List of French Jews explained

Jews have lived in France since Roman times with a rich and complex history. In the Middle Ages, French kings expelled most of the original Ashkenazi Jewish population to Germany. Since the French Revolution (and Emancipation), Jews have been able to contribute to all aspects of French culture and society. In 1870, the Cremieux decree gave full French citizenship to North-African Jews living in the Maghreb under French colonization. During World War II, a significant number of Jews living in Metropolitan France were murdered in the Holocaust or deported to Nazi death camps by the French Vichy government. After 1945, France served as a haven for Askhenazi refugees. After the independence of Morocco, Tunisia and the end of Algerian War, an influx of immigration of Sephardi Jews saw the Jewish population triple to around 600,000, making it the largest Jewish community in Western Europe. Behind the United States and Israel, France ranks 3rd by Jewish population. In 2019, the Jewish Agency evaluated the Jewish population in France to be 450,000,^[1] not mentioning French citizens with only one Jewish parent or grandparent.

The following is a list of some prominent Jews and people of Jewish origins,^[2] among others (not all of them practice, or practiced, the Jewish religion) who were born in, or are very strongly associated with, France. The strongly secular French nationality law forbids any statistics or lists based on ethnic or religious membership.^[3]

Historical figures

Activists

• René Cassin (1887–1976), drafted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, won Nobel Peace Prize (1968)^[4]
• Lewis Goldsmith (c. 1763–1846), English-born journalist and political writer^[5]
• Alain Krivine (1941–2022), student leader and Trotskyist MEP^[6]
• André Spire (1868–1966), lawyer, journalist, poet, Jewish society and French Zionism leader^[7]

Clergymen

• Aaron ben Perez of Avignon, fl.1300–1310
• Abraham Auerbach (mid 1700s – November 3, 1846), Alsatian-born rabbi and liturgical poet. Fled France for Germany after imprisonment during the Reign of Terror.
• Gilles Bernheim (born 1952), chief rabbi of France 2009–2013^[8]
• Mordecai Karmi (1749–1825), rabbi and Talmudic writer
• Jean-Marie Lustiger (1926–2007), former Catholic archbishop of Paris and cardinal; converted to Catholicism when he was 13^[9]
• Rashi (1040–1105), medieval rabbi based in Troyes, famed as the author of the first comprehensive commentary on the Talmud, as well as a comprehensive commentary on the Tanakh (Hebrew Bible)^{[10] [11]}
• Joseph Sitruk (1944–2016), Tunisian-born former Chief Rabbi of France, 1987–2008^[12]
• Rabbeinu Tam (1100–1171), rabbinical authority, grandson of Rashi

Military

• Denise Bloch (1915–1945), World War II SOE spy^[13]
• Nissim de Camondo (1892–1917), pilot in World War I^[14]
• Alfred Dreyfus (1859–1935), military officer^[15]
• Robert Gamzon, French resistant, commanding the 2nd company of Maquis de Vabre
• Alter Mojze Goldman (1909–1988), Polish-born, active during the French Résistance; father of Jean-Jacques Goldman, Robert Goldman and Pierre Goldman^[16]
• Paulette Weill Oppert (1911–2005), Second World War resistance fighter

Nobles

• Cahen d'Anvers, Papal title of 1867^[17]
• Liefmann Calmer, Baron of Picquigny and Viscount of Amiens
• d'Estienne, one of the early Franco/Jewish ennoblements in 16th-century Provence, after the family converted to Catholicism and changed their name from Cohen to Estienne in 1501^[18]
• Maurice Ephrussi, Russian Empire-born, husband of Beatrice de Rothschild^[19]
• de Fould-Springer, Baron Eugène Fould-Springer
• Arnaud Henry Salas-Perez, Prince Obolensky (1982-), French born fashion editor and Designer, half Jewish.
• Koenigswarter^[20]
• de Rothschild

Philanthropists

• Angelo Donati (1885–1960), Italian-born, from 1919 to 1960, saved the Jews from Nazi persecution in the Italian-occupied France between 1942 and 1943 while staying in Nice^[21]

Politicians

• Gabriel Attal, Jewish father; Prime Minister of France (2024-present); is also the first openly gay Prime Minister of France.^{[22] [23] [24]}
• Jacques Attali (born 1943), Algerian-born advisor to President François Mitterrand from 1981 to 1991^[25]
• Robert Badinter (1928-2024), Justice minister, 1981–86; abolished the death penalty in France^[26]
• Patrick Balkany (born 1948), member of the National Assembly of France^[27]
• Léon Blum (1872–1950), Prime Minister, 1936–37, 1938, and 1946–47^[28]
• Élisabeth Borne (born 1961), Jewish father, first woman of Jewish descent to serve as Prime Minister, (2022-2024).^[29]
• Agnès Buzyn (born 1962), medical doctor and university professor, Minister of Health from 2017–2020
• Daniel Cohn-Bendit (born 1945), French-born German politician, active in both countries, best known as leader of the 1968 student uprising in France; more recently a leader of the European Greens^[30]
• Jean-François Copé (born 1964), President of the Union for a Popular Movement (UMP) Group in the French National Assembly^[31]
• Adolphe Crémieux (1796–1880), Justice Minister, 1848, 1870–71^[32]
• Julien Dray (born 1955), Algerian-born member of the National Assembly of France for the Socialist Party (PS)
• Michel Debré (1912–1996), Prime Minister 1959-1962
• Léon Halévy (1802–1883), civil servant, historian, and dramatist; son of Élie Halévy, brother of Fromental Halévy and father of Ludovic Halévy and grandfather to Élie Halévy, Daniel Halévy and Lucien-Anatole Prévost-Paradol^[33]
• Roger Karoutchi (born 1951), Moroccan-born Secretary of State to the Prime Minister, with responsibility for Relations with Parliament
• Louis-Lucien Klotz (1868–1930), journalist and politician; Minister of Finance during World War I^[34]
• Bernard Kouchner (born 1939), Minister of Foreign Affairs (2007–2010) and physician,.co-founder of NGO's Médecins Sans Frontières and Médecins du Monde^[35]
• Henri Krasucki (1924–2003), Polish-born former secretary general of the Confédération générale du travail (CGT) from 1982 to 1992
• Jack Lang (born 1939), Minister of Culture (1981–1986, 1988–1993) and Minister of Education (1992–1993, 2000–2002)^[36]
• Pierre Lellouche (born 1951), Tunisian-born member of the Union for a Popular Movement (UMP) party
• Georges Mandel (1885–1944), Interior Minister, 1939^[37]
• René Mayer (1895–1972), Prime Minister 1953
• Pierre Mendès France (1907–1982), Prime Minister, 1954–55; withdrew from Indochina^[38]
• Alexandre Millerand (1859–1943), first Jewish Prime Minister, 1920, and first Jewish President of France, serving 1920 to 1924^[39]
• Jules Moch (1893–1985), Transport Minister, 1945–47; Interior Minister, 1947–50; Defense Minister, 1950–51^[40]
• Pierre Moscovici (born 1957), European Union Economic Affairs Commissioner, former French Finance Ministerer and member of the French Parliament for the Socialist Party (PS)^[41]
• Yaël Braun-Pivet (born 1970), Jewish grandparents, first practicing Jew, as well as woman, to serve as President of the French National Assembly, serving since 2022.^{[42] [43]}
• Maurice Schumann (1911–1998), Minister of Foreign Affairs (1969–1973), Jewish father
• Alexandre Stavisky (1886–1934), Ukrainian-born financier and embezzler; Stavisky Affair^[44]
• Abraham Schrameck (1867–1948), Minister of the Interior, and colonial governor of French Madagascar, senator.^[45]
• Dominique Strauss-Kahn (born 1949), Finance Minister, 1997–99;^[46] President of the International Monetary Fund, 2007–11
• Simone Veil (1927–2017), Health Minister, 1974–76; legalized abortion; President of the European Parliament, 1979–82^[47]
• Georges Wormser (1888–1978), chief of staff of Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau
• Éric Zemmour (born 1958), French far-right politician, political journalist, essayist and 2022 French presidential election candidate^[48]

Journalists

• Paul Amar (born 1950), journalist and television presenter
• Michel Drucker (born 1942), journalist and TV host
• Erik Izraelewicz (1954–2012), journalist and author, specialised in economics and finance; director and editorial executive of the daily Le Monde^[49]
• Ruth Elkrief (born 1960), journalist and television presenter
• Jean-François Kahn (born 1938), founder of Marianne magazine^[50]
• Ariel Wizman (born 1962), Moroccan-born TV journalist, DJ, musician and stage actor{{

Academic figures

Scientists

• Hippolyte Bernheim (1840–1919), hypnosis pioneer^[51]
• Georges Charpak (1924–2010), Polish-born, Nobel Prize in physics in 1992
• Claude Cohen Tannoudji (born 1933), Nobel Prize in physics in 1997
• Serge Haroche (born 1944), Nobel Prize in physics in 2012
• François Jacob (1920–2013), Nobel Prize in medicine in 1965
• Gabriel Lippmann (1845–1921), Luxembourgish-born physicist, Nobel Prize (1908)^[52]
• Andre Michael Lwoff (1902–1994), microbiologist, Nobel Prize (1965)^[53]

Mathematicians

• Immanuel Bonfils (c. 1300 – 1377), mathematician and astronomer
• Maurice Block (1816–1901), German-born statistician^[54]
• Paul Lévy, mathematician specialized in probability theory^[55]
• Benoit Mandelbrot (1924–2010), Polish-born mathematician^[56]
• Olinde Rodrigues (1795–1851), mathematician and social reformer^[57]
• Laurent Schwartz (1915–2002), mathematician^[58]
• André Weil (1906–1998), mathematician and leader in the Bourbaki group^[59]

Social scientists

• Albert Aftalion (1874–1956), Bulgarian-born French economist^[60]
• Raymond Aron (1905–1983), sociologist^[61]
• Jacqueline Lévi-Valensi (1932–2004), specialist in the work of Albert Camus^[62]
• Élisabeth Badinter (born 1944), sociologist, philosopher and historian^[63]
• Julien Benda (1867–1956), philosopher and novelist^[64]
• Berachyah (12th or 13th century), philosopher^[65]
• Henri Bergson (1859–1941), philosopher, Nobel Prize (1927)^[38]
• Danielle Bleitrach (born 1938), sociologist, academic and journalist^[66]
• Marc Bloch (1886–1944), historian and Resistance leader^[67]
• Hélène Cixous (born 1937), Algerian-born feminist critic^[68]
• Jacques Derrida (1930–2004), Algerian-born philosopher^[69]
• Émile Durkheim (1858–1917), sociologist^[70]
• Josy Eisenberg (1933–2017), author, TV host, rabbi, screenwriter^[71]
• Alain Finkielkraut (born 1949), essayist^[72]
• Gersonides (1288–1344), philosopher^[73]
• Pierre Goldman (1944–1977), philosopher, author, thief; was mysteriously assassinated; son of Alter Mojze Goldman; half-brother to Robert Goldman and Jean-Jacques Goldman (half Jewish)^[74]
• Jean Gottmann (1915–1994), Russian Empire-born geographer^[75]
• Daniel Halévy (1872–1962), historian; son of Ludovic Halévy, brother to Élie Halévy, grandson of Élie Halévy, half brother to Lucien-Anatole Prévost-Paradol^[33]
• Claude Lévi-Strauss (1908–2009), cultural anthropologist and ethnologist
• Emmanuel Lévinas (1906–1995), Russian Empire-born philosopher^[76]
• Bernard-Henri Lévy (born 1948), Algerian-born philosopher^[77]
• Serge Moscovici (1925–2014), Romanian-born social psychologist, currently the director of the Laboratoire Européen de Psychologie Sociale; father of Pierre Moscovici^[41]
• Salomon Reinach (1858–1932), historian and archaeologist^[78]
• Maxime Rodinson (1915–2004), historian^[79]
• Jacob Rodrigues Pereira (1715–1780), first to teach the deaf^[80]
• Ignacy Sachs (1927–2023), Polish-born economist^[81]
• George Steiner (1929-2020), literary critic^[82]
• Simone Weil (1909–1943), philosopher and mystic^[83]

Cultural figures

Artists

• Antoine Samuel Adam-Salomon (1818–1881), photographer and sculptor^[84]
• Christian Boltanski (1944–2021), photographer, sculptor and installation artist (half Jewish)^[85]
• Claude Cahun (1894–1954), photographer^[86]
• André François (1915–2005), cartoonist^[87]
• Alexandre Frenel (1899-1981), École de Paris painter
• Marcel Gotlib (1934–2016), comics artist^[88]
• Michel Kikoine (1892–1968), Russian Empire-born painter^[89]
• Moise Kisling (1891–1953), Polish-born painter^[90]
• Camille Pissarro (1830–1903), Danish West Indies-born painter widely considered the "father of Impressionism"^[91]
• Willy Ronis (1910–2009), photographer^[92]
• Joann Sfar (born 1971), cartoonist, film director^[93]
• Chaïm Soutine (1893–1943), Belarusian-born painter^[94]
• Roland Topor (1938–1997), illustrator, novelist^[95]
• Pauline Trigère (1909–2002), fashion designer^[96]
• Ossip Zadkine (1890–1967), Russian-born sculptor (half Jewish)^[97]

Film and stage

• Anouk Aimée (born 1932), actress^[98]
• Alexandre Aja (born 1978), film director (Haute Tension)^[99]
• Mathieu Amalric (born 1965), actor, film director (half Jewish)^[100]
• Richard Anconina (born 1953), actor^[101]
• Alexandre Arcady (born 1947), film director, scriptwriter^[102]
• Arthur (born 1966), Moroccan-born TV producer, TV host^[103]
• Aure Atika (born 1970), actress, writer and director
• Yvan Attal (born 1965), Israeli-born filmmaker, actor^[104]
• Jean-Pierre Aumont (1911–2001), actor^[105]
• Guy Béart (1930–2015), Egyptian-born singer and songwriter
• Emmanuelle Béart (born 1963), actress (half Jewish), daughter of Guy Béart
• Véra Belmont (born 1938), film producer, director and screenwriter^[106]
• Maurice Benichou (1943–2019), actor
• Raymond Bernard (1891–1977), film director and screenwriter, son of Tristan Bernard and brother of Jean-Jacques Bernard^[107]
• Sarah Bernhardt (1844–1923), stage actress (half Jewish)^[108]
• Claude Berri (1934–2009), film director, producer, actor and writer^[109]
• Simone Bitton (born 1955), Moroccan-born French-Israeli documentary filmmaker^[106]
• Michel Boujenah (born 1952), Tunisian-born humorist, actor, producer, director^[110]
• Pierre Braunberger (1905–1990), film producer^[111]
• Alain Chabat (born 1958), actor, writer, director^[112]
• David Charvet (born 1972), French-born actor and singer (Baywatch) (half Jewish)^[113]
• Elie Chouraqui (born 1953), film director, producer, scriptwriter, actor^[114]
• Gerard Darmon (born 1948), actor, singer^[115]
• Charles Denner (1926–1995), Polish-born actor^[116]
• Marcel Dalio (1900–1983), actor^[117]
• Pascal Elbé (born 1967), actor^[118]
• Gad Elmaleh (born 1971), Moroccan-born humorist, actor, film director, singer, brother of Arié^[119]
• Daniel Emilfork (1924–2006), Chilean-born actor^[120]
• Jean Epstein (1897–1953), filmmaker, film theorist, literary critic, and novelist (half Jewish)^[121]
• Sami Frey (born 1937), actor, director, movie actor^[122]
• Charlotte Gainsbourg (born 1971), actress, singer (half Jewish); daughter of Serge Gainsbourg^[123]
• Eva Green (born 1980), actress (half Jewish), daughter of Marlène Jobert^[124]
• Roger Hanin (1925–2015), actor, director^[125]
• Serge Hazanavicius (born 1963), actor
• Michel Hazanavicius (born 1967), film director, screenwriter, and producer^[126]
• Anna Held (1872–1918), Polish-born actress^[127]
• Isabelle Huppert (born 1953), actress (half Jewish)^[128]
• Agnès Jaoui (born 1964), director and actress^[129]
• Marlène Jobert (born 1940), actress, author, singer; mother of Eva Green^{[130] [131]}
• Elie Kakou (1960–1999), humorist, actor^[132]
• Marin Karmitz (born 1938), Romanian-born producer
• Tcheky Karyo (born 1953), film actor
• Mathieu Kassovitz (born 1967), film director, actor, producer (half Jewish), son of Peter Kassovitz^[133]
• Peter Kassovitz (born 1938), Hungarian-born film director and scriptwriter^[133]
• Sandrine Kiberlain (born 1968), actress^[134]
• Cédric Klapisch (born 1961), film director
• Diane Kurys (born 1948), filmmaker and actress^[135]
• Arlette Langmann (born 1946); film editor and screenwriter; sister of Claude Berri
• Greg Lansky (born 1982), pornographic film producer^[136]
• Claude Lanzmann (1925–2018), filmmaker^{[137] [138] [139] [140]}
• Mélanie Laurent (born 1983), actress, singer, director^[141]
• Claude Lelouch (born 1937), director^[142]
• Gilles Lellouche (born 1972), actor (half Jewish)^[143]
• Marcel Marceau (1923–2007), mime artist^[144]
• Jean-Pierre Melville (1917–1973), film director and screenwriter^[145]
• Radu Mihăileanu (born 1958), Romanian-born film director, screenwriter, poet^[146]
• Claude Miller (1942–2012), director^[147]
• Serge Moati (born 1958), Tunisian-born film director, screenwriter, journalist, artist, political consultant^[148]
• Jean-Pierre Mocky (1929–2019), film director, screenwriter and actor^[149]
• Marcel Ophüls (born 1927), German-born documentary filmmaker, son of Max Ophüls^{[150] [151]}
• Max Ophüls (1902–1957), German-born film director, father of Marcel Ophüls^{[150] [152]}
• Gérard Oury (1919–2006), film director, screenwriter; father of Danièle Thompson^[153]
• Roman Polanski (born 1933), film director, screenwriter, actor (three-fourths Jewish)^{[154] [155]}
• Rachel (1821–1858), Swiss-born stage actress^[156]
• Éric Rochant (born 1961), film director and screenwriter.^[157]
• Alexandra Rosenfeld (born 1986), Miss France 2006^[158]
• Ida Rubinstein (1885–1960), Russian-born Belle Epoque icon^[159]
• Suzanne Schiffman (1929–2001), screenwriter, film director (half Jewish)^[160]
• Simone Signoret (1921–1985), German-born actress (half Jewish)^[161]
• Tomer Sisley (born 1974), German-born actor and comedian^[162]
• Estelle Skornik (born 1971), actress^[163]
• Nicole Stéphane (1923–2007), film producer, actress, and director^{[164] [165]}
• Charlotte Szlovak (born 1947), Moroccan-born cinematographer, film director, and screenwriter^[106]
• Danièle Thompson (born 1942), film director, screenwriter (half Jewish); daughter of Gérard Oury^[153]
• Alexandre Trauner (1906–1993), Hungarian-born Academy Award winning Scenic designer^[166]
• Michael Vartan (born 1968), actor (half Jewish)^[167]
• Francis Veber (born 1937), film director, playwright and screenwriter (half Jewish)^[168]
• André Weinfeld (born 1947), film and television producer, director, screenwriter, photographer and journalist^[169]
• William Wyler (1902–1981), film director^[170]
• Yolande Zauberman, film director and screenwriter^[106]
• Elsa Zylberstein (born 1968), actress (half Jewish)^[171]

Musicians

• Charles-Valentin Alkan (1813–1888), composer and pianist^[172]
• Franck Amsallem (born 1961), Algerian-born jazz pianist and composer
• Monique Andrée Serf (1930–1997), French singer known as Barbara
• Keren Ann (born 1974), Israeli-born folk singer
• Thomas Bangalter (born 1975), French musician known as half of the electro duo Daft Punk
• Patrick Bruel (born 1959), singer, musician, actor^[173]
• Marcel Dadi (1951–1996), guitarist^[174]
• Joe Dassin (1938–1980), American-born singer, son of Jules Dassin^[175]
• Mike Brant (1947–1975), singer
• Natalie Dessay (born 1965), opera singer soprano (converted to Judaism)^[176]
• Sacha Distel (1933–2004), singer, guitarist^[177]
• Paul Dukas (1865–1935), composer^[178]
• Jean Ferrat (1930–2010), singer-songwriter, poet^[179]
• Serge Gainsbourg (1928–1991), singer-songwriter, musician, film composer, actor, film director, writer; father of Charlotte Gainsbourg^[123]
• Jean-Jacques Goldman (born 1951), singer-songwriter, musician; son of Alter Mojze Goldman, brother to Robert Goldman and half-brother to Pierre Goldman^[180]
• David Guetta (born 1967), DJ, remixer, songwriter
• Fromental Halévy (1799–1862), composer^[181]
• Ludovic Halévy (1834–1908), librettist; son of Élie Halévy^[182]
• Jenifer (born 1982), French pop singer (half Jewish)
• Joseph Kosma (1905–1969), Hungarian-born film composer^[183]
• Norbert Krief (born 1956), guitarist^[184]
• Jacques Lanzmann (1927–2006), lyricist; brother of Claude Lanzmann^[137]
• Isidore de Lara (1858–1930), English-born composer^[185]
• René Leibowitz (1913–1972), Polish-born composer^[186]
• Daniel Levi (born 1961), singer, composer^[187]
• Enrico Macias (born 1938), Algerian-born singer, guitarist^[188]
• Emmanuelle Haïm (born 1967), harpsichordist and conductor (half Jewish)^[189]
• Darius Milhaud (1892–1974), composer,^[190] member of the Groupe des six
• Pierre Monteux (1875–1964), conductor^[191]
• Georges Moustaki (1934–2013), Egyptian-born composer, singer^[192]
• Yael Naim (born 1978), singer-songwriter, guitarist^[193]
• Jacques Offenbach (1819–1880), German-born composer^[194]
• Catherine Ringer (born 1957), singer-songwriter, actress^[195]
• Sapho (born 1950), Moroccan-born singer^[196]
• David Serero (born 1981), French opera singer, actor, producer; his parents are Sephardi Jews from Morocco^[197]
• Martial Solal (born 1927), jazz pianist and composer^[198]
• Tal (born 1989), Israeli-born pop / R'n'B singer
• Alexandre Tansman (1897–1986), Polish-born composer, pianist^[199]
• Daniel Vangarde (born 1947), French songwriter and producer, father of Thomas Bangalter
• Émile Waldteufel (1837–1915), composer^[200]

Writers and poets

• Tristan Bernard (1866–1947), playwright and novelist, father of Raymond Bernard and Jean-Jacques Bernard^[201]
• Jean-Jacques Bernard (1888–1974), playwright, son of Tristan Bernard and brother of Raymond Bernard^[202]
• Henri Bernstein (1876–1953), playwright^[203]
• Henri Blowitz (1825–1903), Bohemian-born journalist^[204]
• Paul Celan (1920–1970), Romanian-born poet^[205]
• Benjamin Fondane (1898–1944), Romanian-born poet^[206]
• Romain Gary (1914–1980), Russian Empire-born novelist^[207]
• René Goscinny (1926–1977), comic book author and editor, co-creator of Asterix^{[208] [209]}
• Élie Halévy (1760–1826), Bavarian-born French Hebrew poet, author and secretary of the Jewish community of Paris; father of Fromental Halévy and Léon Halévy^[210]
• Marek Halter (born 1936), writer and activist
• Léon Hollaenderski (1808–1878), writer and poet
• Max Jacob (1876–1944), poet^[211]
• Edmond Jabès (1912–1991), Egyptian-born poet^[212]
• Joseph Joffo (1931–2018), writer^[213]
• Gabriel Josipovici (born 1940), novelist^[214]
• Gustave Kahn (1859–1936), poet and art critic^[215]
• Joseph Kessel (1898–1979), Argentinian-born novelist and journalist
• Justine Lévy (born 1974), novelist, daughter of Bernard-Henri Lévy^[216]
• André Maurois (1885–1967), author
• Alain Mamou-Mani (born 1949), Tunisian-born French film producer and writer
• Albert Memmi (1920–2020), Tunisian-born novelist and sociologist^[217]
• Catulle Mendès (1841–1909), poet and man of letters (half Jewish)^[218]
• Patrick Modiano (born 1945), writer (half Jewish)^[219]
• Nine Moati (1938–2021), Tunisian-born novelist Les Belles de Tunis and screenwriter; sister of Serge Moati^[220]
• Irène Némirovsky (1903–1942), writer^[221]
• Georges Perec (1936–1982), novelist^[222]
• Marcel Proust (1871–1922), writer^[223]
• Yasmina Reza (born 1959), playwright^[224]
• Nathalie Sarraute (1900–1999), Russian-born writer^[225]
• Jean-Jacques Schuhl (born 1941), writer^[226]
• Anne Sinclair (born 1948), political journalist; wife of Dominique Strauss-Kahn^[227]
• André Suarès (1868–1948), poet^[228]
• Elsa Triolet (1896–1970), Russian-born novelist^[229]
• Tristan Tzara (1896–1963), Romanian-born poet^[230]
• Ilarie Voronca (1903–1946), Romanian-born poet and essayist^[231]
• Bernard Werber (born 1961), best-selling author^[232]

Business figures

• Marcel Bleustein-Blanchet (1906–1996), founder and head of Publicis Groupe^[233]
• Moïse de Camondo (1860–1935), Ottoman Empire-born banker^[14]
• Isaac and Daniel Carasso, founders of Danone^[234]
• André Citroën (1878–1935), founder of Citroën^[235]
• Marcel Dassault (1892–1986), aerospace industrialist;^[236] converted to Catholicism in 1950
• Achille Fould (1800–1867), financier^[237]
• Maurice Girodias (1919–1990), founder of Olympia Press (half Jewish)^[238]
• Maurice de Hirsch (1831–1896), banker^[239]
• Philippe Kahn (born 1952), founder of Borland^{[240] [241] [242] [243]}
• Gérard Louis-Dreyfus (1932–2016), owner of Louis-Dreyfus & Co. (half Jewish)^[244]
• Michel Adam Lisowski (born 1950), Polish-born founder and president of Fashion TV^[245]
• André Meyer (1898–1979), French-American financier^[246]
• Emile and Isaac Péreire, bankers^[247]
• Rothschild banking and wine growing family of France^[248]

Sport figures

• Sarah Abitbol (born 1975), figure skater, World Figure Skating Championship bronze^[249]
• Gary Assous (born 1988), football player
• Jonathan Assous (born 1983), France/Israel, soccer defensive midfielder (Hapoel Ramat Gan)^[250]
• Fabrice Benichou (born 1966), boxer, World Champion, super bantamweight^[251]
• Cyril Benzaquen (born 1989), World Champion Kickboxing, World Champion Muay-thaï, light heavyweight^[252]
• Ossip Bernstein (1882–1962), Russian-born chess grandmaster^[253]
• Jean Bloch (born 1877), soccer, Olympic silver
• Ilan Boccara (born 1993), France/Netherlands, football player
• Alain Calmat (born 1940), figure skater, Olympic silver, World Championship gold, silver, two-time bronze
• François Cevert (1944–1973), racing driver (half Jewish)^[254]
• Robert Cohen (1930–2022), boxer, World Champion, bantamweight^[255]
• Stéphanie Cohen-Aloro (born 1983), tennis player
• Steven Cohen (born 1986), football player
• Pierre Darmon (born 1934), tennis player, highest world ranking #8^[256]
• René Dreyfus (1905–1993), racing driver^[257]
• Yves Dreyfus (1931–2021), épée fencer, Olympic bronze, French champion
• Johann Fauveau (born 1982), kickboxer, World Champion, welterweight^[258]
• Myriam Fox-Jerusalmi (born 1961), slalom canoer, Olympic bronze (K-1 slalom), five golds at ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships (two-time K-1, three-time K-1 team)
• Stéphane Haccoun (born 1967), boxer, featherweight, super featherweight, and junior lightweight^{[259] [260]}
• Rudy Haddad (born 1985), soccer midfielder (LB Châteauroux & U21 national team)^[261]
• Alphonse Halimi (1932–2006), boxer, World Champion, bantamweight^[262]
• Maurice Herzog (1919–2012), mountaineer; first 8000 m; mountain Annapurna (1950); later a politician^[263]
• Alexandre Lippmann (1881–1960), épée fencer, two-time Olympic champion, two-time silver, bronze
• Armand Mouyal (1925–1988), épée fencer, Olympic bronze, world champion
• Alfred "Artem" Nakache (1915–1983), swimmer; world record (200-m breaststroke), one-third of French two-time world record (3x100 relay team); imprisoned by Nazis in Auschwitz, where his wife and daughter were killed
• Claude Netter (1924–2007), foil fencer, Olympic champion, silver
• Jacques Ochs (1883–1971), French-born Belgian épée, saber, and foil fencer, Olympic champion
• Kevin Pariente (born 1987), football player
• Maxime Partouche (born 1990), football player
• Victor Perez (1911–1945), Tunisian-French boxer, World Champion, flyweight; murdered in the Holocaust
• François Rozenthal (born 1975), ice hockey, France national team; brother of Maurice Rozenthal^[264]
• Maurice Rozenthal (born 1975), ice hockey, right wing, France national team
• Eric Sitruk (born 1978), football player
• Jean Stern (1875–1962), épée fencer, Olympic champion
• Daniel Wildenstein (1917–2001), racehorse owner^[265]
• Mickaël Madar (1968–), French former professional footballer

Other

• Abraham of Aragon, Jewish physician specializing in diseases of the eye
• Bonet de Lattes (by 1450–after 1514), astrologer and papal physician
• Ilan Halimi (1982–2006), salesman; kidnapped, tortured, and murdered by an anti-semitic gang mistaking him for a wealthy man^[266]

See also

• History of the Jews in France
• List of French people
• List of West European Jews

References

Footnotes

Notes and References

1. News: On a flight to Israel, French immigrants share a new homeland, but not motives. The Times of Israel. 2 August 2019.
2. As a particular counter-example, current French President Nicolas Sarkozy had a Jewish grandfather, is officially Catholic and is not part of this list.
3. Décision n° 2007-557 DC du 15 novembre 2007 Conseil Constitutionnel, 15 November 2007
4. Web site: Rene Cassin.
5. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography: "he was of Portuguese Jewish descent"
6. Web site: NATIV - March 2000 -Peace Now: The Latest Link in the Chain of Jewish Radicalism. www.acpr.org.il.
7. Web site: 1996.HTML 1996 UC Santa Cruz Library Exhibits . 6 February 2007 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20070314140749/http://library.ucsc.edu/exhibits/1996.html . 14 March 2007 .
8. Web site: New Chief Rabbi Appointed in France. 27 June 2008 .
9. News: Cardinal Lustiger of France dies aged 80 . London . The Guardian . Peter . Walker . 6 August 2007.
10. Web site: Who Was Rashi? - (4800-4865) - Chabad.org.
11. Web site: Rabbi Shlomo Yitzchaki (Rashi).
12. News: Weiss . Sharon . Reaching Out in Battle Against Hate . Jewish Week . 24 December 2004 . 2 July 2017 . 4 March 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160304115420/http://www.thejewishweek.com/news/international/reaching_out_battle_against_hate . dead .
13. Web site: Daughters of Yael - Two Jewish Heroines of the SOE. www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org.
14. Web site: Il n'y a pas de page à cette adresse . Lesartsdecoratifs.fr . 2 July 2017.
15. Web site: Alfred Dreyfus & "The Affair".
16. Web site: Free People Search Engine - ZabaSearch. 26 August 2010. 13 July 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110713044839/http://search.intelius.com/Alter-Mojze-Goldman. dead.
17. Impressionists and politics: art and democracy in the nineteenth century, by Philip G. Nord
18. L'expulsion des Juifs de Provence et de l'Europe méditerranéenne, Danièle Iancu, Université Paul Valéry
19. Béatrice Ephrussi de Rothschild: creator and collector
20. Titled outsiders: Jewish nobility in the nineteenth and early twentieth century, Huibert Schijf1
21. Web site: Fotomuseo Giuseppe Panini - Mostre: Archivio - Angelo Donati . 26 August 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100123045840/http://www.fotomuseo.it/mostre/archivio/2004/donati.asp . 23 January 2010 .
22. News: Macron names Gabriel Attal as France's youngest and first gay PM. Times of Israel. 9 January 2024. 28 March 2024.
23. Web site: fr . Mathilde Siraud. Gabriel Attal, sur les traces de Macron ?. lepoint.fr . March 1, 2023. .
24. Web site: Delphine . Bancaud . Qui est Gabriel Attal, le plus jeune membre d'un gouvernement de la Ve République? . Who is Gabriel Attal, the youngest member of a government of the Fifth Republic? . fr. 20 Minutes. 16 October 2018. 26 October 2018.
25. Web site: European Jewish Congress - Jacques Attali : 'There is no problem of anti-Semitism in France' . www.eurojewcong.org . 13 January 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110719235445/http://www.eurojewcong.org/ejc/article.php?id_article=4582 . 19 July 2011 . dead.
26. Web site: French-Jewish assimilation reassessed: A review of the recent literature | Judaism | Find Articles at BNET.com . 6 February 2007 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20080212140632/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0411/is_n2_v42/ai_13977172 . 12 February 2008 .
27. Web site: Patrick Balkany : l'Interview vidéo du Talk Orange Figaro . 26 August 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100404045559/http://actu.orange.fr/le-talk/20100118/1681-interview-patrick-balkany.html . 4 April 2010 .
28. Web site: The Jewish Advocate | Travel . 6 February 2007 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20070207033706/http://www.thejewishadvocate.com/travel/ . 7 February 2007 .
29. Web site: Wattenberg . Frida . Joseph Bornstein, dit Borne . https://archive.today/20220528222110/http://www.ajpn.org/personne-Joseph-Bornstein-2253.html . 28 May 2022 . 5 October 2010 . Date de naissance: 02/05/1924 (Anvers (Belgique)).
30. Web site: Daniel Cohn-Bendit - Biographie. 26 August 2010. 8 July 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110708174323/http://www.cohn-bendit.com/fr/dany/lebenslauf/index.html. dead.
31. Web site: Jean-Francois Cope.fr - site de Jean-Francois Cope - Actualite, Media et blog de JFC . www.jeanfrancoiscope.fr . 13 January 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090430155432/http://www.jeanfrancoiscope.fr/site/index.php . 30 April 2009 . dead.
32. Web site: Crémieux, (Isaac) Adolphe | Encyclopedia.com. www.encyclopedia.com.
33. Web site: HALÉVY famille - Cimetières de France et d'ailleurs. www-landrucimetieres-fr.translate.goog.
34. Reder . Melvin Warren . The Anti-Semitism of Some Eminent Economists . History of Political Economy . 2000 . 32 . 4 . 833–856 . 10.1215/00182702-32-4-833 . 153960185 . .
35. Web site: Zeek | France's Jewish Prophets: Alain Finkielkraut, Albert Memmi, and the Looming Crisis of Liberalism | Dr. Michael Shurkin. www.zeek.net.
36. News: Urban disaster brews in French slum: The Gaullist Pierre Lellouche wants the votes of the ethnic groups in Sarcelles. Julian Nundy saw him woo them . London . The Independent . Julian . Nundy . 8 March 1993.
37. Web site: Georges Mandel. worldatwar.net.
38. Web site: Canadian Jewish News . 6 February 2007 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20070203040720/http://www.cjnews.com/viewarticle.asp?id=8163 . 3 February 2007 .
39. Alexandre Millerand: socialiste discuté, ministre contesté et président déchu : 1859-1943 Jean-Louis Rizzo Harmattan, 2013
40. Web site: Jewish History . 6 February 2007 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20070212115241/http://www.jewishhistory.org.il/1870.htm . 12 February 2007 .
41. Web site: Pierre Moscovici, Désir d'avenir.
42. News: French lawmakers pick Yael Braun-Pivet as first ever woman president of National Assembly. Radio France Internationale. 28 June 2022. 29 June 2022.
43. News: France taps Jewish lawyer to serve as first-ever female speaker. Lazar. Berman. Times of Israel. 29 June 2022. 29 June 2022.
44. Paul Webster (2001) Petain's Crime. London, Pan: pp 36–43
45. Web site: David P. Boder Interviews Abraham Schrameck; August 21, 1946; Paris, France Voices of the Holocaust. 2021-12-15. voices.library.iit.edu. 2021-12-15. https://web.archive.org/web/20211215214813/https://voices.library.iit.edu/interview/schrameckA. live.
46. Web site: Western Europe | Netanyahu to visiting German FM Steinmeier: 'Tell the Palestinians to stop their campaign to delegitimize Israel' . Ejpress.org . 1 June 2015 . 2 July 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171019074128/http://ejpress.org/article/news/5698 . 19 October 2017 . dead.
47. Web site: Veil, Simone | Encyclopedia.com. www.encyclopedia.com.
48. News: Et Zemmour devint Zemmour . And Zemmour became Zemmour . Le Monde.fr. 8 November 2014. 17 October 2021. 16 October 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211016041725/https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2014/11/08/et-zemmour-devint-zemmour_4520705_823448.html. live.
49. Web site: France . Agence . Le Monde director Erik Izraelewicz dead at 58 . InterAksyon.com . 28 November 2012 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20121130103742/http://www.interaksyon.com/article/49121/le-monde-director-erik-izraelewicz-dead-at-58 . 30 November 2012.
50. Web site: Comme deux frères . 29 October 2007. fr. Book summary published on evene.fr
51. Web site: Sibling incest, madness, and the "Jews" Social Research - Find Articles . 6 February 2007 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20060719154216/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2267/is_n2_v65/ai_20964259 . 19 July 2006 .
52. Web site: LIPPMANN, GABRIEL - JewishEncyclopedia.com. www.jewishencyclopedia.com.
53. Web site: BookRags.com | Study Guides, Essays, Lesson Plans, & Homework Help. www.bookrags.com.
54. Encyclopædia Britannica 11th ed: "He was born in Berlin of Jewish parents. He studied at Bonn and Giessen, but settled in Paris, becoming naturalized there"
55. Book: Barbut . Marc. Locker . Bernard . Mazliak . Laurent . 2013 . Paul Lévy and Maurice Fréchet: 50 Years of Correspondence in 107 Letters. xii. Springer . 978-1-4471-5618-5.
56. Web site: Benoît Mandelbrot obituary. TheGuardian.com. 17 October 2010.
57. Web site: Read This: Mathematics and Social Utopias in France . 2007-02-06 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20061209194647/http://www.maa.org/reviews/SocialUtopias.html . 9 December 2006.
58. https://www.ams.org/notices/199809/chandra.pdf
59. Web site: André Abraham Weil. November 2014.
60. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2nd ed., art. "Aftalion, Albert"
61. Raymond Aron Comes in From the Cold: Jean-Paul Sartre Gets Dealt. https://web.archive.org/web/20110516145741/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-2280977.html. dead. 16 May 2011. 8 April 1994.
62. Web site: Jacqueline Lévi-Valensi . theses.fr . 24 August 2022.
63. Web site: Elisabeth Badinter: The Celebrity French Intellectual Every Jew (And Feminist) Should Know. 2020-12-16. jewishweek.timesofisrael.com. en-US. 31 January 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210131010619/https://jewishweek.timesofisrael.com/elisabeth-badinter-the-celebrity-french-intellectual-every-jew-and-feminist-should-know/. dead.
64. Web site: Julien Benda . Books and Writers (kirjasto.sci.fi) . Petri . Liukkonen . Kuusankoski Public Library . Finland . https://web.archive.org/web/20150210175324/http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/benda.htm . 10 February 2015 . dead .
65. Web site: radicalacademy.com . radicalacademy.com . 2 July 2017 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110901205624/http://www.radicalacademy.com/adiphiljewish2.htm#Berachyah . 1 September 2011.
66. Albera . François . Danielle Bleitrach, Richard Gehrke, Bertolt Brecht et Fritz Lang. Le nazisme n'a jamais été éradiqué. Sociologie du cinéma: La Madeleine, LettMotif, 2015 . 1895 . March 2016 . 78 . 233–235 . 10.4000/1895.5155 .
67. Web site: Testament of Marc Bloch. www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org.
68. Web site: Helene Cixous. www.cddc.vt.edu.
69. Web site: DERRIDA - TRIBUTE TO JACQUES DERRIDA (1930-2004) previously at Film Forum in New York City . 6 February 2007 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20070927012532/http://www.filmforum.org/films/derrida.html . 27 September 2007 .
70. 1396218. David Emile Durkheim and the Jewish Response to Modernity. Deborah Dash. Moore. 1 January 1986. Modern Judaism. 6. 3. 287–300. 10.1093/mj/6.3.287.
71. Web site: Rabbi Josy Eisenberg, France's Jewish Media Star. 6 August 2011. 7 July 2012. https://archive.today/20120707011742/http://blogs.forward.com/the-arty-semite/126736/. dead.
72. Web site: French philosopher Alain Finkielkraut apologizes after death threats.
73. 236517. Review of Studies on Gersonides: A Fourteenth-Century Jewish Philosopher-Scientist. David B.. Ruderman. 1 January 1994. Isis. 85. 2. 315. 10.1086/356836.
74. Web site: Qui était Pierre Goldman ?. www-parler--de--sa--vie-net.translate.goog.
75. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography: "the only child of prosperous Jewish parents"
76. Web site: Culture | Dispersion and the Longing for Zion, 1240-1840 . 2007-02-06 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20070926223502/http://www.jafi.org.il/education/culture/levinas.html . 26 September 2007.
77. Web site: Where to stay . Paris-expat.com . 25 June 2017 . 2 July 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170905125640/http://www.paris-expat.com/interviews/3-06levy.htm . 5 September 2017 . dead .
78. Web site: Salomon Reinach, l'Athénien . 20 February 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20080216072549/http://www.u-bourgogne.fr/STIMULUS/D001/200/600.htm . 16 February 2008 .
79. Web site: Maxime Rodinson: In praise of a "marginal man" Fred Halliday - openDemocracy . www.opendemocracy.net . 13 January 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20060721194856/http://www.opendemocracy.net/themes/article.jsp?id=6&articleId=2819 . 21 July 2006 . dead.
80. Web site: Im Test - saudades.org - . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20070207050420/http://www.saudades.org/My_Diary.htm . 7 February 2007 .
81. Web site: Ignacy Sachs, portrait - Le Salon d'Amerique latine. Débats et entretiens vidéos. www-ameriquelatine-msh--paris-fr.translate.goog.
82. Web site: Jewish Science and Technology Books: Catalogue: General science . 6 February 2007 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20070216113607/http://www.jewish-sci-tech-books.com/catalogue/general.htm . 16 February 2007 .
83. Web site: The New Criterion - A Review of the Arts + Intellectual Life . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20070209204326/http://www.newcriterion.com/archive/20/mar02/weil.htm . 9 February 2007 .
84. Web site: ADAM-SALOMON, ANTONY SAMUEL - JewishEncyclopedia.com. www.jewishencyclopedia.com.
85. News: Genzlinger . Neil . 17 July 2021 . Christian Boltanski, Whose Art Installations Dazzled, Dies at 76 . . B12 . en-US . 170 . 59122 . 0362-4331.
86. Web site: Knitting Circle . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20070117132938/http://www.knittingcircle.org.uk/claudecahun.html . 17 January 2007 .
87. Web site: Headline News . 2007-02-06 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20050108080055/http://news.awn.com/index.php?ltype=cat . 8 January 2005.
88. Web site: Google Translate. 15 July 2008 .
89. Web site: Michel Kikoine . 2007-02-06 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20070927195444/http://www.artexpertswebsite.com/pages/artists/kikoine.html . 27 September 2007.
90. Web site: Special Exhibitions - Paris in New York . www.jewishmuseum.org . 13 January 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20031218001919/http://www.jewishmuseum.org/home/content/exhibitions/special/paris/paris.html . 18 December 2003 . dead.
91. Web site: Pissarro: The First Impressionist | NGV . Ngv.vic.gov.au . 2 July 2017.
92. Web site: Benjamin Ivry . Photographs That Are Deserved – The Forward . Forward.com . 5 August 2009 . 2 July 2017.
93. Web site: 'Klezmer' cartoonist Sfar draws with a rhythm of his own - j. the Jewish news weekly of Northern California. admin.
94. Web site: Chaïm Soutine.
95. News: Endpaper -- The Lives They Lived: Roland Topor; A Graphic Wit . The New York Times . Jerelle . Kraus . 4 January 1998.
96. Web site: Seeking Solutions with Suzanne . 6 February 2007 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20071007015128/http://www.suzanne.tv/show.asp?sid=179 . 7 October 2007 .
97. Web site: Something went wrong.... research.huji.ac.il.
98. Encyclopedia: Motion Pictures. Encyclopaedia Judaica. Keter Publishing House. 1971–1972.
99. Web site: The Cast and Crew of the Hills Have Eyes Speak! . 21 May 2012 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20080103085044/http://www.movieweb.com/news/73/11473.php . 3 January 2008 .
100. News: The intellectual villain . London . The Guardian . Elizabeth . Day . 11 May 2008.
101. Web site: Richard Anconina. Evene.fr. 28 January 1953 .
102. Web site: Alexandre Arcady.
103. Web site: Google Translate. 25 April 2008.
104. Web site: Patriots DVD Movie. www.cduniverse.com.
105. News: Jean-Pierre Aumont ... returned to fight for his country despite the danger to him as a Jew. 31. Jewish Chronicle. 16 February 2001 .
106. Plotkin, Janis. "Filmmakers, Independent European." Jewish Women: A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia. 1 March 2009. Jewish Women's Archive.. Accessed 17 June 2012.
107. Web site: Eclipse Series 4: Raymond Bernard. Michael. Koresky. The Criterion Collection.
108. "After the Franco-Prussian war (1871), Bernhardt was forced to defend herself against press accusations that she was German and Jewish. Her proud reaction, reported in her biographies, was: "Jewish most certainly, but German, no. ... I am a daughter of the great Jewish race" https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/bernhardt-sarah
109. News: Claude Berri: Film director and screenwriterbest known for 'Jean de Florette' and 'Manon des Sources' . London . The Independent . 14 January 2009.
110. Web site: Alain CHABAT. Monsieur Biographie.
111. Book: Abramson, Glenda. Encyclopedia of Modern Jewish Culture. 1 December 2004. Taylor & Francis. 9780203494356. Google Books.
112. News: Google Translate. Lexpress.fr . 24 January 2002.
113. Web site: Celebrity Jews - j. the Jewish news weekly of Northern California. Bloom. Nate.
114. Web site: Rencontre avec Elie Chouraqui. col.fr.
115. Web site: Crif - Conseil Représentatif des Institutions Juives de France | Conseil Représentatif des Institutions juives de France. www.crif.org.
116. News: Alan . Riding . Charles Denner, 69, French Star of Truffaut and Lelouch Films . The New York Times . 12 September 1995 . 15 July 2013.
117. Web site: Marcel Dalio - Yahoo! Movies . 2017-01-14 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20111025193100/http://movies.yahoo.com/movie/contributor/1800043714 . 25 October 2011.
118. Web site: Pascal Elbé.
119. Web site: Nasrallah's Shi'ite error.
120. News: October 26, 2006 . Daniel Emilfork, April 7, 1924 - October 17, 2006 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110522202836/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/obituaries/article613558.ece . 22 May 2011 . The Times.
121. Web site: Jean Epstein Critical Essays - eNotes.com. eNotes.
122. Web site: French Actor Sami Frey: or 'Beckett Judaizing Beckett'. 18 September 2011. 14 October 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20111014232152/http://blogs.forward.com/the-arty-semite/127202/. dead.
123. Web site: Serge Gainsbourg: The Obscurity of Fame. 6 February 2007. 29 June 1997. https://web.archive.org/web/19970629141334/http://www.wfmu.org/~bart/sg.html. dead.
124. Web site: Eva Green. The A.V. Club. 14 April 2011.
125. Web site: Google Translate.
126. Web site: The Jewish Week - Connecting the World to Jewish News, Culture, and Opinion. 29 April 2015. 28 February 2012. 3 March 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160303173400/http://www.thejewishweek.com/arts/music/artist_directors_nod_billy_wilder. dead.
127. Miller . Ray . Anna Held and the Birth of Ziegfeld's Broadway (review) . Theatre Journal . 2005 . 57 . 2 . 337–338 . 10.1353/tj.2005.0070 . 194083764 . .
128. News: Leon. Masha. Sea of Faces: FRENCH FILM STAR ISABELLE HUPPERT PRESENTS AWARD TO ROBERT WILSON AT FIAF GALA . Forward. 18 November 2009. 24 February 2012.
129. Web site: France-Diplomatie . 21 May 2012 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120208094904/http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/france_159/label-france_2554/themes_3713/culture_3922/cinema_3925/agnes-jaoui-or-taste-for-our-own_6261.html . 8 February 2012 .
130. https://translate.google.com/translate?sl=fr&tl=en&js=n&prev=_t&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&layout=2&eotf=1&u=http%3A%2F%2Fmadame.lefigaro.fr%2Ffeminin%2Fmarlene-jobert-091210-22698&act=url&act=url, Novembre 2010, Par Sophie Carquain, Madame, Le Figaro
131. Elizabeth Day, "Eva Green interview: Playing evil", The Guardian, 4 June 2011
132. Web site: 勃起力回復の効果. 29 November 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20160911082121/http://www.rudy-lagersie.net/eliekakou.html. 11 September 2016. dead.
133. News: A French Director Straight Out of (Enfin) Spike Lee . The New York Times . Alan . Riding . 14 August 1994.
134. Web site: La passante du sans chichi. 16 August 2010. 7 August 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130807095133/http://www.liberation.fr/portrait/0101100649-la-passante-du-sans-chichi. dead.
135. Carrie Tarr, Diane Kurys (Manchester University Press, 1999), p. 12.
136. haaretzcom. Haaretz.com. 1195408875907739648. 15 November 2019. 18 March 2021. He was rejected by his Jewish community, but found home in the porn industry: Meet Greg Lansky, the world's top adult film director.
137. Web site: Western Europe | Warsaw ghetto uprising leader looks at love amid terror . Ejpress.org . 18 February 2009 . 2 July 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120204135810/http://www.ejpress.org/article/news/9236 . 4 February 2012 . dead.
138. Web site: EJP | News | France's favourite song-writer dies . 2 July 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120204135810/http://www.ejpress.org/article/news/9236 . 4 February 2012 . dead.
139. Web site: Claude Lanzmann Dies: Director Of Acclaimed Holocaust Doc 'Shoah' Was 92. Andreas Wiseman,Nancy. Tartaglione. Andreas. Wiseman. Nancy. Tartaglione. 5 July 2018.
140. Web site: Claude Lanzmann, French Director of Holocaust Documentary 'Shoah,' Dies at 92. Jordan Mintzer,Georg. Szalai. Jordan. Mintzer. Georg. Szalai. . 5 July 2018.
141. Web site: Mélanie Laurent Interview: On Inglourious Basterds And Loving France - CINEMABLEND. 22 August 2009. 20 February 2020. 3 March 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160303220905/http://www.cinemablend.com/new/M-lanie-Laurent-Interview-On-Inglourious-Basterds-And-Loving-France-14478.html. dead.
142. Web site: Claude Lelouch: The Hollywood Interview.
143. Web site: Gilles Lellouche.
144. Web site: Silence Speaks Volumes - Arts.
145. Web site: Do the right thing. David. Fellerath. 10 August 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160203123032/http://www.indyweek.com/gyrobase/Content?oid=oid%3A36742. 3 February 2016. dead.
146. Web site: Bluffing the Bolshoi. 10 August 2010 .
147. Merav Yudilovitch: French director Claude Miller to visit Israel, in Ynetnews, 29 January 2008
148. Web site: The Jewish Week - Connecting the World to Jewish News, Culture, and Opinion. 29 April 2015. 11 September 2011. 11 October 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161011083905/http://www.thejewishweek.com/arts/film/holes_screen. dead.
149. Web site: Entretien avec Jean-Pierre Mocky - DVDClassik. www-dvdclassik-com.translate.goog.
150. Vincent Brook, Driven to Darkness: Jewish Emigré Directors and the Rise of Film Noir, Rutgers University Press, 2009, p. 1.
151. Web site: Marcel Ophuls Films - Marcel Ophuls Filmography - Marcel Ophuls Biography - Marcel Ophuls Career - Marcel Ophuls Awards - Film Director - Movie Director - Film Directors - Movie Directors - Filmmaker - FilmDirectorsSite.com . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20160826165656/http://www.filmdirectorssite.com/marcel-ophuls . 26 August 2016 .
152. Web site: Max Oph?ls Films | Max Oph?ls Filmography | Max Oph?ls Biography | Max Oph?ls Career | Max Oph?ls Awards | Film Director | Movie Director | Film Directors | Movie Directors | Filmmaker | FilmDirectorsSite.com. www.filmdirectorssite.com . https://web.archive.org/web/20121026073340/http://www.filmdirectorssite.com/max-oph?ls . 26 October 2012.
153. Web site: Google Translate.
154. News: The Guardian profile: Roman Polanski . London . The Guardian . Peter . Bradshaw . 15 July 2005.
155. Book: Roman Polanski: Interviews. Roman. Polanski. Paul. Cronin. 1 January 2005. Univ. Press of Mississippi. 9781578067992. Google Books.
156. Web site: France Virtual Jewish History Tour. www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org.
157. Web site: Eric Rochant, phénomène et malotru – Libération . Next.liberation.fr . 2017-05-22 . 2022-08-30.
158. Web site: Celebrity Jews - j. the Jewish news weekly of Northern California. nate. bloom.
159. 1478385. Ida Rubinstein: A Twentieth-Century Cleopatra. Charles S.. Mayer. 1 January 1988. Dance Research Journal. 20. 2. 33–51. 10.2307/1478385. 191651195.
160. News: Suzanne Schiffman . London . The Guardian . Sophie . Baker . 14 June 2001.
161. Web site: Book Reviews & Recommendations. Kirkus Reviews.
162. News: Tomer Sisley's tour de force. Haaretz.
163. "The granddaughter of Polish Jews ... "My family couldn't be more different than the one in the advert. My father is a salesman, and our family is Jewish"" Jewish Chronicle, 4 April 1997, page 38
164. Web site: Google Translate.
165. News: Nicole Stéphane . London . The Guardian . Ronald . Bergan . 23 March 2007.
166. Web site: Alexandre Trauner Exhibition, 50 years of cinema. lpce.com.
167. Web site: Newsmakers: May 23 issue - Newsweek Entertainment - MSNBC.com . 23 January 2017 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20050526232429/http://msnbc.msn.com/id/7856813/site/newsweek/ . 26 May 2005 .
168. News: French Films, American Style . The New York Times . Annette . Insdorf . 28 July 1985.
169. Web site: ANDRE WEINFELD //.
170. Web site: The religion of director William Wyler. https://web.archive.org/web/20060422030354/http://www.adherents.com/people/pw/William_Wyler.html. usurped. 22 April 2006.
171. Web site: Google Translate.
172. Web site: About Alkan. www.alkansociety.org.
173. Web site: Boujenah se joint à Bruel pour dénoncer Dieudonné (Canoe.com - Agnès Gaudet / Le Journal de Montréal) . www.a7fr.com . 13 January 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20071008114257/http://www.a7fr.com/Default.aspx?tabid=52&articleType=ArticleView&articleId=34906 . 8 October 2007 . dead.
174. Web site: Conservatoire Conservatoire Marcel Dadi.
175. Web site: Western Europe | Museum marks Belgium Judaism . Ejpress.org . 9 August 2005 . 2 July 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171019062820/http://www.ejpress.org/article/culture/5893 . 19 October 2017 . dead.
176. Web site: Natalie Dessay in Conversation. www.scena.org.
177. Web site: Death of Distel. 6 February 2007. 31 December 2006. https://web.archive.org/web/20061231102812/http://www.somethingjewish.co.uk/articles/1099_death_of_distel.htm. dead.
178. FERGUSON, D. (1954). Paul Dukas (1865–1935). In Masterworks of the Orchestral Repertoire: A Guide for Listeners (pp. 228–230), University of Minnesota Press.
179. Web site: Biographie Jean Ferrat, âge et discographie | Culture TV5MONDE.
180. Web site: RFI Musique - - Jean-Jacques GOLDMAN . 6 February 2007 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20070126074948/http://www.rfimusique.com/siteen/biographie/biographie_6307.asp . 26 January 2007 .
181. Web site: The Social Affairs Unit - Web Review: Halévy's Hit - Fromental Halévy's La Juive performed in concert by the Orchestra and Chorus of the Royal Opera House at the Barbican Hall.
182. Web site: Archived copy . 10 February 2007 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20060813233025/http://www.kol-ami.org/news/archive/2004/06/index.html . 13 August 2006 .
183. Web site: Kosma: Les Feuilles Mortes - Chansons. 8 August 2000. Amazon.
184. Web site: Norbert Krief : tous les produits | fnac. www.fnac.com.
185. Web site: LARA, ISIDORE DE - JewishEncyclopedia.com. www.jewishencyclopedia.com.
186. 944986. Rene Leibowitz (1913-1972). Jan. Maguire. 1 January 1979. Tempo. 131. 6–10. 10.1017/S0040298200030898. 148376881 .
187. Web site: Site under construction. www.col.fr.
188. Web site: RFI Musique - - Biography - Enrico Macias . 6 February 2007 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20070103024541/http://www.rfimusique.com/siteen/biographie/biographie_6206.asp . 3 January 2007 .
189. News: Out of the niche . London . The Daily Telegraph . Michael . White . 16 June 2004.
190. Web site: Archived copy . 6 February 2007 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20070927003025/http://www.milkenarchive.org/articles/articles.taf?function=detail&ID=35 . 27 September 2007 .
191. Web site: The Boeuf Chronicles | Sitting out the War :: Milhaud at Mills College. daniellathompson.com.
192. Web site: RFI Musique - - Georges Moustaki . 6 February 2007 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20070210065428/http://www.rfimusique.com/siteEn/biographie/biographie_6170.asp . 10 February 2007 .
193. News: Yael Naim makes the cut. Ynetnews. 29 July 2008. Shechnik. Raz.
194. Web site: Offenbach, la Vie Parisienne . 6 February 2007 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20070520023141/http://www.americansymphony.org/dialogues_extensions/94_95season/1st_concert/offenbach.cfm . 20 May 2007.
195. Web site: Catherine Ringer. Deezer.
196. Web site: Jewish Moroccan-born singer Sapho tours morocco . 2007-02-06 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20070930203257/http://www.arabicnews.com/ansub/Daily/Day/000511/2000051131.html . 30 September 2007.
197. Web site: David Serero to Star in THE MERCHANT OF VENICE at the Center for Jewish History This June. BWW News Desk.
198. Web site: Jazz | JazzTimes Magazine > Columns and Features > Table of Contents > Article Excerpts . 6 February 2007 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20070122174331/http://jazztimes.com/columns_and_features/table_of_contents/article_excerpts/index.cfm?article_id=17666 . 22 January 2007 .
199. Web site: Find Local Contractors | Home Remodeling Contractors on Ecnext . Goliath.ecnext.com . 2 July 2017.
200. Web site: Home . Leedsconcertseason.com . 2 July 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120205060617/http://www.leedsconcertseason.com/MODULES/NEWS/LICS_NEWSmoduleASP/NEWSMOD_newsitem.asp?type=explore%20and%20learn&itemid=87 . 5 February 2012 . dead.
201. Web site: Drancy.
202. Book: In God's Name: Genocide and Religion in the Twentieth Century. Omer. Bartov. Phyllis. Mack. 1 January 2001. Berghahn Books. 9781571812148. Google Books.
203. Web site: The Fundamentals (Zondervan).WPD . 10 February 2007 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20061229153855/http://www.schwarzreport.org/Essays/wvdestruction.htm . 29 December 2006 .
204. Encyclopaedia Judaica, 2nd ed., art. "Blowitz, Henri
205. Web site: Paul Celan . Books and Writers (kirjasto.sci.fi) . Petri . Liukkonen . Kuusankoski Public Library . Finland . https://web.archive.org/web/20140331045959/http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/celan.htm . 31 March 2014 . dead .
206. Paul Daniel, "Destinul unui poet" and "Tabla ilustrațiilor", pp.595–644
207. Web site: Archived copy . 2007-02-10 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20071205020157/http://ftp.metalab.unc.edu/pub/academic/languages/yiddish/mendele/vol5.021 . 5 December 2007.
208. Web site: Lamed.fr - Article. www-lamed-fr.translate.goog.
209. Web site: The Jewish Quarterly. 24 December 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20120614100018/http://jewishquarterly.org/issuearchive/article747a.html?articleid=331. 14 June 2012. dead.
210. Web site: Jacques Halevy - Judaic Treasures. www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org.
211. Web site: Poetry Magazines - Foreword to 14 Poems by Max Jacob. codegent. ltd.
212. Web site: David Brown Book Company - Edmond Jabès:The Hazard of Exile by Steven Jaron . 2007-02-10 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20040309161833/http://www.oxbowbooks.com/bookinfo.cfm/ISBN/1900755718/Location/DBBC . 9 March 2004.
213. "A Bag of Marbles" - Joseph Joffo
214. (Jewish Year Book 2005 p215)
215. Web site: Hecht Museum - Adolphe (Aizik) Feder. Dudy. 10 February 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20080112105143/http://mushecht.haifa.ac.il/hecht/art/GhezCollection_eng.aspx?id=14. 12 January 2008. dead.
216. Web site: Enquête. 3 September 2006. 27 September 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070927004239/http://www.lire.fr/enquete.asp/idC%3D31236%26idTC%3D15%26idR%3D200%26idG%3D3. dead.
217. Web site: Department of Languages and Cultures – University of Reading. www.reading.ac.uk.
218. Web site: MENDÈS, CATULLE - JewishEncyclopedia.com. www.jewishencyclopedia.com.
219. Web site: AGNI | Essays/Reviews | 50 | 'Patrick Modiano: Remembrance of Shadowy Things Past' by Jean Charbonneau . 10 February 2007 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20060920174227/https://www.bu.edu/agni/essays-reviews/print/1999/50-charbonneau.html . 20 September 2006 .
220. Web site: Spring 2011 - Research Frontiers - University of Arkansas . 2011-09-11 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20111004204808/http://researchfrontiers.uark.edu/13638.php . 4 October 2011.
221. Web site: Ir?ne N?mirovsky : Her Life and Works - Jonathan Weiss . 29 November 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20061010164335/http://www.sup.org/book.cgi?book_id=5481 . 10 October 2006 . dead.
222. Web site: Scriptorium - George Perec . 2007-02-10 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20070218001947/http://www.themodernword.com/scriptorium/perec.html . 18 February 2007.
223. Web site: The religion of Marcel Proust, writer. 10 February 2007. 15 February 2006. https://web.archive.org/web/20060215222413/http://www.adherents.com/people/pp/Marcel_Proust.html. usurped.
224. News: Gibbons . Fiachra . 22 September 2016 . The tears and laughter of Yasmina Reza’s lost Babylon . The Times of Israel.
225. Web site: Nathalie Sarraute . Books and Writers (kirjasto.sci.fi) . Petri . Liukkonen . Kuusankoski Public Library . Finland . https://web.archive.org/web/20150210175324/http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/sarraute.htm . 10 February 2015 . dead .
226. Web site: Jean-jacques_schuhl . 10 February 2007 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20061125042212/http://www.nhanvan.com/thuvien/authors/jean-jacques_schuhl.htm . 25 November 2006 .
227. News: The veil? It protects us from ugly women . London . The Guardian . Adar . Primor . 14 February 2005.
228. Web site: The Jewish Community of Marseille. The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot. 11 June 2018. 18 September 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170918064118/https://dbs.bh.org.il/place/marseille. dead.
229. Web site: Triolet (Blick), Elsa.
230. Web site: Yahoo! - Romania Erects Monument To Dada Founder. members.peak.org.
231. Web site: CEEOL - Error.
232. Web site: The wisdom of the ants. 17 March 2007. 13 November 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20071113145111/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=318715&contrassID=2&subContrassID=8&sbSubContrassID=0&listSrc=Y. dead.
233. Web site: 1974 inglese . 10 February 2007 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20070928082019/http://www.cedost.it/testi/UK/1974_inglese.htm . 28 September 2007 .
234. Web site: Public Histoire. 10 February 2007. 15 October 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20071015040444/http://www.public-histoire.com/saga/yaourt/yaourt7.html. dead.
235. http://www.citroen.mb.ca/cItROeNeT/resources/books/biblio7.html{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
236. http://p2.www.britannica.com/ebc/article-9029419{{dead link|date=March 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
237. Web site: The Androom Archives. androom.home.xs4all.nl.
238. Web site: http://www.reading.ac.uk/library/colls/special/girodias.html . 10 February 2007 .
239. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography: "His grandfather Jacob had established the family as one of the first Jewish families to acquire great wealth and social acceptability in Bavaria ... His mother came from an Orthodox Frankfurt family and ensured that the children were properly instructed in Jewish matters ... he moved to Paris ... He was a well-known and ubiquitous member of the smart set in Paris"
240. Web site: Fullpower Technologies, Inc. Philippe Kahn's Weblog Archives: 1996-1998. Fullpower Technologies, Inc.. 11 February 2012.
241. Book: Harry Henderson. A to Z of computer scientists. 14 January 2012. 2003. Infobase Publishing. 978-0-8160-4531-0. 127.
242. News: Lewis. Peter H.. The Executive Computer; Philippe Kahn of Borland, in His Own Words. 16 January 2012. The New York Times. 18 August 1991.
243. News: Parks. Bob. The Big Picture. Wired Magazine. October 2000. 7 February 2012.
244. Web site: The Julia Louis-Dreyfus Picture Pages. https://archive.today/20130203071448/http://www.superiorpics.com/julia_louis_dreyfus/. dead. 3 February 2013.
245. Web site: Fashion TV fait son alya en Israel. col.fr.
246. Goodwin . George M . A New Jewish Elite: Curators, Directors, and Benefactors of American Art Museums . Modern Judaism . 1998 . 18 . 1 . 119–152 . . 10.1093/mj/18.2.119 .
247. [Encyclopaedia Judaica]
248. Web site: ROTHSCHILD - JewishEncyclopedia.com. www.jewishencyclopedia.com.
249. Book: A Year in Figure Skating . McClelland & Stewart . Beverley Smith, Dan Diamond. 1997. 0-7710-2755-9 . 1 July 2010.
250. News: Or . Spunder . he:הקשר ג'ונתן אסוס מועמד למכבי ת"א . http://www.one.co.il/Article/109149.html . One.co.il . 24 January 2008 . 28 January 2008 . he . קשרה היהודי/צרפתי של ראים מהליגה ה-2 בצרפת עשוי להגיע להתרשמות במכבי. .
251. Web site: Please login.
252. Web site: Kickboxing Champions . iskaworldhq.com . 27 July 2020.
253. [Encyclopaedia Judaica]
254. Web site: elf Team Tyrrell 1973. 10 February 2007. 27 August 2004. https://web.archive.org/web/20040827190503/http://www.research-racing.de/tyrrell73-3.htm. dead.
255. Web site: Archived copy . 29 November 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110921142321/http://www.jewishsports.com/jewsin/history/boxinghistory.htm . 21 September 2011 . dead.
256. Web site: Pierre Darmon . 10 February 2007 . https://web.archive.org/web/20151010153440/http://www.jewishsports.net/BioPages/PierreDarmon.htm . 10 October 2015 . dead.
257. Web site: History of Jews in Other Sports . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20010522161754/http://www.jewishsports.com/jewsin/history/a2mhistory.htm . 22 May 2001 . 29 November 2018.
258. Web site: FAUVEAU Johann.
259. http://boxrec.com/media/index.php/Stephane_Haccoun Stephane Haccoun
260. https://www.amazon.com/dp/1155534964 Jewish Boxers: Pedro Montañez, Barney Ross, Abe Attell
261. News: he:דיווחים בצרפת: מכבי ת"א מעוניינת ברודי חדד . http://www.one.co.il/cat/articles/article.aspx?id=94947&bz=8 . One.co.il . 7 July 2007 . 7 July 2007 . he . האם הקשר היהודי, רודי חדד, בדרך למכבי תל-אביב? .
262. Web site: Alphonse Halimi. www.jewishsports.net.
263. Jewish Chronicle, 30 November 1962 p.1
264. Book: Day by day in Jewish Sports History . Bob Wechsler . 978-1-60280-013-7. KTAV Publishing House. 2008. 25 May 2010.
265. [Encyclopaedia Judaica]
266. News: Suspects in death of French Jew face trial. Ynetnews. 29 April 2009.