Georgian–Ottoman wars	Kingdom of Kartli,	Ottoman Empire,Childir Eyalet	Victory
1724			Georgian–Ottoman wars	Kingdom of Kartli,	Ottoman Empire,Childir Eyalet	Vicrory
1732	Battle of Chikhori		Civil war	Kingdom of Imereti	Principality of Mingrelia Duchy of Racha	Imeretian victory
1734	Battle of Magharo		Georgian–Ottoman wars		Ottoman Empire	Victory
1739			Civil war	Duchy of Ksani	Duchy of Aragvi	Victory of Ksani
1739	Battle of Karnal^[23] ^[24]		Nader Shah's invasion of India	Afsharid Empire	Mughal Empire Hyderabad Oudh	Victory
1744		Temporary Kurta Municipality, Shida Kartli, Georgia (de facto South Ossetia)	Kartli uprising	Teimuraz II Heraclius II Afsharid Empire	Givi Amilakhvari Ottoman Empire Childir Eyalet Lezgins	Victory of Heraclius and Teimuraz
1750			Georgian–Lezgin wars	Kingdom of Kartli	Gazikumukh KhanateLezgins	Victory
1751	^[25]		Georgian–Lezgin wars	Kingdom of Kartli	Jar-Balakan Elisu Sultanate Shaki Khanate	Defeat
1751	Battle of Kirkhbulakh		Azad Khan's invasion of Erivan Khanate	Kingdom of Kartli Erivan Khanate	Azad Khan Afghan	Victory Erivan Khanate becomes vassal of the Kingdom of Kartli and Kakheti
1752			Georgian–Lezgin wars	Kingdom of Kartli	Shaki Khanate	Defeat
1752			Georgian–Lezgin wars	Kingdom of Kartli	Shaki Khanate	Victory Erivan Khanate and Ganja Khanate again become vassals of the Kingdom of Kartli and Kakheti
1754			Georgian–Lezgin wars	Kingdom of Kartli	Avar Khanate Shaki Khanate	Victory
1755	Battle of Kvareli	Kvareli, Kakheti, Georgia,	Georgian–Lezgin wars	Kingdom of Kartli	Avar KhanateGazikumukh KhanateShaki Khanate^[26]	Victory
1756		Kvemo Kartli, Georgia,	Georgian–Lezgin wars	Kingdom of Kartli	Avar KhanateLezgin mercenaries	Victory
1757	Battle of Khresili	Tkibuli Municipality, Imereti, Georgia,	Georgian–Ottoman wars	Kingdom of Imereti Principality of Mingrelia Principality of Guria Principality of Abkhazia (Samurzakano)	Ottoman Empire	Victory
1769	Siege of Shorapani	Shorapani, Imereti, Georgia,	Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774),Georgian–Ottoman wars	Kingdom of Imereti Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti	Ottoman Empire	Defeat
1770	Battle of Sadgueri		Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774),Georgian–Ottoman wars	Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti	Ottoman Empire	Victory
1770	Siege of Atskuri	Atskuri, Samtskhe-Javakheti, Georgia,	Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774),Georgian–Ottoman wars	Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti	Ottoman Empire	Defeat^[27]
1770	Battle of Aspindza	Aspindza, Samtskhe-Javakheti, Georgia,	Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774),Georgian–Lezgin wars	Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti	Ottoman EmpireLezgin mercenaries	Victory
1770	Battle of Kutaisi	Kutaisi, Imereti,	Georgia	Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774),Georgian–Ottoman wars	Kingdom of Imereti	Ottoman Empire	Victory
1770-1771			Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)	Principality of Mingrelia	Ottoman Empire	Defeat General Tottleben lifts the siege
1774	Battle of Chkheri	Kharagauli Municipality, Imereti, Georgia,	Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)	Kingdom of Imereti Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti	Ottoman Empire	Victory
1778/79	Battle of Ghartiskari	Mtskheta Municipality, Mtskheta-Mtianeti, Georgia,	Georgian–Lezgin wars	Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti	Lezgin marauders	Victory
1779	Battle of Rukh	Zugdidi Municipality, Mingrelia, Georgia,	Georgian–Ottoman wars	Kingdom of Imereti Principality of Guria Principality of Mingrelia	Ottoman Empire Principality of Abkhazia Crimean Khanate Alans Circassians Kabardians	Victory
1783	Treaty of Georgievsk		Georgian–Russian Agreement	Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti		Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti becomes vassal of the Russian Empire
1784	Battle of Nachiskrevi		Georgian–Ottoman wars	Kingdom of Imereti Principality of Guria	Ottoman Empire Pasha of Poti	Defeat Lower Guria remains under Ottoman control
1785			Georgian–Ottoman wars Georgian–Lezgin wars	Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti	Childir EyaletLezgin marauders	Victory
1789		Khoni Municipality, Imereti, Georgia,	War of Imeretian succession	David II of Imereti	Solomon II of Imereti Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti Principality of Mingrelia	Solomon II ascends to the Imeretian throne
1790		Near Zovreti, Zestaponi Municipality, Imereti, Georgia,	War of Imeretian succession	David II of Imereti Ottoman Empire Childir Eyalet Lezgins	Solomon II of Imereti	David II ascends to the Imeretian throne
1790	Battle of Lomsiantkhevi	Imereti, Georgia,	War of Imeretian succession	David II of Imereti	Solomon II of Imereti Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti Principality of Mingrelia	Solomon II returns to the Imeretian throne
1795	Battle of Kura	Kura River, Georgia,	Qajar invasion of Kartli-Kakheti	Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti	Qajar Iran Ganja Khanate Erivan Khanate	Defeat
1795	Battle of Krtsanisi	Tbilisi, Georgia,	Qajar invasion of Kartli-Kakheti	Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti Kingdom of Imereti	Qajar Iran Ganja Khanate Erivan Khanate Armenians	Defeat• Heraclius II Lost a Battle because of the Betrayal but 13,000 Persians Killed by Army of the Heraclius II
1796	Persian Expedition	Kartli, Georgia,	Qajar invasion of Kartli-Kakheti	Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti	Qajar Iran	• Strategic Persian victory • Tactical Russo-Georgian victory
1800	Battle of Niakhura	On the shores of Iori River, Kakheti, Georgia,	Georgian–Lezgin wars	Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti	Avar KhanatePrince Alexander of Georgia	Victory

Russian Empire

Date	Battle	Modern Location	Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Result
1804	Battle of Lomisi	Dusheti Municipality, Mtskheta-Mtianeti, Georgia,	1804 Mtiuleti rebellion	Khevsur rebels	Russian Empire	Inconclusive Khevsurs encircle Russians, but they manage to escape
1807	Charge of Akhalkalaki		Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)	Russian Empire	Ottoman Empire	Defeat
1809	Battle of Maltakva		Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)	Principality of Guria Principality of Mingrelia Principality of Abkhazia	Ottoman Empire	Victory
1810			Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)	Russian Empire	Ottoman Empire Principality of Abkhazia	Russian victory Abkhazia joins Russian Empire as an autonomous principality
1812	^[28]		Kakheti uprising	Prince Grigol of Georgia	Russian Empire	Defeat
1812	Battle of Shilda		Kakheti uprising	Prince Alexander of Georgia Lezgin mercenaries	Russian Empire	Defeat Prince Alexander is defeated after initial victory
1828-1829	Battle of Akhaltsikhe		Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829)	Russian Empire	Ottoman Empire	Victory
1829	Battle of Limani		Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829)		Ottoman Empire	Victory
1832	Sürmene Uprising		Laz rebellion (1832-1834)Georgian–Ottoman wars	Laz rebels	Ottoman Empire	Defeat
1833	Battle of Değirmendere		Laz rebellion (1832-1834)Georgian–Ottoman wars	Laz rebels	Ottoman Empire	Victory
1833	Battle of Trabzon		Laz rebellion (1832-1834)Georgian–Ottoman wars	Laz rebels	Ottoman Empire	Victory
1834	Battle of Trabzon (1834)		Laz rebellion (1832-1834)Georgian–Ottoman wars	Laz rebels	Ottoman Empire	Defeat
1841			Rebellion in Guria (1841)		Gurian rebels	Victory
1841	Battle of Ozurgeti		Rebellion in Guria (1841)		Gurian rebels	Defeat^[29]
1853	Battle of Shekvetili		Crimean War	Kutaisi Governorate		Defeat
1853	Battle of Akhaltsikhe		Crimean War	Kutaisi Governorate		Victory
1854	Battle of Nigoiti		Crimean War	Kutaisi Governorate		Victory
1854	Battle of Choloki		Crimean War	Kutaisi Governorate		Victory
1855	Battle of Enguri		Crimean War	Kutaisi Governorate		Victory
1877-1878			Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)	Russian Empire		Victory
1905	Battle of Nasakirali		Russian Revolution of 1905	Gurian Republic	Cossacks	Victory

Georgian Democratic Republic (1918–1921)

Date	Battle	Modern Location	Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Result
1918	Battle of Anaria		Caucasus campaign	Transcaucasian Commissariat		Defeat
1918	Battle of Choloki		Caucasus campaign	Transcaucasian Commissariat		Victory
1918	Sochi offensive^[30]		Sochi conflict	Democratic Republic of Georgia Abkhaz People's Council	Russian Soviet Republic	Victory Georgians capture Sochi
1918	Battle of Tuapse^[31]		Sochi conflict	Democratic Republic of Georgia Kuban Cossacks^[32]	Russian Soviet Republic North Caucasian Soviet Republic	Victory Georgians capture Tuapse
1918			Abkhazia conflict (1918)	Democratic Republic of Georgia	Abkhaz Muhacir landing force	Victory
1918	Taman Army March^[33]		Sochi conflictRussian Civil War	Russian Soviet Republic Taman Army	White movement Kuban People's Republic Democratic Republic of Georgia ---- German Empire	Defeat Georgians withdraw from Tuapse
1919	Sochi counteroffensive^[34]		Sochi conflict		White movement	Defeat White forces capture Sochinsky okrug
1919	Battle of Gagra		Sochi conflict	Democratic Republic of Georgia Military support: Green armies	White movement	Victory Georgians recapture Gagra
1919	Capture of Ardahan^[35]		War with South West Caucasian Republic		South West Caucasian Republic	Victory
1920	Battle of Poilo Bridge^[36]		Border clashes between Georgia and Soviet Azerbaijan during the 1920 Georgian coup attempt			Victory Soviet offensive halted
1921			Red Army invasion of Georgia			Defeat
1921			Red Army invasion of Georgia			Defeat
1921			Red Army invasion of Georgia			Defeat
1921	Battle of Batumi		Red Army invasion of Georgia	Democratic Republic of Georgia Supported by:	Turkish Provisional Government	Victory

Republic of Georgia (1991–)

Date	Battle	Modern Location	Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Result
1992	Battle of Sokhumi		War in Abkhazia (1992-1993)			Victory
1992	Battle of Gagra		War in Abkhazia (1992-1993)	Georgia	Confederation of Mountain Peoples of the Caucasus	Defeat Abkhaz separatists capture Gagra District
1992	Battle of Ochamchire		War in Abkhazia (1992-1993)	Georgia	Confederation of Mountain Peoples of the Caucasus	Victory
1992-1993	Siege of Tkvarcheli		War in Abkhazia (1992-1993)		Confederation of Mountain Peoples of the Caucasus	Defeat
1993	Battle of Gumista		War in Abkhazia (1992-1993)	Georgia	Confederation of Mountain Peoples of the Caucasus	Victory Abkhaz separatists fail to capture Sokhumi
1993	Battle of Kamani		War in Abkhazia (1992-1993)		Confederation of Mountain Peoples of the Caucasus	Defeat
1993	^[37]		War in Abkhazia (1992-1993)		Confederation of Mountain Peoples of the Caucasus	Victory
1993	Battle of Sokhumi		War in Abkhazia (1992-1993)	Georgia	Confederation of Mountain Peoples of the Caucasus	Defeat Abkhazia gains de facto independence
1993	Battle of Poti		Georgian Civil War	Eduard Shevardnadze	Zviadists	Victory of Shevardnadze and Russia
2006–2014	Battle of Nawzad		War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)	International Security Assistance Force United States United Kingdom Estonia Georgia	Taliban	Indecisive
2008	Operation Phantom Phoenix		Iraq War	United States Iraq Georgia United Kingdom	Islamic state of Iraq Other Iraqi Insurgents	Partial victory
2008	Battle of Tskhinvali	Tskhinvali, Shida Kartli, Georgia (de facto South Ossetia)	Russo-Georgian War	Georgia	South Ossetia	Defeat
2008	Battle in the Liakhvi Gorge	Georgia (de facto South Ossetia)	Russo-Georgian War	Georgia	South Ossetia	Defeat
2008	Battle of the Kodori Valley		Russo-Georgian War	Georgia	Abkhazia	Defeat
2008	Battle off the coast of Abkhazia		Russo-Georgian War			Defeat
2008	Occupation of Gori		Russo-Georgian War			Defeat
2008	Occupation of Poti		Russo-Georgian War			Defeat
2010–2011	Battle of Sangin		War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)	ISAF / United States Islamic Republic of Afghanistan Georgia	Taliban	Victory

See also

• List of wars involving Georgia (country)

Bibliography

• Book: [[Appian]] . The Mithridatic Wars.
• Book: Javakhishvili, Ivane . Ivane Javakhishvili . ქართველი ერის ისტორია, ტომი III . Metsniereba . 1949 . Tbilisi . Georgian . History of the Georgian nation, volume III.
• Book: Javakhishvili, Ivane . ქართველი ერის ისტორია, წიგნი IV . 30–32 . Georgian . History of the Georgian nation, book IV .
• Book: Kaegi, Walter Emil. Heraclius, Emperor of Byzantium. Cambridge, United Kingdom. Cambridge University Press. 2003. 0-521-81459-6.
• Book: Petersen. Leif Inge Ree. Siege Warfare and Military Organization in the Successor States (400-800 AD): Byzantium, the West and Islam. 2013. BRILL. 978-9004254466.
• Book: Rayfield. Donald. Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia. 2013. Reaktion Books. 978-1780230702.
• Book: Minorsky, Vladimir. Studies in Caucasian History. Cambridge University Press. 1953 . 9780521057356.
• Book: Brosset, Marie-Félicité . Histoire de la Géorgie depuis l'Antiquité jusqu'au XIXe siècle. Volume I . Imperial Academy of Sciences . 1849 . Saint-Petersburg . fr . History of Georgia from Ancient Times to the 19th Century, Volume 1.
• Book: Rayfield, Donald . Edge of Empires, a History of Georgia . Reaktion Books . 2012 . 978-1-78023-070-2 . London.
• Book: Mikaberidze, Alexander. Historical Dictionary of Georgia. 2015. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. 9781442241466.
• Book: History of Georgia: From Ancient Times to the Present Day. Asatiani. Nodar. Janelidze. Otar. Publishing House Petite. 2009 . 9789941906367.
• Book: Fähnrich, Heinz. Geschichte Georgiens. Brill Publishers. 2010. 978-9004184503. de.
• Book: Allen, William. A History of the Georgian People: From the Beginning Down to the Russian Conquest in the Nineteenth Century. Taylor & Francis. 2023 . 9781000855302.
• Georgian Soviet Encyclopedia
• Book: Thomson, Robert W. . 1996 . Rewriting Caucasian History. . 0-19-826373-2.
• Book: Trialeti: Cultural and Historical Heritage, Ancient Sources and Prospects of Research. Goderdzi. Narimanishvili. Shanshashvili. Nino. Georgian National Museum. 2018. 9789941279652.
• Book: Frye, R. N.. The Cambridge History of Iran. 4. Cambridge University Press. 1975. 978-0-521-20093-6.
• Book: Baumer, Christoph . History of the Caucasus. Volume one, At the crossroads of empires . 2021 . I.B. Tauris . 978-1-78831-007-9 . London . 1259549144.
• Andrew . Peacock . Georgia and the Anatolian Turks in the 12th and 13th centuries . Anatolian Studies . 2006 . 56 . 127–146 . 0066-1546 . 10.1017/S0066154600000806 . 20065551 . 155798755.

Notes and References

1. Lorna Oakes, Pyramids, Temples & Tombs of Ancient Egypt: An Illustrated Atlas of the Land of the Pharaohs, Hermes House: 2003, p. 142.
2. Book: Edwell, Peter . Rome and Persia at War: Imperial Competition and Contact, 193–363 CE . Routledge . 2021 . 36.
3. Book: Georgia in Antiquity: A History of Colchis and Transcaucasian Iberia, 550 BC-AD 562. David Braund. Clarendon Press. 1994 . 9780198144731. 299–300.
4. Book: Georgian Soviet Encyclopedia. Metsniereba . 1987 . 11 . Tbilisi . 265. Georgian . Battle of Tsakhar 556.
5. Book: Khalid Yahya Blankinship. The End of the Jihâd State: The Reign of Hishām Ibn ʿAbd al-Malik and the Collapse of the Umayyads. 1994. State University of New York Press. 9780791496831. 172.
6. [Ronald Grigor Suny|Suny, Ronald Grigor]
7. Book: Tavadze, Leri. კურაპალატის ტიტული ტაო-კლარჯერთის ბაგრატიონთა სამეფო სახლში (ქართველთა სამეფოს პოლიტიკური ვითარება IX-X საუკუნეში). Tbilisi. 2012 . ka. Title of Kouropalates in the house of Bagrationis of Tao-Klarjeti (political circumstances of Kingdom of Georgians in the IX-X centuries. 81.
8. Web site: Gurgen I. National Parliamentary Library of Georgia. 2024-02-07. ka.
9. The Byzantine Commonwealth and the International Status of the Georgian Political Units in the First Half of the 10th Century . Papaskiri. Zurab. The Caucasus & Globalization. 5. 3–4. 2011. en . 131.
10. Book: Bogveradze. A. . Georgian Soviet Encyclopedia. Metsniereba. 1984 . 7 . Tbilisi . 406. Georgian . Niali Battle 1191.
11. Book: Georgia in the XI-XII Centuries. Mariam Lortkipanidze. Ganatleba Publishers. 2006. 151.
12. Pancaroğlu. Oya. Looking for Urban Agency in a City of Memorials: Tomb Towers of Late Thirteenth-Century Ahlat. 2021. Medieval Worlds. 14. 121. 10.1553/medievalworlds_no14_2021s117.
13. Book: Georgia in the XI-XII Centuries. Mariam Lortkipanidze. Ganatleba Publishers. 2006. 154.
14. Book: Georgian Soviet Encyclopedia . Metsniereba . 1986 . 10 . Tbilisi . 523. Georgian . Battle of Kvishkheti 1260.
15. Book: Constantin d'Ohsson . Histoire des Mongols: depuis Tchinguiz-Khan jusqu'à Timour Bey, ou Tamerlan. 1852. IV . Les fères Van Cleef. 330. French.
16. Book: Brosset, Marie-Félicité . Marie-Félicité Brosset . 1849 . [{{GBurl|hc1CAAAAcAAJ}} Histoire de la Géorgie, depuis l'Antiquité jusqu'au XIXe siècle - 1re partie ]. St. Petersburg . .
17. [Vladimir Minorsky|Minorsky, Vladimir]
18. [Vladimir Minorsky|Minorsky, Vladimir]
19. [Vladimir Minorsky|Minorsky, Vladimir]
20. Book: History of Georgia: From the Ancient Times Through the "Rose Revolution". Valeri Silogava. Kakha Shengelia. Caucasus University Publishing House. 2007 . 9789994086160. 272.
21. Book: History of Georgia: From Ancient Times to the Present Day. Nodar Asatiani. Otar Janelidze. Publishing House Petite. 2009 . 9789941906367. 127.
22. Book: Kalistrat Salia. History of the Georgian Nation. 1983. Paris. 261.
23. David Marshall Lang. Russia and the Armenians of Transcaucasia, 1797–1889: a documentary record Columbia University Press, 1957 (digitalised March 2009, originally from the University of Michigan) p. 142.
24. Valeri Silogava, Kakha Shengelia. "History of Georgia: From the Ancient Times Through the "Rose Revolution" Caucasus University Publishing House, 2007 pp. 158, 278.
25. Book: Kakhaber Demetrashvili. The Political Relationship of the Georgian Kings with the Rulers of the Shaki Khanate in the Middle of the 18th Century. 2022. Ilia State University. 2.
26. Book: Kakhaber Demetrashvili. The Political Relationship of the Georgian Kings with the Rulers of the Shaki Khanate in the Middle of the 18th Century. 2022. Ilia State University. 3.
27. Book: Lang, David M. . The Last Years of the Georgian Monarchy, 1658-1832 . . . 1957 . 9780231937108. David Marshall Lang. Studies of the Russian Institute. 0588-5477. 169.
28. Book: Khatuna Kokrashvili. Anti-Russian Demonstrations in Georgia in the First Half of the XIX Century. 2020. Rondeli Foundation. 6.
29. Guria Uprising of 1841 // The Modern Encyclopedia of Russian and Soviet History, Volume 13. — Academic International Press, 1976. — P. 201. —
30. Book: Chachkhiani, Archil. Russia-Georgia Military-Political Relations and the Military Actions in Abkhazia and Black Sea Region (1918-1920). 2014. Tbilisi. The Academy of the Georgian National Defense Academy of David the Builder. 144–149. ka.
31. Book: Political History of Russia. 5. 1995. Nova Science Publishers. 89.
32. Kenez. Peter. The Relations between the Volunteer Army and Georgia, 1918-1920: A Case Study in Disunity. The Slavonic and East European Review. Modern Humanities Research Association. 1970. 48. 112 . 407. 4206242 .
33. Encyclopedia: Taman Army March of 1918. The Free Dictionary.
34. News: Exactly 95 years ago, Georgian army left Sochi. Voice of America. 7 February 2014. 11 September 2023. ka.
35. News: Georgia troops seize Gagra, Ardagan. Civil Georgia. 1 May 1919. 11 September 2023. en.
36. USA House of Representatives Select Committee on Communist Aggression. 1955. Communist Takeover and Occupation of Georgia. U.S. Government Printing Office. 7.
37. News: Battle of Tamishi - Facing unexpected landing. Radio Freedom. 10 July 2021. 11 September 2023. ka.