List of F5, EF5, and IF5 tornadoes explained

This is a list of tornadoes which have been officially or unofficially labeled as F5, EF5, IF5, T10-T11, the highest possible ratings on the various tornado intensity scales. These scales – the Fujita scale, the Enhanced Fujita scale, the International Fujita scale, and the TORRO tornado intensity scale – attempt to estimate the intensity of a tornado by classifying the damage caused to natural features and man-made structures in the tornado's path.

Each year, more than 2,000 tornadoes are recorded worldwide, with the vast majority occurring in North America and Europe.^[1] In order to assess the intensity of these events, meteorologist Ted Fujita devised a method to estimate maximum wind speeds within tornadic storms based on the damage caused; this became known as the Fujita scale. The scale ranks tornadoes from F0 to F5, with F0 being the least intense and F5 being the most intense. F5 tornadoes were estimated to have had maximum winds between and .^[2]

Following two particularly devastating tornadoes in 1997 and 1999, engineers questioned the reliability of the Fujita scale. Ultimately, a new scale was devised that took into account 28 different damage indicators; this became known as the Enhanced Fujita scale.^[3] The Enhanced Fujita scale is used predominantly in North America. Most of Europe, on the other hand, uses the TORRO tornado intensity scale (or T-Scale), which ranks tornado intensity between T0 and T11; F5/EF5 tornadoes are approximately equivalent to T10 to T11 on the T-Scale.

In the United States, between 1950 and January 31, 2007, a total of 50 tornadoes were officially rated F5, and since February 1, 2007, a total of nine tornadoes have been officially rated EF5.^{[4] [5]} Since 1950, Canada has had one tornado officially rated an F5.^[6] Outside the United States and Canada, seven tornadoes have been officially rated F5/EF5/IF5: two each in France and Germany, and one each in Italy, Argentina and Australia.

Several other tornadoes have also been documented as possibly attaining this status, though they are not officially rated as such. The work of tornado expert Thomas P. Grazulis revealed the existence of several dozen likely F5 tornadoes between 1880 and 1995. Grazulis also called into question the ratings of several tornadoes currently rated F5 by official sources. Many tornadoes officially rated F4/EF4 or equivalent have been disputed and described as actual F5/EF5/T10+ or equivalent tornadoes, and vice versa; since structures are completely destroyed in both cases, distinguishing between an EF4 tornado and an EF5 tornado is often very difficult.^[7] Additionally, because tornado ratings are damage-based, many tornadoes capable of causing F5/EF5/T10+ damage, such as those that move through rural areas, may receive lower ratings because their strongest winds do not strike any suitable damage indicators.^[8]

In 2024, Anthony W. Lyza, Matthew D. Flournoy, and A. Addison Alford, researchers with the National Severe Storms Laboratory, Storm Prediction Center, CIWRO, and the University of Oklahoma's School of Meteorology, published a paper stating, ">20% of supercell tornadoes may be capable of producing EF4–EF5 damage".^[9]

List of events

The tornadoes on this list have been formally rated F5 by an official government source. Unless otherwise noted, the source of the F5 rating is the U.S. National Weather Service (NWS), as shown in the archives of the Storm Prediction Center (SPC) and National Climatic Data Center (NCDC).

Prior to 1950, assessments of F5 tornadoes are based primarily on the work of Thomas P. Grazulis. The NCDC has accepted 38 of his F5 classifications of tornadoes occurring between 1880 and 1950. In addition to the accepted ones, Grazulis rated a further 25 during the same period which were not accepted. Grazulis' work has identified 16 additional F5 tornadoes between 1950 and 1995, with four later being accepted by the NCDC. From 1950 to 1970, tornadoes were assessed retrospectively, primarily using information recorded in government databases, as well as newspaper photographs and eyewitness accounts. Beginning in 1971, tornadoes were rated by the NWS using on-site damage surveys.

As of February 1, 2007, tornadoes in the United States are rated using the Enhanced Fujita scale, which replaced the Fujita scale in order to more accurately correlate tornadic intensity with damage indicators and to augment and refine damage descriptors. No earlier tornadoes will be reclassified on the Enhanced Fujita scale, and no new tornadoes in the United States will be rated on the original Fujita scale. France and Canada also adopted the EF-Scale in subsequent years. Since the creation of the International Fujita scale in 2018, one tornado has been rated IF5.

Official F5/EF5/IF5 tornadoes

Worldwide, a total of 67 tornadoes have been officially rated F5/EF5/IF5: 59 in the United States, two each in France and Germany, and one each in Argentina, Australia, Canada, and Italy. Of the 59 tornadoes in the United States, 50 are officially rated F5 on the original Fujita scale (with dates of occurrence between May 11, 1953, and May 3, 1999), and nine are officially rated EF5 on the Enhanced Fujita scale (with dates of occurrence between May 4, 2007, and May 20, 2013).

In total worldwide, 56 of these tornadoes have been rated F5, ten have been rated EF5, and one has been rated IF5.

F5 tornadoes

Worldwide, 56 tornadoes have the rating of F5 on the Fujita scale.

Tornadoes officially rated F5

Day	Year	Country	Subdivision	Location	Fatalities	Rated by
		Germany	Mecklenburg-Vorpommern	Woldegk		ESSL, Genzmer
1764 Woldegk tornado — This extremely intense tornado caused tremendous damage to vegetation and large debris from leveled homes was carried over . This tornado was among the strongest ever recorded and rated as F5/T11, indicating potential winds over . The rating was assigned based on several surveys by German scientist Gottlob Burchard Genzmer. 5to hail occurred during this tornado as well.^[10]
		Germany	Saxony	Hainichen		ESSL
Homes were completely destroyed, trees and shrubbery debarked, and several heads of livestock fatally mutilated.^[11]
		Australia	Queensland	Bowen		BoM
A tornado struck near the city of Bowen. In the Bureau of Meteorology (BoM) database, the tornado is marked as striking present-day Brisbane; however, local papers confirmed the tornado caused "a large amount of damage" to Bowen.^[12]
		United States	Texas	Lorena, Hewitt, Waco, Bellmead		SPC-NWS, NCDC, Grazulis
1953 Waco tornado outbreak – This was the first officially-ranked F5 tornado in the United States. Homes outside Waco sustained F5-level damage. Large, multi-story buildings collapsed in downtown Waco but incurred sub-F5-level damage.^[13]
		United States	North Dakota	Fort Rice		SPC-NWS, NCDC, Grazulis
Tornado outbreak of May 29, 1953 – A large church was leveled and its pews were driven into the ground. Parts of a car were carried for . The tornado was initially rated F4 by Grazulis, but he subsequently upgraded it to F5.^[14]
		United States	Michigan	Flushing Township, Mount Morris Township, Beecher, Genesee Township		SPC-NWS, NCDC, Grazulis
1953 Flint-Beecher tornado – Entire blocks of homes were completely swept away, with only rows of bare slabs and empty basements remaining. Cycloidal ground scouring occurred as well.^[15] Some victims were horribly mutilated or dismembered.^[16] ^[17]
		United States	Iowa	Anita, Adair		SPC-NWS, NCDC, Grazulis
Tornado outbreak of June 27, 1953 – One farm was obliterated. Heavy machinery was thrown for more than .^[18]
		United States	Mississippi	Vicksburg		SPC-NWS, NCDC
1953 Vicksburg, Mississippi tornado – "Very frail" homes were leveled. Grazulis rated this tornado as an F4.^[19]
		United States	Oklahoma, Kansas	Blackwell (OK)		SPC-NWS, NCDC, Grazulis
1955 Great Plains tornado outbreak – Many homes were swept away in town.^[20]
		United States	Oklahoma, Kansas	Udall		SPC-NWS, NCDC, Grazulis
1955 Great Plains tornado outbreak – Nearly every structure in Udall was leveled. Vehicles were thrown and stripped down to their frames, including a pickup truck that was partially wrapped around a tree. A 30by concrete block building was obliterated, with the foundation left mostly bare. Numerous trees were debarked as well.^[21]
		United States	Michigan	Saugatuck, Hudsonville, Grand Rapids		SPC-NWS, NCDC, Grazulis
April 1956 Hudsonville–Standale tornado – Many homes and businesses were swept completely away, leaving bare foundations behind. Extensive wind-rowing of debris was observed and vehicles were tossed hundreds of yards as well. One home that was swept away had all of its tile flooring scoured from the foundation. Grazulis initially listed this tornado as an F4 but noted that it "probably produced F5 damage"; he subsequently upgraded it to F5.^[22]
		United States	Kansas, Missouri	Spring Hill (KS), Kansas City (MO)		SPC-NWS, NCDC, Grazulis
May 1957 Central Plains tornado outbreak sequence – Entire rows of homes were swept away, with extensive wind-rowing of structural debris noted in nearby fields. Some homes had their subfloors swept away as well, leaving only empty basements behind. A school was partially leveled and many shops and businesses sustained F5 damage. Homes were leveled in both states, but F5-level damage occurred to both homes and stores in Missouri, chiefly the neighborhoods of Martin City, Ruskin Heights, and Hickman Mills.^[23]
		United States	North Dakota, Minnesota	Fargo (ND), Moorhead (MN)		SPC-NWS, NCDC, Grazulis, Fujita
Fargo tornado – Homes in the newest part of Fargo were leveled, some of which were swept away. Part of the Golden Ridge subdivision was scattered long distances into nearby fields. Fujita considered this more intense than the strongest tornadoes he surveyed from April 11, 1965.^[24]
		United States	Illinois	Sunfield		SPC-NWS, NCDC, Grazulis
1957 Sunfield tornado – The entire Sunfield community "vanished."^[25]
		United States	Wisconsin	Menomonie, Colfax		SPC-NWS, NCDC, Grazulis
Tornado outbreak of June 3–4, 1958 – Homes were swept away and numerous trees were completely debarked. A car was wrapped around the side of a small bridge that collapsed in the tornado. Grazulis initially rated this as an F4, but later upgraded it to F5.^[26]
		United States	Oklahoma	Prague, Iron Post, Sapulpa		SPC-NWS, NCDC, Grazulis
May 1960 tornado outbreak sequence – Homes were swept away.^[27]
		United States	Texas	Wichita Falls		SPC-NWS, NCDC, Grazulis
1964 Black Friday tornado – Two homes adjacent to each other were swept away at F5 intensity and a boxcar was thrown . A car was thrown a block and a half.^[28]
		United States	Nebraska	Bradshaw		SPC-NWS, NCDC, Grazulis
1964 Central Nebraska tornado – Numerous farms were swept away.^[29]
		United States	South Dakota	Colome		SPC-NWS, NCDC, Grazulis
Early May 1965 tornado outbreak – Many farms were destroyed, including three that were swept completely away.^[30]
		United States	Mississippi	Jackson, Flowood, Leesburg, Forkville, Midway		SPC-NWS, NCDC, Grazulis
1966 Candlestick Park tornado outbreak – Homes were swept away and a brick church was obliterated. The pavement was scoured from roads and cars were thrown more than from where they originated. The newly-built Candlestick Park shopping center was leveled and concrete masonry blocks were scattered for long distances. Steel girders were "twisted like wet noodles" at a glass plant.^[31]
		United States	Kansas	Topeka		SPC-NWS, NCDC, Grazulis
Tornado outbreak sequence of June 1966 – Entire rows of homes were swept away and grass was scoured from lawns. Eight homes incurred F5-level damage on Burnett's Mound, disproving a myth that the mound protected Topeka from tornadoes.^[32]
		United States	Iowa	Belmond		SPC-NWS, NCDC
A house was swept away on the outskirts of town. On this basis, the tornado was officially rated F5, however, the home was likely poorly anchored as debris was deposited in a neat pile near the foundation and nearby homes only showed F1-level damage. Grazulis rated this tornado as an F4.^[33]
		France	Hauts-de-France	Palluel		ESSL, Keraunos
Homes were leveled in and near Palluel, but the tornado was rated F5 on the basis of cars being thrown . Grazulis rated this tornado as an F3.^[34]
		United States	Ohio	Wheelersburg, Gallipolis		SPC-NWS, NCDC
Tornado outbreak of April 21–24, 1968 – Homes were swept away with only their foundations left in some cases. A large metal electrical transmission tower was ripped off at the base and thrown. The F5 rating is disputed as structures swept away were not anchored properly. Grazulis rated this tornado as an F4.^[35]
		United States	Iowa	Charles City		SPC-NWS, NCDC, Grazulis
1968 Hansell-Charles City tornado – Many homes and farms were leveled or swept away. Very intense, cycloidal ground scouring associated with multiple vortices was noted.^[36]
		United States	Iowa	Oelwein, Maynard		SPC-NWS, NCDC, Grazulis
1968 Oelwein tornado – Homes were swept completely away in both towns.^[37]
		United States	Minnesota	Tracy		SPC-NWS, NCDC, Grazulis
1968 Tracy tornado – Several businesses, farms, and homes were swept completely away. A heavy boxcar was thrown more than a full block and two others were thrown . A steel I-beam was carried for on a piece of roof. Extensive ground scouring occurred as well.^[38]
		United States	Texas	Lubbock		SPC-NWS, NCDC, Grazulis, Fujita
Lubbock tornado – Homes were swept away at F5 intensity and trees were almost completely debarked. A high-rise building suffered structural deformation, a 13-ton metal fertilizer tank was thrown nearly through the air, and large oil tanks were carried for over ; however, none of these cases were deemed to have the required winds of F5 intensity. This tornado was surveyed by Fujita and individual cases of damage in Lubbock were used as guidelines for the newly created Fujita scale. This tornado was originally rated F6 but was later downgraded to F5.^[39] ^[40]
		United States	Louisiana, Mississippi	Delhi (LA), Waverly (LA), Delta City (MS), Inverness (MS), Moorhead (MS)		SPC-NWS, NCDC, Grazulis
Tornado outbreak of February 21–22, 1971 – This was the sole F5 tornado on record in Louisiana. Numerous small homes were completely leveled in both states, but the only official F5 damage occurred in Louisiana as damage in Mississippi only reached F4-level intensity. Grazulis originally rated this tornado as an F4 but later upgraded it to F5.^[41]
		Argentina	Santa Fe Province	San Justo		Balbi, Barbieri, Grazulis
San Justo tornado – Masonry homes reportedly vanished with little or no trace and vehicles were thrown hundreds of meters from where they originated and were mangled beyond recognition. Large factories were completely leveled and grass was scoured from the ground. A vehicle motor was found embedded into a poured concrete wall and a tractor was thrown into a wooded area.^[42] This slow-moving tornado was not rated until 2017.^[43]
		United States	Texas	Valley Mills		SPC-NWS, NCDC, Grazulis, Fujita
This tornado was rated F5 by wind engineers on the basis of vehicles being carried long distances. Two pickup trucks were lofted for hundreds of yards, one of which traveled through the air. Peak structural damage was only of F2 intensity as two rural barns were obliterated.^[44] The F5 rating was accepted by Fujita at the time.^[45]
		United States	Indiana	Depauw, Palmyra, Martinsburg, Daisy Hill		SPC-NWS, NCDC, Grazulis, Fujita
1974 Super Outbreak – This was one of six tornadoes on April 3 to be rated F5 by Fujita. Homes were swept completely away and entire farms were leveled.^[46]
		United States	Ohio	Xenia, Wilberforce		SPC-NWS, NCDC, Grazulis, Fujita
1974 Xenia tornado – This was the deadliest tornado of the 1974 Super Outbreak. Aerial photography and isoline surveys by Fujita showed that entire rows of brick homes were swept away and sustained F5 damage. Wind-rowing of debris occurred in nearby fields and very intense damage was reported to steel-reinforced schools. This tornado was originally rated F6 by Fujita but was later downgraded to F5.^[47] ^[48]
		United States	Kentucky, Indiana	Hardinsburg (KY), Brandenburg (KY), Harrison County (IN)		SPC-NWS, NCDC, Grazulis, Fujita
1974 Super Outbreak – Multiple well-built, anchor-bolted homes were swept away, including one that sustained total collapse of its poured concrete walk-out basement wall. The grass was scoured from the ground and aerial photography showed extensive wind-rowing in Brandenburg. Trees were completely debarked and low-lying shrubs next to leveled homes were uprooted and stripped. Multiple vehicles were also thrown hundreds of yards and stripped down to their frames.^[49]
		United States	Indiana, Kentucky, Ohio	Rising Sun (IN), Boone County (KY), Sayler Park (West Cincinnati, OH), Mack (OH), Bridgetown (OH)		SPC-NWS, NCDC, Grazulis, Fujita
1974 Super Outbreak – Homes were swept away in Sayler Park and a large floating restaurant barge was lifted, ripped from its moorings, and flipped upside-down by the tornado. Boats and vehicles were carried long distances through the air.^[50]
		United States	Alabama	Mount Hope, Mount Moriah, Tanner, Capshaw, Harvest		SPC-NWS, NCDC, Grazulis, Fujita
1974 Super Outbreak – Numerous homes were swept away and scattered. In Limestone County, where the F5 damage occurred, a large swath of trees was leveled and ground scouring occurred nearby with dirt found to have been dug up and plastered to the bark. A pump was lifted out of a well at one location and shrubbery was debarked as well.^[51] ^[52]
		United States	Alabama, Tennessee	Tanner (AL), Capshaw (AL), Harvest (AL), Hazel Green (AL), Vanntown (TN)		SPC-NWS, NCDC, NWA
1974 Super Outbreak – This tornado is officially listed as an F5, but was rated an F4 by Grazulis and Fujita. It crossed into Tennessee and did F4 damage in both states, though the supposed F5 damage only occurred in Alabama where numerous homes were swept away and extensive wind-rowing of debris occurred. Some of the damage in Tennessee was previously rated F5, but later downgraded to F4.^[53]
		United States	Alabama	Guin, Twin, Delmar		SPC-NWS, NCDC, Grazulis, Fujita
1974 Super Outbreak – According to the NWS in Birmingham, Alabama, this is considered one of the strongest tornadoes ever to impact the United States. Sources indicate that F5 damage was reported along much of the path and that many homes in and near Guin sustained F5 damage. Many of these homes were swept away, their debris being scattered across fields, and some reportedly had their "foundations dislodged and in some cases swept away as well." A large industrial plant in Guin was reduced to a pile of mangled beams. Additionally, photographs showed intense wind-rowing from suction vortices. The path of the tornado was visible in satellite imagery, as thousands of trees, including in the William B. Bankhead National Forest, were snapped.^[54]
		United States	Oklahoma	Spiro		SPC-NWS, NCDC, Grazulis
Frame homes were swept away and 134000lb coal cars were tossed. Grazulis originally rated this tornado as an F4, but later upgraded it to F5.^[55]
		United States	Texas	Brownwood		SPC-NWS, NCDC, Grazulis
1976 Brownwood tornado – Homes were swept away, with only a bathtub remaining on one of the foundations. Several teenagers were caught in the open and were picked up and thrown but survived. Mesquite trees were shredded. Grazulis originally rated this tornado as an F4, but later upgraded it to F5.^[56]
		United States	Iowa	Jordan		SPC-NWS, NCDC, Grazulis, Fujita
Homes were swept away and well-built farms reportedly vanished without a trace. In a conversation with Grazulis concerning the "worst" tornadoes, this tornado was reportedly mentioned by Fujita as having produced some of the most intense instances of damage he surveyed, along with the 1974 Xenia tornado.^[57]
		United States	Alabama	Birmingham, Tarrant		SPC-NWS, NCDC, Grazulis, Fujita
April 1977 Birmingham tornado – Many homes were swept away, some of which had all of their cinder block walk-out basement walls completely swept away as well. Trees were debarked and two dump trucks were thrown through the air. Along with an example from the 1970 Lubbock tornado, Fujita used a visual example from this tornado to illustrate F5 damage.^[58]
		United States	Oklahoma	Speer, Messer, Golden, Broken Bow		SPC-NWS, NCDC, Fujita
Tornado outbreak of April 2–3, 1982 – A house was swept away with only carpet tacks left on the empty foundation. The F5 rating is disputed because the home was likely not anchored properly and its destruction "probably" reflected F3-level winds instead. Due to its appearance, Fujita maintained the F5 rating. Other houses suffered F4 damage.^[59]
		United States	Wisconsin	Barneveld, Black Earth		SPC-NWS, NCDC, Grazulis, Fujita
Barneveld, Wisconsin tornado outbreak – A cul-de-sac of newly built homes was swept away and vehicles were thrown hundreds of yards. Small trees were debarked as well. Like the 1966 Topeka tornado, this event also disproved a myth that a nearby ridge or "mound" protected an area from tornadoes.^[60]
		United States	Ohio, Pennsylvania	Newton Falls (OH), Lordstown (OH), Niles (OH), Wheatland (PA), Hermitage (PA)		SPC-NWS, NCDC, Grazulis, Fujita
1985 United States-Canadian tornado outbreak – This tornado caused F5 damage along much of its path through Niles and Wheatland. A shopping center in Niles was obliterated, causing several deaths and sustaining F5 damage. Metal girders at the center twisted and buckled. Well-built, anchor-bolted homes were swept away and 75000lb petroleum storage tanks were ripped from their anchors and thrown hundreds of feet. Pavement was scoured from a parking lot and a steel-frame trucking plant was obliterated and partially swept away with the beams severely mangled. Routing slips from the plant were found wedged into the remaining asphalt of the parking lot. An airplane wing was carried from where it originated. The tornado remains the only F5 or EF5 in Pennsylvania history. Grazulis called it a "maxi-tornado" to denote its extreme intensity.^[61]
		United States	Kansas	Castleton, Haven, Burrton, Hesston		SPC-NWS, NCDC, Grazulis, Fujita
March 1990 Central US tornado outbreak – Many homes and businesses were swept away in town with only slabs and empty basements remaining. Industrial buildings were obliterated and vehicles were thrown hundreds of yards and stripped down to their frames.^[62]
		United States	Kansas	Goessel		SPC-NWS, NCDC, Grazulis, Fujita
March 1990 Central US tornado outbreak – Homes were obliterated and swept away, but the F5 rating was assigned due to very intense cycloidal ground scouring. The tornado is considered by some sources to be one of the strongest tornadoes ever surveyed at the time, though little detailed information about the damage is available.^[63]
		United States	Illinois	Oswego, Plainfield, Crest Hill, Joliet		SPC-NWS, NCDC, Grazulis, Fujita
1990 Plainfield tornado – A mature corn crop was scoured from the ground, leaving nothing but bare soil behind. Several inches of topsoil were blown away as well. A 20-ton tractor-trailer was tossed from a road and thrown more than and vehicles were picked up and carried through the air. The F5 rating is based solely upon the extreme ground scouring; areas in Plainfield sustained high-end F4 structural damage, though the ground scouring nearby was much less intense than where the corn crop was obliterated. Fujita considered the ground scouring to be "comparable to the worst he had seen."^[64]
		United States	Kansas	McConnell Air Force Base, Andover		SPC-NWS, NCDC, Grazulis
April 26, 1991 tornado outbreak – Many large, well-built homes with anchor bolts were swept away, leaving bare foundations behind, and the grass was scoured from the ground. Extensive wind-rowing of debris occurred, leaving streaks of debris extending away from empty foundations. Trees and small twigs were completely stripped of their bark. Vehicles were thrown up to from where they originated and were mangled beyond recognition.^[65]
		United States	Minnesota	Chandler, Lake Wilson		SPC-NWS, NCDC, Grazulis, Narramore
1992 Chandler–Lake Wilson tornado – Multiple homes were swept away and vehicles were thrown and stripped down to their frames.^[66]
		United States	Wisconsin	Oakfield		SPC-NWS, NCDC, Grazulis
1996 Oakfield tornado – Well-built homes with anchor bolts were swept away, including one where rebar supports were bent at 60° to 90°. Vehicles were thrown up to through the air and mangled beyond recognition. Crops were scoured to 1inches stubble.^[67] While listing the tornado as an F5, Grazulis considered its rating to be "somewhat questionable."
		United States	Texas	Jarrell		SPC-NWS, NCDC, Grazulis
1997 Jarrell tornado – This tornado produced some of the most extreme damage ever documented. An entire subdivision of well-built and properly anchored homes was swept completely away with very little debris remaining. Long expanses of pavement, cumulatively in length, were torn from roads and a large swath of ground was scoured out to a depth of . Vehicles were torn apart and scattered across fields, "several dozen" of which were reportedly never found, and a recycling plant was obliterated. Trees were completely debarked and mutilated cattle were carried more than . The tornado was very slow-moving, which may have exacerbated the destruction to some extent.^[68]
		United States	Alabama	Oak Grove, Sylvan Springs, Pleasant Grove, Edgewater, Birmingham		SPC-NWS, NCDC, Grazulis
April 1998 Birmingham tornado – Many homes were swept away along the path.^[69] ^[70]
		United States	Tennessee	Wayne County, Lawrence County		SPC-NWS, NCDC, NWA, Grazulis
1998 Nashville tornado outbreak – Many large and well-built homes with anchor bolts were swept away and vehicles were thrown hundreds of yards. A swath of grass wide was scoured from the ground, with nothing but bare soil and clumps of dirt remaining; according to Grazulis, this phenomenon indicated "extreme" winds at ground level. This tornado is the only documented F5 in the history of Tennessee.
		United States	Oklahoma	Amber, Bridge Creek, Newcastle, Moore, Oklahoma City, Del City, Midwest City		SPC-NWS, NCDC, Grazulis, DOW, Wurman
1999 Bridge Creek–Moore tornado – Mobile radar recorded winds up to, which is the highest wind speed ever measured on Earth. Many homes were swept completely away, some of which were well-bolted to their foundations, and debris from some homes was finely granulated. Severe ground and pavement scouring occurred including removing pavement. Trees and shrubs were completely debarked and vehicles were thrown up to from where they originated. An airplane wing was carried for several miles and a 36000lb freight car was bounced .^[71] ^[72] ^[73] This was the 50th and last tornado to be officially rated F5 on the Fujita scale in the United States before the introduction of the Enhanced Fujita Scale in 2007.
		Canada	Manitoba	Elie		ECCC
2007 Elie tornado – Two homes were swept away, including one that was well-bolted to its foundation. A few of the bolts themselves were snapped off. A van was thrown through the air and nearby trees were debarked as well. Only officially rated F5 tornado in Canada.^[74] Last tornado to be rated F5 due to Environment Canada utilizing the Enhanced Fujita Scale beginning April 1, 2013.

EF5 tornadoes

Worldwide, ten tornadoes have the rating of EF5 on the Enhanced Fujita scale.

Tornadoes officially rated EF5

Day	Year	Country	Subdivision	Location	Fatalities	Rated by
		France	Normandy	Montville		Keraunos, ESSL, TORRO
Three large mills, at least one of which was newly built, were leveled and partly swept clean. One of the mills was a four-story structure that likely collapsed. Large debris was carried and mature trees were thrown "very far." This tornado was rated EF5 by the French Observatory of Tornadoes and Violent Thunderstorms (Keraunos), with the European Severe Storms Laboratory acknowledging the EF5 rating as its "maximum intensity", though ESSL also rated the tornado F5. TORRO rated the tornado T10.^[75]
		United States	Kansas	Greensburg		SPC-NWS, Marshall
May 2007 tornado outbreak – This tornado destroyed 95% of the town, including seven well-built homes with anchor bolts that were swept away. Vehicles were thrown hundreds of yards and mangled, including a pickup truck that was split in two and found a mile away. Furthermore, freight train cars were overturned, and multi-ton oil tanks were destroyed. Fire hydrants were ripped from the ground in town and large trees were completely denuded and debarked as well. Aerial views of the tornado's path showed spiral and erratic paths from suction vortices in fields before it hit Greensburg; the area was severely scoured with some vegetation removed. Just northwest of the town, extraordinary damage to evergreen trees occurred. This was the first tornado to have been rated EF5 after the retirement of the original Fujita Scale in the United States in February 2007.
		United States	Iowa	Parkersburg, New Hartford		SPC-NWS
2008 Parkersburg–New Hartford tornado – Well-built homes with anchor bolts were swept away, 17 of which were assessed to have sustained EF5 damage. Two of them had no visible debris left anywhere near the foundations.^[76] A concrete walk-out basement wall was pushed over at one home and the concrete floor was cracked. A rebar support set into the foundation of another home was found snapped in half and reinforced concrete light poles were snapped and dragged along the ground. A large industrial building was completely destroyed with metal beams twisted and sheared off at their bases and the foundation pushed clean of the metal framing and debris. Vehicles were thrown long distances and stripped down to their frames as well. Additionally, a large field east of Parkersburg was filled with finely granulated debris that was wind-rowed in long streaks. Trees were completely debarked and shrubs were uprooted and stripped in some areas. Numerous vehicles were mangled beyond recognition, including a ford minivan that was left torn apart by the winds.^[77]
		United States	Mississippi	Northern Philadelphia, Coy, Winston County, Noxubee County		SPC-NWS
2011 Philadelphia, Mississippi tornado – Rated EF5 based upon extreme ground scouring. The tornado dug a trench deep into a pasture, leaving nothing but large clumps of dirt and bare topsoil behind.^[78] A tied-down mobile home was lofted through the air and carried with no indication of contact with the ground. Several vehicles were tossed hundreds of yards and wrapped around trees and a steel I-beam was twisted and embedded into the ground. Pavement was scoured from roads as well and extreme debarking and denuding of trees occurred, some of which were ripped out of the ground and thrown up to away.
		United States	Alabama, Tennessee	Hamilton, Hackleburg, Phil Campbell, Mount Hope, Tanner, Athens, Harvest, Huntland		SPC-NWS
2011 Hackleburg–Phil Campbell tornado – This was the deadliest tornado in Alabama history and the deadliest tornado of the 2011 Super Outbreak. Numerous homes, some of which were large, well-built, and anchor-bolted were swept away. Debris from some obliterated homes was scattered and wind-rowed well away from the foundations.^[79] ^[80] One home that was swept away had its concrete stemwalls sheared off at ground level. Vehicles were thrown at least, and at least one large vehicle that was missing after the tornado was never located, another was wrapped around a debarked tree. Hundreds of trees were completely debarked and twisted and in some cases were reduced only to stubs. Pavement was scoured from roads, a large industrial plant was leveled to the ground, and a restaurant that was swept away had a small portion of its foundation slab torn apart as well.^[81]
		United States	Mississippi, Alabama	Smithville, Shottsville		SPC-NWS
2011 Smithville, Mississippi tornado – This tornado produced some of the most violent damage ever documented. Numerous well-built, anchor-bolted brick homes were swept away. Floor tiles were ripped from the foundations of several homes. An SUV was thrown half a mile into the top of the town's water tower and was recovered on the opposite side of town. Other vehicles were torn into multiple pieces, stripped down to their frames, wrapped around trees, or simply never recovered. In the most intense damage area, all plumbing and appliances at home-sites were "shredded or missing" and debris was finely granulated.^[82] Chip and tar pavement was torn from road and large trees were completely debarked. A large brick funeral home was reduced to a bare slab and extensive wind-rowing of debris occurred next to the foundation. Outside of town, the ground was deeply scoured in an open field. Additionally, low-lying vegetation and shrubbery were completely debarked and shredded.^[83]
		United States	Alabama, Georgia			SPC-NWS
2011 Rainsville, Alabama tornado – Many homes were swept away, some of which had their concrete porches torn away and shattered with debris strewn up to a mile away from the foundations in some cases. A few of the homes were bolted to their foundations. An 800lb safe was ripped from its anchors and thrown and its door was ripped from its frame. Ground scouring occurred and sidewalk pavement was pulled up. Many vehicles were mangled beyond recognition, including a pickup truck which was tossed and torn apart. A school bus was hurled across a highway and shredded down to its bare chassis. An underground storm shelter had much of its dirt covering scoured away and was heaved slightly out of the ground and pavement was scoured from roads. One well-built stone house was obliterated and a stone pillar was ripped completely out of the ground at that residence, pulling up a section of house foundation in the process.^[84]
		United States	Missouri	Joplin, Duquesne		SPC-NWS, Marshall
2011 Joplin tornado – This was the deadliest tornado in the United States since 1947. Many homes, business, and steel-frame industrial buildings were swept away and large vehicles including semi-trucks and buses were thrown hundreds of yards. A large multi-story hospital had its foundation and underpinning system so severely damaged that it was structurally compromised and had to be torn down. Reinforced concrete porches were deformed, lifted, and tossed, and 300lb concrete parking stops anchored with rebar were ripped from parking lots and tossed well over . Vehicles were thrown several blocks away from the residences where they originated and a few were never recovered. Damage to driveways was noted at some residences as well. A large steel-reinforced concrete "step and floor structure" leading to one building was warped slightly and cracked.^[85] Ground and pavement scouring occurred and heavy manhole covers were removed from roads as well. On June 10, 2013, an engineering study found no evidence of EF5 structural damage in Joplin due to the poor quality of construction of many buildings. However, the EF5 rating stood as the National Weather Service in Springfield, Missouri, stated that survey team found an area of EF5 structural damage (at and around the hospital) and that it could have easily been missed in the survey. The EF5 rating was mainly based on large vehicles being thrown long distances, along with non-conventional, non-structural instances of damage, such as removal of manhole covers, pavement, concrete porches, driveways, parking stops, and the presence of wind-rowed debris. Furthermore, the engineering survey only examined a small portion of the damage swath. Timothy Marshall identified 22 homes which sustained EF5 damage, some of the most EF5 damage rated by a single tornado. This is also the deadliest single tornado in over 50 years and the deadliest day SPC "Moderate Risk" (i.e. no "High Risk" area) convective outlook day on record.^[86] ^[87] Peak winds were estimated at .^[88]
		United States	Oklahoma	Hinton, Calumet, El Reno, Piedmont, Guthrie		SPC-NWS, Wurman, DOW
2011 Hinton–El Reno–Piedmont–Guthrie, Oklahoma tornado – Many homes were swept away, trees were completely debarked, and extensive ground scouring occurred. At the Cactus 117 oil rig, a 1900000lb oil derrick was blown over and rolled several times. Cars were thrown long distances and wrapped around trees, including an SUV that was thrown and had its body ripped from the frame. Several cars near the beginning of the path were thrown more than .^[89] Additionally, a 20000lb oil tanker truck was thrown approximately .^[90] Mobile Doppler weather radar indicated wind speeds as high as .
		United States	Oklahoma	Newcastle, Moore		SPC-NWS, Marshall
2013 Moore tornado – Many homes were swept away, including nine that were well-built and bolted to their foundations. Two elementary schools were completely destroyed. Extensive ground scouring occurred with only bare soil left in some areas and a 10-ton propane tank was thrown more than through the air. Trees and shrubs were completely debarked, wind-rowing of debris was noted, and an oil tank was thrown a full mile from a production site while another was never found.^[91] A manhole cover was removed near Moore Medical Center and vehicles were thrown hundreds of yards and torn into multiple pieces.^[92] ^[93]

IF5 tornadoes

Worldwide, one tornado has the rating of IF5 on the International Fujita scale.

Tornadoes officially rated IF5

Day	Year	Country	Subdivision	Location	Fatalities	Rated by
		Italy	Treviso, Udine	Volpago del Montello, Selva del Montello, Giavera del Montello, Nervesa della Battaglia		ESSL, TORRO
1930 Montello tornado – An extremely powerful tornado which destroyed many villages and 200 homes. A large stone monastery was partially leveled to the ground. TORRO rated the tornado T10 on the TORRO scale, while the European Severe Storms Laboratory rated the tornado F5 on the Fujita scale. In May 2024, the F5 rating was changed to IF5, marking the first tornado to receive an IF5 rating on the International Fujita scale.^[94]

Possible F5/EF5/IF5 tornadoes

See also: List of F4 and EF4 tornadoes. Because the distinctions between F4/EF4/T9 and F5/EF5/T10 tornadoes are often ambiguous, the official ratings of numerous other tornadoes formally rated below F5/EF5/T10 or equivalent have been disputed, with certain government sources or independent studies contradicting the official record.

Previously rated F5/EF5/IF5 or rated F5/EF5/IF5 by others

This list includes tornadoes previously rated F5 or EF5 by the National Weather Service as well as tornadoes rated F5/EF5 by other branches of the United States government, tornado experts (i.e. Thomas P. Grazulis, Ted Fujita), or meteorological research institutions (i.e. European Severe Storms Laboratory).

Tornadoes rated F5/EF5/T10 by other experts or groups besides the National Weather Service

Day	Year	Country	Subdivision	Location	Fatalities	Rated by
		United States	Mississippi, Tennessee	Byhalia (MS), Moscow (TN)		NCDC
Tornado outbreak of March 21–22, 1952 – This tornado is officially rated F4 in tornado databases; however, the National Climatic Data Center lists this as an F5 event in a technical report listing all known F5 tornadoes. The only possible F5 damage was to a concrete block structure that may or may not have been steel-reinforced. It originally was the first officially ranked F5 tornado in the United States, but was later downgraded to F4.
		United States	Massachusetts	Petersham, Barre, Rutland, Holden, Worcester, Shrewsbury, Westborough, Southborough		Grazulis
1953 Worcester tornado – Many strong structures with numerous interior walls were leveled, and entire blocks of homes were swept cleanly away. The large, brick Assumption College sustained severe damage, and its upper stories were completely destroyed. A large, multi-ton storage tank was carried over a road, and trees along the path were debarked as well. Debris from this tornado was found in the Atlantic Ocean. In 1993 Grazulis noted that an F5 rating was "probably appropriate," and in a later publication of his, in 2001, the tornado was posthumously rated F5, based on newly available photographs of the "immense" destruction, which indicated that the tornado merited an F5 rating and "should" have been rated as such in 1975, but was instead rated F4 at that time. Even after an unprecedented reassessment of damages in 2005, a panel of experts assembled by the National Weather Service determined that anchoring techniques for the homes that were swept away or had completely vanished could not be determined. Without a proper engineering qualification, it would be nearly impossible to determine with 100% accuracy which damage was F5 and which was F4, as appearances would be similar. As a result, the panel decided that the rating would remain a high-end F4.^[95]
		United States	Kansas	Wamego, St. Marys		Grazulis
Two farms were swept away. This tornado was rated F5 by Grazulis.
		United States	Nebraska	Custer County, Valley County		NCDC, Grazulis
All buildings and machinery were swept away from a farm. Widely accepted as an F5 tornado, including within a NCDC technical report; however, it is listed as an F4 in the official databases.^[96]
		United States	Indiana	Dunlap		NCDC, Grazulis
1965 Palm Sunday tornado outbreak – This was the second violent tornado to strike Dunlap within 90 minutes. A well-built truck stop was leveled and many permanent homes were swept away in two subdivisions.
		United States	Indiana	Lebanon, Sheridan		NCDC
1965 Palm Sunday tornado outbreak – Farms were obliterated and vehicles were thrown up .
		United States	Ohio	Pittsfield Township, Strongsville		NCDC, Grazulis
1965 Palm Sunday tornado outbreak – Homes were cleanly swept away in Strongsville and Pittsfield, and Pittsfield was completely destroyed. Only a concrete war monument remained standing in Pittsfield, where homes "vanished."^[97]
		United States	Nebraska	Wolbach, Primrose		NCDC, Grazulis
Early-May 1965 tornado outbreak sequence – Homes and businesses were leveled and swept away, along with mature trees that were reduced to pulpy "matchsticks". Cars were moved, and the body of a truck was tossed and rolled . Grazulis listed this tornado as an F5.^[98]
		United States	Kentucky	Gosser Ridge		NCDC
1971 Gosser Ridge, Kentucky tornado – Most buildings on a farm were swept away. The tornado is listed as a "questionable" F5 in the NCDC Tech Report, and is rated an F4 according to Grazulis and official records.
		United States	South Carolina	Calhoun Falls, Abbeville		NCDC, Fujita
Over 100 homes were affected. 30 people were injured. This tornado was initially rated F5 by Ted Fujita, though it was later downgraded to F4.
		United States	Tennessee	Lincoln County, Franklin County, Coffee County		NWS, NWA
1974 Super Outbreak – This intense tornado caused unverifiable F5 damage when it leveled and swept away several "well-constructed homes" in Franklin County. Destroyed roughly 46 homes and 90 barns in just that county alone. Developed from the same thunderstorm that produced the first F5 Tanner tornado. Previously rated F5 by NWS, but later downgraded to F4.
		Soviet Union (Russia)	Ivanovo Oblast	Ivanovo, Lunevo		TORRO, ESSL
1984 Soviet Union tornado outbreak – An extremely intense multiple-vortex tornado^[99] overturned a crane and "tied him into knot", threw a multi-ton water tank over, uprooted and threw trees long distances,^[100] and obliterated a reinforced concrete building.^[101] The tornado was exceptionally long-lived, remaining on the ground for roughly over the course of two hours. At least 69 fatalities were confirmed, though the actual toll was likely higher. This tornado was originally rated as an F5, but was downgraded to an F4 in 2018.^[102]
		United States	Texas	McLean, Kellerville		VORTEX
Project VORTEX assessed this tornado to be an F5. Intense pavement and ground scouring occurred, with only bare soil left in some areas.^[103]
		United States	Texas	Allison		NWS, VORTEX
A National Weather Service damage survey was not conducted due in part to the extensive damage and injuries from another tornado in Pampa, Texas. Four homes were destroyed and more than 800 head of livestock were killed. An NCDC report states that "all sighting reports would place this as an F5 tornado" with storm spotters calling it "one of the biggest and meanest appearing tornadoes they had ever seen." However, this tornado hit few man-made structures and a significant amount of time elapsed before damage could be examined, so it could not be rated higher than F4.^[104]
		United States	Tennessee	Hardin County, Wayne County		NWS
1998 Nashville tornado outbreak – Originally considered part of a very long-tracked F5 tornado but was later determined to have been the first in a series of three separate, violent tornadoes. Multiple homes were reduced to their foundations. Although officially rated an F4, a re-analysis conducted in 2013 by the NWS Office in Nashville noted that the damage in Wayne County may warrant EF5; however, no tornadoes are rated using the enhanced scale that occurred prior to February 2007.^[105]
		United States	Maryland	La Plata		NWS
2002 La Plata tornado — Initially rated F5 by the National Weather Service, but was downgraded in a secondary damage survey was conducted by Timothy Marshall. This preliminary F5 rating, partly due to damage to a brick building in downtown La Plata, was lowered to F4, after the damage assessment team determined some of the damage was likely due to flying debris from a lumber company nearby. Damage to houses, initially rated F5, were lowered when an engineering survey determined these homes were not properly anchored, causing them to be swept off their foundations by lesser winds.^[106]
		United States	North Dakota	Marion		Gust
Officially rated F4, this tornado struck the farmstead near Marion, North Dakota causing extreme damage. The National Weather Service employee who surveyed the damage from this tornado, Greg Gust, rated the tornado at the "very top of the F4 scale". In an interview in 2016, Gust stated, "if I would have had the EF toolkit at that time I probably would have rated EF5" and "I'd have felt more comfortable going with the F5 rating on that".^[107]
		United States	Alabama	Tuscaloosa, Holt, Hueytown, Concord, Pleasant Grove, McDonald Chapel, Birmingham, Fultondale		NWS, Murayama, Velev, Zlateva
2011 Tuscaloosa–Birmingham tornado – Officially rated high-end EF4, though the final rating was a source of controversy, and one survey team rated some of the damage as EF5. Many homes, a large section of an apartment building, and a clubhouse were swept away, though these structures were either poorly anchored, lacked interior walls, or surrounded by contextual damage not consistent with an EF5 tornado. A manhole cover was removed from a drain and thrown into a ravine near the clubhouse. A 34-ton railroad trestle support structure was thrown up a hill, and a 35.8-ton coal car was thrown through the air. In 2019, Yuko Murayama, Dimiter Velev & Plamena Zlateva edited a book of revised academically peer-reviewed papers, in which they directly rated the Tuscaloosa tornado an EF5.
		United States	Oklahoma	Bradley, Washington, Goldsby		Ortega, Murayama, Velev, Zlateva
Tornado outbreak sequence of May 21–26, 2011 — Officially rated high-end EF4 with winds up to, this tornado destroyed or obliterated multiple structures. The National Weather Service noted the structures destroyed were "falling just short of the damage indicator for an EF-5." Kiel Ortega, a National Weather Service damage surveyor discussed with another surveyor saying, "some people believe it should have been rated EF5". In 2019, Yuko Murayama, Dimiter Velev & Plamena Zlateva edited a book of revised academically peer-reviewed papers, in which they directly rated the Washington—Goldsby tornado an EF5.^[108]
		United States	Oklahoma	El Reno		NWS, Murayama, Velev, Zlateva
2013 El Reno tornado — Originally rated as an EF5, which is based on mobile Doppler Weather Radar data of picking up winds of . However, the lack of available damage resulted into rating downgrading from EF5 to an EF3. This tornado holds the record for the widest tornado ever recorded at 2.6miles wide.^[109] In 2019, Yuko Murayama, Dimiter Velev & Plamena Zlateva edited a book of revised academically peer-reviewed papers, in which they directly rated the El Reno tornado an EF5. This was reaffirmed in March 2024 by scientists with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and University of Oklahoma which stated winds between 115- was measured less than 100m (300feet) off the ground.

Possible F5/EF5/IF5 damage

This list includes tornadoes with possible F5 or EF5 damage indicated by the National Weather Service as well as tornadoes with possible F5/EF5 damage by other branches of the United States government, tornado experts (i.e. Thomas P. Grazulis, Ted Fujita), or meteorological research institutions (i.e. European Severe Storms Laboratory).

Tornadoes officially rated below F5/EF5/T10 or equivalent but which may have caused F5/EF5/T10+ damage

Day	Year	Country	Subdivision	Location	Fatalities	Rated by
		United Kingdom	England	Lincolnshire		TORRO
This tornado has been officially rated at T8-T9 on the TORRO scale, indicating potential windspeeds of up to . This places it weakly in the F5 category. The maximum track width of the tornado was reported as, and the track length at . The tornado reportedly killed three people, and passed through the towns of Welbourn, Wellingore, Navenby and Boothby Graffoe in Lincolnshire, and leveled large portions of each town. It is the strongest tornado on record in the British Isles.^[110] This tornado is not documented by the European Severe Storms Laboratory.
		United States, Canada	Michigan, Ontario	River Rouge (MI), Windsor (ON), LaSalle (ON), Tecumseh (ON)		ECCC
1946 Windsor–Tecumseh tornado – This tornado was officially rated F4; however, one home had a portion of its concrete block foundation pulled out of the ground and carried away, indicating borderline F5 damage. Some victims were mutilated, dismembered or stripped of their clothes.^[111]
		United States	Texas	Olney		Grazulis
Many homes in town were destroyed, some of which were swept away with very little debris left. Grazulis called this tornado a "possible" F5.
		United States	Wisconsin	Waupaca		Grazulis
This tornado obliterated a trio of farmsteads. It was mentioned as a probable F5 by Grazulis.
		United States	Kansas	Linwood, Edwardsville		Grazulis
Tornado outbreak of May 21–24, 1952 – The home of a bank president was leveled. Grazulis considered the tornado to be "possibly F5."
		United States	Ohio	Cygnet		Grazulis
Flint–Worcester tornado outbreak sequence – Possible but unverifiable F5 damage occurred near Cygnet where homes were swept completely away. A steel-and-concrete bridge was destroyed as the tornado passed near Jerry City.^[112]
		United States	Texas, Oklahoma	Crowell (TX), Vernon (TX), Snyder (OK)		Grazulis
Vehicles were thrown more than, and three farms were entirely swept away. Grazulis considered the tornado to be a probable F5.
		United States	North Dakota	Walcott		Grazulis
A photograph of a farmhouse showed possible F5 damage.
		United States	Missouri	Fremont, Van Buren		Grazulis
May 1957 Central Plains tornado outbreak – Most of Fremont was destroyed, with many structures swept away. Possible F5 damage occurred to schools, homes, and businesses near the railroad tracks, but houses in the area were poorly constructed.
		Italy	Pavia	Robecco Pavese, Valle Scuropasso		ESSL
Many large stone buildings were flattened. The tornado is officially rated F4, but images show possible T10/low-end F5 damage.^[113]
		United States	Kansas	El Dorado		Grazulis
Reports indicated possible F5-level damage to homes. A car was thrown, but damage photographs were inconclusive as to whether F5 structural damage occurred. Nevertheless, the tornado was considered to be a probable F5 by Grazulis.
		United States	South Dakota	Swett, Patricia		Grazulis
A church and a home literally vanished. Grazulis considered the tornado to be "possibly" F5, but it listed as only F3 in the official database.
		United States	Kansas	Lawrence		Grazulis
Farms were leveled and a truck was thrown . Grazulis noted possible F5 damage.
		United States	Kentucky, Ohio	Falmouth (KY), Ripley (OH)		Grazulis
1968 Wheelersburg, Ohio tornado outbreak – This tornado was mentioned as a possible F5 by Grazulis.
		Soviet Union (Russia)	Kostroma Oblast	Kostroma, Lyubim		Pending
1984 Soviet Union tornado outbreak – Officially rated F4, but survey mentions possible F5 damage. Trees were ripped from the ground and thrown long distances. A 350000kg (770,000lb) industrial crane was blown over.^[114]
		United States	Pennsylvania	Parker Dam State Park, Moshannon State Forest		NWS
1985 United States–Canada tornado outbreak – This tornado may have been capable of producing F5 damage over rural areas.^[115]
		Canada	Alberta	Edmonton		ECCC
Edmonton tornado – Heavy trailers and oil tanks were tossed, and large factories were leveled. If confirmed by Environment Canada, this would make it the earliest such tornado since records have been kept, next to the 2007 Elie, Manitoba, tornado.^[116]
		United States	Illinois	Allendale		Grazulis
This tornado was considered by Grazulis to be a more plausible candidate for an F5 rating than the "questionable" Oakfield tornado in 1996.
		United States	Kansas	Arkansas City, Hackney, Winfield, Tisdale		Grazulis
1991 Andover tornado outbreak – According to an informal survey conducted by a group of storm chasers, one home was so obliterated that the National Weather Service survey likely missed it.
		Australia	Queensland	Bucca		Callaghan
Bucca tornado — One of the most violent tornadoes ever to have occurred in Australia and was the first Australian tornado to be officially rated F4. The tornado flattened some houses to the ground, trees were snapped and stones were embedded into the trunks. A refrigerator was blown away and never found and a 3-ton truck was thrown . Jeff Callaghan, a retired senior severe weather forecaster for the Bureau of Meteorology conducted a case study on this tornado and said it "was rated a F4 or possibly an F5".^[117]
		United States	Texas	Pampa		Grazulis
This tornado would have likely produced F5 damage had it struck residential areas. Grazulis considered the tornado a candidate for an F6 rating based on photogrammetric video analysis.
		United States	Texas	Loyal Valley		Flores, Hecke
1999 Loyal Valley tornado — Officially rated high-end F4, though one survey revealed potential F5 damage.^[118] Two homes were completely swept away, with debris scattered over great distances. Large pieces of a pickup truck were found from the residence where it originated, and a 720feet stretch of pavement was scoured from a road. Ground scouring occurred, and numerous mesquite trees were completely denuded and debarked.^[119] A reporter who also witnessed the destruction at Jarrell, Eddie Flores, said: "I hadn't seen anything like that. I couldn't believe what it did to animals. This was wiped clean, too, but the cattle - their hides had been ripped right off of them. Some of them were missing heads, and some were caught up and entwined in barbed wire". Had this tornado touched down in an urban area, the devastation likely would have rivaled that from Oklahoma City or the storm that leveled a subdivision in Jarrell in 1997, - stated meteorologist Bill Hecke.^[120]
May 12	2004	United States	Kansas	Harper	0	Haynes
A well-built farmhouse was erased with little debris left. Trees and shrubs were completely debarked, and cars was torn apart. Chance Haynes from the NWS in Wichita, Kansas rated this tornado as F4 for its very slow movement, but later express regret over the conservative rating.^[121] ^[122]
	2011	United States	Mississippi	Bellefontaine, Anchor, Houston, New Wren, Amory	4	Narramore, Tucker
2011 Super Outbreak (list) — Was a precursor to the Smithville EF5 and officially rated as an EF3. However, meteorologist Jen Narramore along with Millersville University undergraduate Nelson Tucker reported that the NWS missed some damage indicators, such as a pickup truck that was thrown from US Highway 45-Alternate and landed near the site of a well-built, substantially anchor-bolted brick home that was swept clean from its foundation. Shrubs in front of the home were denuded and partially debarked. Ground and wheat were scoured along a concentrated swath near the home. A home next door, also well-built and bolted, was leveled to the ground.^[123]
		United States	Oklahoma	Chickasha, Blanchard, Newcastle		NWS, Murayama, Velev, Zlateva
Tornado outbreak sequence of May 21–26, 2011 – Officially rated a high-end EF4; however, the survey conducted by NWS Norman mentions this tornado as being a "plausible EF5". Well-built homes with anchor bolts were swept away, pavement was scoured from roads and driveways, and vehicles were thrown up to away, some of which were torn into multiple pieces or stripped down to their frames. Trees were reduced to completely debarked stumps, and severe ground scouring occurred, with all grass and several inches of topsoil removed in some areas. A reinforced concrete dome home was severely damaged and cracked.^[124] ^[125] In 2019, Yuko Murayama, Dimiter Velev & Plamena Zlateva edited a book of revised academically peer-reviewed papers, in which they directly rated the Chickasha tornado an EF5.
		United States	Indiana, Kentucky	Fredericksburg, Henryville, Bedford		NWS
Tornado outbreak of March 2–3, 2012 — A violent stovepipe tornado (often referred to as the "Henryville Tornado") that carved a path of damage from Fredericksburg, Indiana to the Bedford, Kentucky area. This tornado was officially rated a low-end EF4. In 2022, the National Weather Service of Louisville referred to a possible EF5 damage location at a demolished house, where a pickup truck was blown away and never found and a backhoe was deposited into the basement of the house.^[126]
		United States	Arkansas	Mayflower, Vilonia		NWS, Marshall, Grazulis, Murayama, Velev, Zlateva
Tornado outbreak of April 27–30, 2014 – Officially rated high-end EF4, though the rating was a major source of controversy, and meteorologist/civil engineer Timothy P. Marshall noted that the rating assigned was "lower-bound" and "the possibility that EF5 winds could have occurred" despite the structural flaws responsible for the EF4 rating.^[127] ^[128] Numerous homes were swept completely away with only bare slabs left, including one that was well-bolted to its foundation, and extensive wind-rowing of debris occurred. Trees were completely debarked and denuded, shrubs were shredded and debarked, and vehicles were thrown hundreds of yards and stripped down to their frames. In one instance, a well-built house was swept away, but an EF5 rating was not assigned as it was just one house and it had been struck by debris from other buildings. A large 30000lb metal fertilizer tank was found approximately away from where it originated.^[129] ^[130] Extensive ground scouring occurred as well.^[131] ^[132] In 2019, Yuko Murayama, Dimiter Velev & Plamena Zlateva edited a book of revised academically peer-reviewed papers, in which they directly rated the Mayflower—Vilonia tornado an EF5.

Possible F5/EF5/IF5 intensity

This list includes tornadoes believed or confirmed to have been at F5 or EF5 intensity. These indications can come from the United States government, Doppler on Wheels, tornado experts (i.e. Thomas P. Grazulis, Ted Fujita), or meteorological research institutions (i.e. European Severe Storms Laboratory).

Tornadoes officially rated below F5/EF5/T10 or equivalent but which may have been F5/EF5/T10+ intensity

Day	Year	Country	Subdivision	Location	Fatalities	Rated by
		Poland	Lublin Voivodeship	Lublin		ESSL
— This tornado is officially rated F4; however, the Polish Weather Service estimated winds at, potentially ranking it as an F5.
Apr 2	1957	United States	Texas	Dallas	10	Segner
Tornado outbreak sequence of April 2–5, 1957 — E. Segner estimated, which is based on obliteration of a large billboard.^[133]
Aug 29	1969	China	Hebei, Tianjin	Bazhou, Tianjin	146	Chen
Trees were completely debarked, and numerous reinforced concrete factories were leveled. The village of Chuhegang was completely destroyed. This tornado was rated >F3, with indications of possible F4 or F5 intensity.^[134] ^[135]
		United States	Oklahoma	Union City		NSSL
A carport was carried intact to the north while the rest of the house was cleanly swept away. A barn was destroyed and trees still standing were denuded, a flatbed truck rolled over, a car was stripped down to its frame. A small frame house was also swept away.^[136]
		United States	Alabama	Greensboro, Brent, Centreville, Montevallo, Columbiana, Wilsonville, Childersburg		NWS, Brasher
1973 Central Alabama tornado — John Brasher, a reporter and photographer for the Centreville Press, stated that as the tornado struck Main Street in Brent, “the tornado’s already violent F4 winds would ramp up to, and possibly beyond, the threshold of F5 strength”.^[137] The National Weather Service in Birmingham, Alabama, noted the rating for this tornado was F4 on the Fujita scale, which has a wind speed range of 207mph260mph. However, the wind speeds assigned to this tornado was between 210mph261mph, indicating the potential that this tornado had winds up to F5 intensity.^[138]
		United States	Oklahoma	Red Rock		Bluestein, DOW, Lyza, Flournoy, Alford
April 26, 1991 tornado outbreak – Mobile Doppler weather radar used by storm chasers indicated wind speeds in the range of the F5 threshold, with winds up to . Pavement and ground scouring occurred, and a large oil rig was toppled. The tornado is officially rated F4, but is mentioned by some sources as an F5 or possible F5.^[139] This was reaffirmed in March 2024 by scientists with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and University of Oklahoma which stated 120m/s125m/s was measured between 150m-190mm (490feet-620feetm) off the ground.
		United States	South Dakota	Spencer		Wurman, DOW, Lyza, Flournoy, Alford
Late-May 1998 tornado outbreak and derecho – DOW recorded maximum wind speeds at at above ground level, which the NWS classified at almost ground level. Such wind speeds would fall well into the EF5 range on the Enhanced Fujita Scale, though the maximum damage intensity observed in the town of Spencer was F4. The town's water tower was toppled to the ground, an apartment building was leveled, and many homes were completely destroyed, a few of which were swept away. This was reaffirmed in 2024 after Anthony W. Lyza, Matthew D. Flournoy, and A. Addison Alford, researchers with the National Severe Storms Laboratory, Storm Prediction Center, CIWRO, and the University of Oklahoma's School of Meteorology, published a paper stating the radar "showed a broad swath" of wind speeds in the F4 to minimal F5 range. They went on to say, "However, no F5/EF5 damage was observed, despite winds observed well into the EF5 range".
		United States	Oklahoma	Mulhall		Lyza, Flournoy, Alford
1999 Oklahoma tornado outbreak – In March 2024, Anthony W. Lyza, Matthew D. Flournoy, and A. Addison Alford, researchers with the National Severe Storms Laboratory, Storm Prediction Center, CIWRO, and the University of Oklahoma's School of Meteorology, published a paper stating 115m/s was measured in the tornado only 30m (100feet) off the ground.
		United States	Kansas	Bennington		The Weather Channel, DOW, Wurman, Kosiba, Robinson, Marshall
Tornado outbreak of May 26–31, 2013 – Officially rated EF3. However, a DOW instrument estimated winds inside the tornado at, above the ground.^[140] According to the Joshua Wurman, Karen Kosiba, Paul Robinson, and Tim Marshall in their research, the DOW windspeed measurements were found to be, above the ground.^[141]
		United States	Oklahoma	Sulphur		NWS, Marshall
Tornado outbreak of May 7–10, 2016 - This tornado was recorded to have attained 218 mph winds in an open field by RaXPol mobile radar. This would have been sufficient to produce EF5 damage had the tornado impacted any substantial structures during this time period.^[142] Several homes were swept away at high-end EF3 strength, and many other outbuildings were destroyed as well. A large metal storage garage was swept away, with vehicles stored inside being thrown up to 280 yards away. An 18-year old and his cousin were able to survive the tornado by taking shelter in an interior bathroom, which was the only standing section of the house after the tornado had impacted it.^[143]
		United States	Kansas	Dodge City		NCEI, CSWR, DOW
Tornado outbreak sequence of May 22–26, 2016 – During the initial stages of development, there was DOW data on this tornado. It intensified from 40 metres per second (89 mph; 140 km/h) to 90 metres per second (201 mph; 320 km/h) in a span of 21 seconds that lasted less than a minute at those velocities. This would have been enough to produce EF5 damage briefly, based on those velocities. As the tornado moved north into a housing addition just west of Dodge City, it showed multiple vortex characteristics and did EF2 damage. One person was seriously hurt in a home that was heavily damaged.^[144]
		United States	Kansas	Solomon, Abilene, Chapman		NWS
Tornado outbreak sequence of May 22–26, 2016 – An anchor-bolted brick farm home was swept away and was ripped from its foundation so violently that part of the foundation was severely cracked, though the area surrounding the home was not swept completely clean. Vehicles and large pieces of farm machinery were thrown and mangled beyond recognition, and a section of metal railroad track was bent horizontally by the tornado. Officially rated EF4 with winds of 180 mph (290 km/h), though NWS Topeka damage surveyors later noted that based on the severity of the damage in rural areas, it "could have very well been" rated EF5 had it struck Chapman directly.^[145] ^[146] ^[147]
	2017	Russia	Kurgan Oblast	Maloye Pes'yanovo		Chernokulsky, Shikhov, Bykov, Azhigov
The tornado was strong enough to be rated IF4 on the International Fujita scale and F4 on the Fujita scale.^[148] Two log homes were leveled to the ground. Researchers at the Russian Academy of Sciences and Perm State University published a paper in the academically peer-reviewed journal Atmosphere, providing an assessment of this tornado in which they state that the tornado possessed EF5 intensity, due to it blowing down or snapping 100% of the trees in a 100-by-100m (300feet) forested area.
	2018	Canada	Manitoba	Alonsa, Silver Ridge		Northern Tornadoes Project
Tornadoes of 2018 — Rated EF4, with maximum windspeeds in the EF5 range. A later study, also by the Northern Tornadoes Project, determined that the tornado lofted haybales into Lake Manitoba, which they estimated required winds between and .^[149]
	2019	Nepal	Bara District, Parsa District	Bharbalia, Parwanipur, Pheta		Mallapaty
March 2019 southern Nepal tornado — Officially rated EF2+ with estimated winds between, indicating possible EF5 intensity.^[150]
	2019	United States	Mississippi	Greenwood Springs		Lyza, Goudeau, Knupp
Tornado outbreak of April 13–15, 2019 — This tornado was officially rated EF2, based on an incomplete damage survey from the National Weather Service, where 14abbr=outNaNabbr=out of the tornado's track was unable to be officially surveyed. A NEXRAD radar only 900abbr=outNaNabbr=out away from the tornado documented radial velocities of up to . A research team, from the University of Oklahoma, National Severe Storms Laboratory, and University of Alabama in Huntsville was funded by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration to investigate the unsurveyed portion of the tornado track. In their survey, published in Monthly Weather Review, they note that the tornado "produced forest devastation and electrical infrastructure damage up to at least EF4 intensity" and conclude by writing that "the Greenwood Springs event was a violent tornado, potentially even EF5 intensity."^[151]
	2020	Canada	Manitoba	Scarth		Northern Tornadoes Project
Tornadoes of 2020#August 7 (Canada) — A photogenic tornado, rated EF3, was determined to have likely lofted two vehicles over 1 meter into the air and between 30 and 100 meters laterally. Researchers with the Northern Tornadoes Project found a median wind speed of would be required to achieve this, well above the criteria for EF5 intensity.
	2021	United States	Tennessee, Kentucky	Woodland Mills, Cayce, Mayfield, Princeton, Dawson Springs, Bremen, McDaniels		Marshall, Wienhoff, Smith, Wielgos
2021 Western Kentucky tornado — A long-tracked wedge spawned by the Quad-State supercell, that damaged, destroyed, or obliterated thousands of structures along a path of while moving at . In 2022, Timothy Marshall, a meteorologist, and structural and forensic engineer, Christine L. Wielgos, a meteorologist at the National Weather Service of Paducah, & Brian E. Smith, a meteorologist at the National Weather Service of Omaha, published a damage survey of portions of the tornado's track, particularly through Mayfield and Dawson Springs. At the end of the report, they said, "the tornado damage rating might have been higher had more wind resistant structures been encountered. Also, the fast forward speed of the tornado had little 'dwell' time of strong winds over a building and thus, the damage likely would have been more severe if the tornado were slower".^[152]
	2023	Canada	Alberta	Didsbury		Northern Tornadoes Project
Tornadoes of 2023#July 1 (Canada) — This EF4 tornado moved a combine harvester 80 to 100 meters from its original position. Researchers with the Northern Tornadoes Project determined the harvester was likely lofted roughly 1.26 meters into the air, with median estimated winds of, above EF5 criteria.

Possible F5/EF5/IF5 tornadoes with no official rating

Many other tornadoes have never been formally rated by an official government source but have nonetheless been described as F5/EF5/T10+ or equivalent, often by independent studies. Most of these tornadoes occurred prior to 1950, before tornadoes were rated according to standardized damage assessments, and their unofficial classifications as F5/EF5/T10+ or equivalent have been made in retrospect, largely on the basis of photographic analysis and eyewitness accounts. A few, such as the Tri-State Tornado of 1925, are widely accepted as F5/EF5/T10+ tornadoes, despite not being rated as such in official records.

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by participating in discussions about tornadoes for this list.

Tornadoes with no official rating, but were possibly F5/EF5/IF5

Day	Year	Country	Subdivision	Location	Fatalities	Notes	Rated F5/EF5 by
		United States	Illinois	West Prairie, Christian County		Many "well built" homes were leveled and farms vanished. Its victims (both people and cattle) were reportedly carried up to half a mile. This is the earliest estimated F5 that can be verified in the U.S. according to Grazulis. (The 1953 Waco tornado is the earliest officially rated - see section.) The F5 rating is widely accepted.^[153]	NWS, NCDC, Grazulis
		United States	Missouri	Hopkins		1881 Hopkins tornado – Two farms were completely swept away. May have reached F5 intensity according to Grazulis.	NCDC, Grazulis
		United States	Minnesota	Renville County		1881 Minnesota tornado outbreak – According to Grazulis, this tornado was "probably" an F5. Severe damage occurred in Renville County where five farms were completely swept away.	Grazulis
		United States	Iowa	Grinnell		Sixteen farms were blown away and the town of Grinnell was devastated, as well as the Grinnell College campus. Debris was carried . Caused 68 fatalities according to Grazulis.^[154]	NWS, NCDC, Grazulis
		United States	Minnesota	Rochester		1883 Rochester tornado – Numerous homes in Rochester were destroyed, some of which were oblitereted and swept away with the debris finely granulated. Trees were completely debarked, and grass and shrubbery was scoured from the ground. A large metal railroad bridge was completely destroyed and mangled. At least 10 farms outside the city were also completely leveled and swept away, with little debris recovered at some of them.^[155]	NWS, Grazulis
		United States	Indiana	Oakville		Among contemporary meteorologists, this was considered one of the most intense tornadoes observed up to that time. Parts of Oakville "vanished," with house debris scattered for miles.^[156]	NWS, NCDC, Grazulis
		United States	Minnesota	Faribault County, Freeborn County, Steele County		1892 Southern Minnesota tornado – Entire farms were obliterated, and house timbers were embedded into the ground away from the foundations.	Grazulis
		United States	Wisconsin	Willow Springs		Two farm complexes were completely swept away.	NCDC, Grazulis
		United States	Iowa	Pomeroy		Well-built homes were swept away in four counties with F5 damage in the town of Pomeroy. Grass was scoured from the ground, and a metal bridge was torn from its supports. A well pump and of piping were pulled out of the ground.^[157]	NWS, NCDC, Grazulis
		United States	Iowa	Kossuth County		Five farms and a home were swept away, leaving little trace.^[158]	NWS, NCDC, Grazulis
		United States	Kansas	Harvey County		Farms "entirely vanished," with debris carried for miles.	NWS,^[159] NCDC, Grazulis
		United States	Iowa	Sioux County		Farms were swept away, with debris carried for miles.	NWS, Grazulis
		United States	Texas	Sherman		May 1896 tornado outbreak sequence – This was one of the most intense tornadoes of the 19th century according to Grazulis. "Extraordinary" damage occurred to farms and 20 homes that were obliterated and swept away. An iron-beam bridge was torn apart and scattered, with one of the beams deeply embedded into the ground.^[160] Trees were reduced to debarked stumps, and grass was scoured from lawns in town as well. Several headstones at a cemetery were shattered or thrown up to 250 yards through the air, and a trunk lid from Sherman was found 35 miles away. Reliable reports said that numerous bodies were carried hundreds of yards, and that multiple deaths occurred in 17 different families; seven deaths were in one family alone.^[161]	NWS, NCDC, Grazulis
		United States	Kansas, Nebraska	Washington County, Marshall County, Nemaha County, Brown County, Richardson County		May 1896 tornado outbreak sequence – An opera house in Seneca was swept away, along with some farms. Entire farms were reportedly swept clean of debris, leaving the areas "bare as the prairie." Damage estimated at $400,000.^[162]	NWS, Grazulis
		United States	Michigan	Ortonville, Oakwood		May 1896 tornado outbreak sequence – Houses and farms were leveled and swept away, with debris carried up to away. Trees were completely debarked, with even small twigs stripped bare in some cases.^[163]	NWS, NCDC, Grazulis
		United States	Wisconsin	Marathon County		Twelve farms were flattened. Timber losses totaled 100 million board feet.	Grazulis
		United States	Nebraska, Iowa	Salix		This tornado impacted several farms, including one where a "fine new residence" was swept completely away.	NCDC
		United States	Wisconsin	St. Croix County, New Richmond		New Richmond tornado – This tornado devastated New Richmond, leveling or sweeping away many homes and businesses. A large section of the town was reduced to nothing but scattered debris and house foundations. The three-story brick Nicollet Hotel was completely leveled to the ground.^[164] Numerous trees were completely debarked and shorn of their branches.^[165] A 3000lb safe was carried a full block.	Grazulis
		United States	Oklahoma	Snyder		Snyder, Oklahoma tornado – The town of Snyder was devastated, with many structures swept away. A piano was found in a field outside town, and debris was carried away.^[166] ^[167]	NWS, NCDC, Grazulis
		United States	Michigan	Colling		Three farms were "wiped out of existence" with only "bits of kindling" remaining on the foundations.	Grazulis
		United States	Iowa, Minnesota, Wisconsin	Houston County		A farm was completely leveled, and a child was reportedly carried away.	NCDC
		United States	Nebraska	Cuming County, Thurston County		1908 Dixie tornado outbreak – A well-built two-story home was swept away.	NCDC, Grazulis
		United States	Iowa	Fremont County, Page County		Five farms had all buildings swept away, homes were "absolutely reduced to kindling," and lumber was scattered for miles.^[168]	NCDC, Grazulis
		United States	Nebraska	Fillmore County		Farms vanished, with little left to indicate farmsteads ever existed at some locations.^[169]	NCDC, Grazulis
		United States	Oklahoma	Kingfisher County		April 20–22, 1912 tornado outbreak - Entire farms were swept away.^[170]	NCDC
		United States	Oklahoma	Kiowa County, Canadian County		This tornado is only listed as an F5 by a NCDC technical report, and is not listed at all by Grazulis or any other sources, and is therefore a possible typographical error in the report.	NCDC
		United States	Missouri	Creighton		Two large homes were completely swept away.	Grazulis
		United States	Nebraska	Omaha		March 1913 tornado outbreak sequence – Photo analysis by Grazulis revealed possible F5 damage with many empty foundations throughout Omaha, though it is uncertain if this was a result of the tornado or cleanup efforts following the event. An F4 rating was assigned due to the uncertainty.	Grazulis
		United States	Kansas	Mullinville		One entire farm was swept completely away and many homes were reportedly leveled.	NWS,^[171] NCDC, Grazulis
		United States	Kansas	Andale, Sedgwick		May–June 1917 tornado outbreak sequence – Many structures were swept away, and trees were debarked. The F5 rating is widely accepted.^[172]	NWS,^[173] NCDC, Grazulis
		United States	Illinois	Pike, Greene, Macoupin, Montgomery, Christian, Shelby, Coles	101	May–June 1917 tornado outbreak sequence – J. P. Carey estimated winds of over .^[174] This tornado family retrospectively estimated to have been an F4.	Carey
		United States	Kansas	Kiro, Elmont		The tornado hit only northwest of downtown Topeka. In the damaged area, homes and farms were swept completely away. A schoolhouse was reduced to an empty stone foundation. Trees were debarked, and heavy farm machinery was carried for miles. Rated F4 by Grazulis.	NCDC
		United States	Iowa	Crawford County, Greene County		At least two farms were swept away, and house foundations were left bare. Mattresses from the homes were transported .	NWS, NCDC, Grazulis
		United States	Iowa	Boone County, Story County		A large tornado completely swept away two entire farms. Mentioned as a possible F5 by Grazulis.	Grazulis
		United States	Minnesota	Fergus Falls		1919 Fergus Falls tornado – This tornado produced extreme damage in Fergus Falls.^[175] A three-block-wide swath was leveled, with some homes swept away. Several summer homes were swept away into Lake Alice.^[176] A train station was swept away, railroad tracks were ripped from the ground, and a large three-story hotel was completely leveled. Numerous small trees were completely debarked.	NCDC, Grazulis
		United States	Indiana, Ohio	Jackson Township, West Liberty, Van Wert		1920 Palm Sunday tornado outbreak – Farms were leveled and swept away in Indiana and Ohio. Some homes had their floors dislodged and moved some distance. Mentioned as a possible F5 by Grazulis.^[177]	NWS, Grazulis
		Canada	Saskatchewan	Frobisher, Alameda		"Splendid homes" were swept away and "reduced to splinters."^[178]	Grazulis
		United States	Texas, Arkansas	Harrison County, Pike County, Hempstead County		This tornado family tracked for, killing at least 59 people, and reached a peak width of 2000yd. Many homes were leveled, some of which were swept away and scattered across fields. A large concrete fireplace was shifted, and a vehicle was thrown and partially buried into the soil. Tornado is not listed as an F5 by Grazulis.	NCDC
		United States	Tennessee	Pinson		An entire section of the town was swept away.^[179] Bodies or body parts were found up to away. This is the first of the six potential F5/EF5 intensity tornadoes to hit Tennessee on record.^[180]	NCDC, Grazulis
		United States	Texas	Big Spring		A large ranch home and farms were swept away.	Grazulis
		United States	North Dakota	Hettinger		Some ranch homes had possible F5 damage.^[181]	Grazulis
		United States	Wisconsin	Clark County, Taylor County		20 farms were destroyed, some of which were obliterated. An entire wall of a home was carried for . Considered to be a probable F5 by Grazulis.	Grazulis
		United States	Missouri, Illinois, Indiana	Ellington, Annapolis, Biehle, Gorham, Murphysboro, De Soto, West Frankfort, Parrish, Griffin, Owensville, Princeton		Tri-State tornado outbreak – This was the deadliest and longest-tracked single tornado in U.S. history, producing the highest tornado-related death toll in a single U.S. city (234, at Murphysboro, Illinois) and the largest such toll in a U.S. school (33, at De Soto, Illinois). Thousands of structures were destroyed, with hundreds of homes swept away along the path, especially in Illinois and Indiana. The towns of Murphysboro, West Frankfort, Gorham, and Griffin were devastated, along with numerous other small towns and communities. Gorham and Griffin were destroyed entirely, with every single structure in Gorham leveled or swept away. Trees were debarked, debris was finely granulated, and deep ground scouring was noted in several areas as well.^[182] ^[183] A Model T Ford was thrown a long distance and stripped, railroad tracks were ripped from the ground at multiple locations along the path, and a large multi-ton coal tipple was blown over and rolled. The F5 rating is widely accepted.^[184] ^[185]	NWS, NCDC, Grazulis
		United States	Tennessee, Kentucky	Buck Lodge (TN), Keytown (TN), Oak Grove (TN), Angeltown (TN), Liberty (TN), Holland (KY), Beaumont (KY)		Tri-State tornado outbreak – This event was believed to have been a tornado family and is regarded as one of the most powerful tornadoes to affect Middle Tennessee. Bodies were mangled and hurled hundreds of yards, homes were obliterated, and ground scouring occurred. The tornado may have reached F5 intensity.^[186]	NWS
		United States	Iowa	Pottawattamie County, Harrison County		Nineteen buildings on two farms reportedly "vanished". This tornado took nearly the same path as the next one, below. It is described as a "possible" F5.	Grazulis
		United States	Iowa	Pottawattamie County, Harrison County		Parts of two farms and some homes swept away, but they may have been hit by both tornadoes, thus the uncertainty of a possible F5.	Grazulis
		United States	Texas	Rocksprings		This massive tornado swept away or leveled 235 out of 247 structures, more than 90% of the town, killing or injuring a third of the population. Many of the structures were reduced to bare foundations, leaving "no trace of lumber or contents." Acres of ground were "swept bare" in some parts of town.^[187]	NWS, Grazulis
		United States	Kansas	Barber County, McPherson County		Tornado outbreak of May 1927 – Many farms were destroyed and some were swept completely away.	NWS,^[188] NCDC, Grazulis
		United States	Kansas	Dunlap, Lebo		Two farms incurred possible F5-level damage.	Grazulis
		United States	Nebraska	Cuming County, Thurston County, Dakota County		Three rural schools houses were obliterated, at least one was "swept entirely away".^[189] Possible F5 damage, according to Grazulis, was in an area where two farms "were completely leveled". 66 homes and at least another 450 buildings were damaged or destroyed. The tornado caused $1 million in damages.^[190]	Grazulis
		United States	Arkansas	Sneed		This tornado is considered the only F5 on record in Arkansas. It destroyed the Sneed community, reduced homes to "splinters", and made a "clean sweep" of the area. Huge trees were snapped or torn apart.^[191]	NWS, Grazulis
		United States	Nebraska	Tryon		Two farms were swept away.	NCDC, Grazulis
		Canada	Saskatchewan	Benson		Several structures were leveled.	Grazulis
		United States	Mississippi	Tupelo		Tupelo-Gainesville tornado outbreak – This tornado leveled and swept away many large and well-constructed houses, killing entire families. A concrete war monument was toppled and broken, with nearby brick gate posts snapped off at the base. Granulated structural debris was scattered and wind-rowed for miles east of the city. Pine needles were reportedly driven into tree trunks as well.^[192]	NWS, Grazulis
		United States	Nebraska	Oshkosh		A school disintegrated, and two farms were swept away. Dead bodies were carried away.^[193]	NCDC, Grazulis
		United States	Texas	Clyde		All nine homes in a small subdivision "literally vanished", with bodies carried up to away. A car engine, found nearby, was carried for a similar distance. 19 railroad cars were "tossed like toys."	Grazulis
		United States	Oklahoma, Kansas	Woodward County, Barber County		Homes and entire farms were swept away, and cars were carried for hundreds of yards.^[194]	NCDC, Grazulis
		United States	Minnesota	Hennepin County, Anoka County		Homes were swept away in Champlin and Anoka. A car was tossed and smashed to pieces. As the tornado crossed the Mississippi River, witnesses reported that so much water was sucked into the air that the riverbed was briefly exposed, and that the flow of water was stopped until the tornado reached the opposite bank.^[195] Tornado is not listed as an F5 by Grazulis.	NCDC
		United States	Louisiana	Amite		This tornado produced possible F5 damage to a "large new home," killing the couple inside.	Grazulis
		United States	Illinois	Peoria County, Marshall County		March 1942 tornado outbreak – Many homes were swept away in the town of Lacon, Illinois, and a rural farmhouse sustained F5-level damage.^[196]	NWS, NCDC, Grazulis
		United States	Kansas	Oberlin		Three farms were obliterated, with all buildings and several inches of topsoil swept away. Debris from homes was granulated into splinters "no larger than match sticks."^[197]	NWS,^[198] NCDC, Grazulis
		United States	South Dakota, Minnesota	Wilmot		1944 South Dakota–Minnesota tornado outbreak - Farms were swept away with no visible debris left.^[199] ^[200]	NWS, Grazulis
		United States	Wisconsin, Illinois	Grant County, Stephenson County		This long-tracked tornado or tornado family destroyed many homes in both Wisconsin and Illinois. Hundreds of cattle were killed. Rated F4 by Grazulis.	NCDC
		United States	Oklahoma	Antlers		Tornado outbreak of April 12, 1945 – Six hundred buildings were destroyed, and some areas were swept clean of all debris. The F5 rating is widely accepted.^[201]	NCDC, Grazulis
		United States	Texas, Oklahoma	Glazier, Higgins, Woodward		1947 Glazier-Higgins-Woodward tornadoes – Several towns were partially or totally destroyed. Most structures in Glazier were swept away, where shrubbery was debarked, ground scouring occurred, and vehicles were thrown hundreds of yards. In Higgins, a 4500kg (9,900lb) lathe was ripped from its anchors and broken in half.^[202] A 40000lb boiler tank in Woodward was thrown a block and a half. The F5 rating is widely accepted.^[203]	NWS, NCDC, Grazulis
		United States	Missouri	Worth		Most of Worth was destroyed. Half of a brick building remained standing in the village. Considered to be a possible F5 by Grazulis.	Grazulis
		United States	Oklahoma	Leedey		This tornado reportedly left more intense damage than the previous event did in Woodward. Many structures were swept away, leaving no debris or grass in some areas. Yards at some residences were stripped of their lawns and all vegetation, and several inches of topsoil were removed as well. The F5 rating is widely accepted, though the tornado was very slow-moving, which may have exacerbated the level of destruction to some extent.^[204]	NWS, Grazulis
		United States	Illinois, Indiana	Palestine		A restaurant was leveled, and cars in the parking lot were thrown up to away from where they originated. Rated F4 by Grazulis.	NCDC
		Australia	New South Wales	Bulahdelah		Bulahdelah tornado – Never officially rated, but is thought to have reached F4 or F5 intensity. Left a damage path long and wide through the Bulahdelah State Forest. According to reports, the tornado threw a tractor weighing 2000kg (4,000lb) through the air, depositing it upside-down. It is estimated that the tornado destroyed over one million trees.^[205]	Pending

See also

• Tornado intensity and damage
• List of tornadoes and tornado outbreaks
  • List of F4 and EF4 tornadoes
    • List of F4 and EF4 tornadoes (2010–2019)
    • List of F4 and EF4 tornadoes (2020–present)
• List of tornadoes striking downtown areas
• Tornado myths

Sources

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• Fujita. T. Theodore. Ted Fujita. February 1971. Proposed Characterization of Tornadoes and Hurricanes by Area and Intensity. Satellite and Mesometeorology Research Project Research Paper No. 91. Texas Tech University Southwest Collection/Special Collections Library . 10605/261875 . free.
• Fujita . T. Theodore . Tornadoes Around the World . . 26 . 2 . 56–83 . 1973 . 10.1080/00431672.1973.9931633 . free . 1973Weawi..26b..56F . 1.
• Book: Fujita. T. Theodore. Abbey, Jr.. Robert F.. Kessler. Edwin . 1983 . 1981. The Thunderstorm in Human Affairs. 2nd. Norman, Oklahoma. University of Oklahoma Press . 37–66. Chapter 3: Tornadoes: The Tornado Outbreak of 3–4 April 1974. 1.
• Tornado Outbreak in the Upper Midwest on June 7-8, 1984. June 1984. . 26 . 6. 9–17. T. T.. Fujita. D. J.. Stiegler. United States Department of Commerce. Asheville, North Carolina. 1.
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• Book: Fujita, T. T. . The Tornado: Its Structure, Dynamics, Prediction, and Hazards . 1993 . Plainfield tornado of August 28, 1990 . 1–17 . C. . Church . D. . Burgess . C. . Doswell . R. . Davies-Jones . 79 . Geophysical Monograph Series . American Geophysical Union . 978-0-87590-038-4 . 1 . 10.1029/gm079p0001 . 1993GMS....79....1F.
• Godfrey . Christopher M. . Peterson . Chris J. . 2017-02-01 . Estimating Enhanced Fujita Scale Levels Based on Forest Damage Severity . Weather and Forecasting . 32 . 1 . 243–252 . 10.1175/WAF-D-16-0104.1 . free . 2017WtFor..32..243G . 1520-0434.
• 1520-0493. 1978. 106. 1. 3–11. Life Cycle of the Union City, Oklahoma Tornado and Comparison with Waterspouts. Monthly Weather Review. Golden. Joseph H.. Purcell. Daniel. 1978MWRv..106....3G. 10.1175/1520-0493(1978)106<0003:LCOTUC>2.0.CO;2. free.
• Gordon . John D. . Boyd . Bobby . Rose . Mark A. . Wright . Jason B. . 3 . The Forgotten F5: The Lawrence County Supercell During the Middle Tennessee Tornado Outbreak of 16 April 1998 . National Weather Digest . 2000 . 24 . 4 . 3–10 . National Weather Association . The authors sent a detailed letter to the SPC recommending the two tornadoes from 1974, and the 1952 tornado mentioned above, be downgraded to F4. The SPC agreed to all three of these changes. The SPC database now reflects the conclusions of Professor Fujita's map of 1974, and Grazulis 1952 tornado report (1993). ... The authors suggested that the three former F5 tornadoes in Tennessee should be reclassified as F4. These changes have been adopted, making the 16 April 1998 Lawrence County tornado the only documented F5 in the history of Tennessee. . 18 December 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121218004427/http://www.nwas.org/digest/papers/2000/Vol24No4/Pg3-Gordon.pdf.
• Grazulis. Thomas P.. Thomas P. Grazulis. May 1984. Violent Tornado Climatography, 1880–1982. NUREG. CR-3670. OSTI. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Washington, D.C.. 7099491 . free.
• Book: Grazulis, Thomas P. . Significant Tornadoes 1880–1989 . November 1990 . The Tornado Project of Environmental Films . . 1-879362-02-3 . 2 . 1.
• Book: Grazulis . Thomas P. . Significant Tornadoes 1680–1991: A Chronology and Analysis of Events . July 1993 . The Tornado Project of Environmental Films . . 1-879362-03-1 . 1.
• Book: Grazulis. Thomas P.. The Tornado: Nature's Ultimate Windstorm . 2001a. University of Oklahoma Press. Norman, Oklahoma. 0-8061-3258-2 . registration . 1.
• Book: Grazulis, Thomas P. . F5-F6 Tornadoes. The Tornado Project of Environmental Films. 2001b . St. Johnsbury, Vermont. 1.
• Book: Grazulis . Thomas . April 2003 . The Tornado: Nature's Ultimate Windstorm . The University of Oklahoma Press . 978-0-8061-3538-0 . 1.
• Hickmon . W. C. . Tornadoes of April 15, 1921, in Arkansas and Texas . Monthly Weather Review . April 1921 . 49 . 4 . 194–196 . 10.1175/1520-0493(1921)49<194:TOAIAA>2.0.CO;2 . United States Weather Bureau . Little Rock, Arkansas . 1921MWRv...49..194H. free.
• Hovde . M. R. . The Champlin-Anoka, Minnesota Tornado . Monthly Weather Review . June 1939 . 67 . 6 . 176–178 . 10.1175/1520-0493(1939)67<176:tcmt>2.0.co;2 . United States Weather Bureau . Minneapolis, Minnesota . 1939MWRv...67..176H . free.
• Jarboe . J. H. . The Rocksprings, Texas, Tornado, April 12, 1927 . Monthly Weather Review . 1927 . 55 . 4 . 182–183 . 10.1175/1520-0493(1927)55<182:TRTTA>2.0.CO;2 . United States Weather Bureau . . 1927MWRv...55..182J . free.
• Johns . Robert H. . Robert H. Johns . Burgess . D. W. . Doswell III . C. A. . Gilmore . M. S. . Hart . J. A. . Piltz . S. F. . Edwards . Roger . Donald W. Burgess . Charles A. Doswell III . Roger Edwards (meteorologist) . 3 . The 1925 Tri-State Tornado Damage Path and Associated Storm System . e-Journal of Severe Storms Meteorology . 8 . 2 . 1–33 . 2013 . 10.55599/ejssm.v8i2.47 . free . 107678390 . 2014-04-18.
• Book: April 3, 1974: A Night to Remember . Jordan . Charles . Jordan . Teofista A. . 1987 . Southern Printing . Moulton, Alabama . National Weather Service . March 3, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160303185947/http://www.srh.noaa.gov/images/hun/media/1974/April%203%2C%201974%20%20A%20Night%20to%20Remember.pdf . March 3, 2016.
• Karstens . Christopher D. . Gallus . W. A. Jr. . Sarkar . Parka . Marshall . Timothy . November 7, 2012 . Supplemental Damage Indicators Discovered in Recent Strong Tornadoes . 26th Conference on Severe Local Storms . American Meteorological Society . https://ams.confex.com/ams/26SLS/webprogram/26SLS.html.
• Ladue . James G. . Marshall . Timothy P. . Ortega . Kiel L. . Stumpf . Gregory J. . 7 November 2012 . Performance of residences and shelters in the Oklahoma tornadoes of 24 May 2011 . 26th Conference on Severe Local Storms . American Meteorological Society . https://ams.confex.com/ams/26SLS/webprogram/26SLS.html . August 29, 2014.
• Neal . Lott . Sam . McCown . Tom . Ross . 1998-1999 Tornadoes and a Long-Term U.S. Tornado Climatology . National Climatic Data Center Technical Report . 99-02 . . 1999 . August 2000 . Asheville, North Carolina.
• Lyza . Anthony W. . Goudeau . Barrett T. . Knupp . Kevin R. . Damage Analysis and Close-Range Radar Observations of the 13 April 2019 Greenwood Springs, Mississippi, Tornado during VORTEX-SE Meso18-19 . Monthly Weather Review . 2022 . 150 . 7 . 1873–1893 . 10.1175/MWR-D-21-0281.1 . free . 2022MWRv..150.1873L.
• Marshall . Timothy P. . Jungbluth . Karl A. . Baca . Abigail . August 2008 . The Parkersburg, IA Tornado: 25 May 2008 . 24th Conference on Severe Local Storms . Savannah, GA . 2023-07-23.
• Marshall . Timothy P. . McCarthy . Daniel . LaDue . James . August 2008 . Damage survey of the Greensburg, KS tornado . 24th Conference on Severe Local Storms . Savannah, GA . 2023-07-27 . 1.
• McCarthy . Patrick J. . Carlsen . D. . Slipec . J. . Elie, Manitoba, Canada, June 22, 2007: Canada's first F5 totnado . 2023-07-27 . 29 October 2008 . 24th Conference on Severe Local Storms.
• McCaul . Eugene W. . Knupp . Kevin R. . Darden . Chris . Laws . Kevin . 7 November 2012 . Extreme damage incidents in the 27 April 2011 tornado superoutbreak . 26th Conference on Severe Local Storms.
• McDonald . James R. . T. Theodore Fujita: His Contribution to Tornado Knowledge through Damage Documentation and the Fujita Scale . . 82 . 1 . 63–72 . . January 2001 . 10.1175/1520-0477(2001)000<0063:TTFHCT>2.3.CO;2 . 2001BAMS...82...63M . free .
• Mehta . Kishor C. . McDonald . James R. . Mirror . Joseph E. . Sanger . Albert J. . 3 . Response of Structural Systems to the Lubbock Storm . 03, The Lubbock Storm . Storm Research Report . . October 1971 . . live . http://www.lubbocktornado1970.com/pdf/ResponseStructuralSystems_TTUResearch_Pt5.pdf . IV. Windborne Objects and Missile Damage . https://web.archive.org/web/20170302093820/http://www.lubbocktornado1970.com/pdf/responsestructuralsystems_tturesearch.pdf . 2017-03-02.
• Mitchell. Charles L. . Tornadoes of March 28, in Northeastern Illinois . Monthly Weather Review . April 1920 . 28 . 4 . 191–196 . 10.1175/1520-0493(1920)48<191b:TOMINI>2.0.CO;2 . United States Weather Bureau . Chicago, Illinois . 1920MWRv...48..191M . free.
• Book: O'Toole, John M. . Tornado! 84 Minutes, 94 Lives . 1993 . DATABooks . Worcester, Massachusetts . 0-9636277-0-8 . registration.
• Ortega . Kiel L. . Bluestein . H. . Burgess . D. W. . Garfield . G. S. . LaDue . J. G. . Manross . K. L. . Smith . B. R. . Smith . R. . Smith . T. M. . Snyder . J. C. . Stumpf . G. J. . 25 January 2012 . Overview of the 24 May 2011 tornado outbreak . 92nd American Meteorological Society Annual Meeting (January 22–26, 2012) .
• Ortega . Kiel L. . Burgess . D. W. . Garfield . G. S. . Karstens . C. . LaDue . J. G. . Marshall . T. P. . Meyer . T. C. . Smith . B. R. . Smith . R. . Speheger . D. . Stumpf . G. J. . February 5, 2014 . Damage Survey and Analysis of the 20 May 2013 Newcastle-Moore, OK, EF-5 Tornado . March 12, 2014 . 94th American Meteorological Society Annual Meeting . American Meteorological Society . https://ams.confex.com/ams/94Annual/webprogram/start.html . 3 . 1.
  • Web site: (Handout) . March 12, 2014.
  • Web site: (Manuscript) . March 12, 2014.
• Ostuno. E. J.. Roger Edwards. Roger Edwards (meteorologist) . A Case Study in Forensic Meteorology: Investigating the 3 April 1956 Tornadoes in Western Lower Michigan . e-Journal of Severe Storms Meteorology . 2008 . 3 . 1 . 1–33 . . 10.55599/ejssm.v3i1.14 . 109690212 . .
• Book: Piner, H. L.. 1896 . Sherman's Black Friday; May 15th, 1896: A History of the Great Sherman Tornado . Register Printing House . Sherman, Texas.
• Book: Seeley, Mark W. . Minnesota Weather Almanac. Minnesota Historical Society press . 2006. 0-87351-554-4. registration .
• Snyder . Jeffrey C. . Bluestein . Howard B. . Howard Bluestein . Some Considerations for the Use of High-Resolution Mobile Radar Data in Tornado Intensity Determination . Weather and Forecasting . 1 August 2014 . 29 . 4 . 799–827 . 10.1175/WAF-D-14-00026.1 . 2014WtFor..29..799S . free . 122669043 .
• Stevenson . Sarah A. . Miller . Connell S. . Sills . David M. L. . Kopp . Gregory A. . Rhee . Daniel M. . Lombardo . Franklin T. . Assessment of wind speeds along the damage path of the Alonsa, Manitoba EF4 tornado on 3 August 2018 . Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics . July 2023 . 238 . 105422 . 10.1016/j.jweia.2023.105422 . free . 258127319.
• Wakimoto . R. M. . Murphey . H. V. . Dowell . D. C. . Bluestein . H. B. . Roger Wakimoto . The Kellerville Tornado during VORTEX: Damage Survey and Doppler Radar Analyses . Monthly Weather Review . 2003 . 131 . 10 . 2197–2221 . . 10.1175/1520-0493(2003)131<2197:TKTDVD>2.0.CO;2 . 2003MWRv..131.2197W . free.
• Wurman . Joshua . Alexander . Curtis R. . Joshua Wurman . The 30 May 1998 Spencer, South Dakota, Storm. Part II: Comparison of Observed Damage and Radar-Derived Winds in the Tornadoes . Monthly Weather Review . January 2005 . 133 . 1 . 97–119 . 10.1175/MWR-2856.1 . 2005MWRv..133...97W . free.
• Wurman . Joshua . Kosiba . Karen . White . Trevor . Robinson . Paul . Supercell tornadoes are much stronger and wider than damage-based ratings indicate . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 6 April 2021 . 118 . 14 . e2021535118 . 10.1073/pnas.2021535118 . 33753558 . 8040662 . 2021PNAS..11821535W . free . 3. 1.
• Book: Yuko Murayama . Dimiter Velev . Plamena Zlateva . Information Technology in Disaster Risk Reduction . 2019 . Springer . 978-3-030-32169-7 . 5 December 2022.

Further reading

• News: Rincon . Paul . Paul Rincon . July 11, 2003 . UK, Holland top twister league . . 2023-07-25.
• Web site: 11 November 2008 . Observing tornadoes, dust devils, whirl winds, water spouts and land spouts . Australia Severe Weather . 2022-10-09 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20221127232818/http://australiasevereweather.com/techniques/moreadv/funnels.htm . 2022-11-27.

External links

• Climatological Risk of Strong and Violent Tornadoes in the United States (Paper 9.4, Second Conference on Environmental Applications)
• Severe Thunderstorm and Tornado Climatology (NSSL)
• Fujita Scale
• Extreme Weather at the CBC.ca Archives
• List of strong tornadoes from 1879 to 2000

Notes and References

1. Web site: . . U.S. Tornado Climatology . 2013-05-20 . 2013-10-28 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131028054430/http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/climate-information/extreme-events/us-tornado-climatology.
2. Web site: Storm Prediction Center. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2006. June 25, 2013. Fujita Tornado Damage Scale .
3. Multiple sources:
   • Web site: Storm Prediction Center. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. August 4, 2011. June 25, 2013. The Enhanced Fujita Scale (EF Scale) .
   • Web site: Storm Prediction Center. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2013. June 25, 2013 . Enhanced F Scale for Tornado Damage.
4. Web site: F5 Tornado - Fujita Scale. factsjustforkids.com. June 20, 2019.
5. Web site: EF5 Tornado - Fujita Scale . factsjustforkids.com. June 20, 2019.
6. Web site: Top ten weather stories for 2007: Canada's First F5 Tornado. https://web.archive.org/web/20130312065945/https://ec.gc.ca/meteo-weather/default.asp?lang=En&n=07580648-1. 12 March 2013. December 30, 2009. Environment and Climate Change Canada.
7. Multiple sources:
8. Multiple sources:
9. Lyza . Anthony W. . Flournoy . Matthew D. . Alford . A. Addison . Comparison of Tornado Damage Characteristics to Low-Altitude WSR-88D Radar Observations and Implications for Tornado Intensity Estimation . . 19 March 2024 . 10.1175/MWR-D-23-0242.1 . 19 March 2024 . . Academic publication.
10. Multiple sources:
    • • Web site: European Severe Storms Laboratory . Woldegk . European Severe Weather Database . 2023-07-25. Query criteria: "29-06-1764", tornadoes, "Germany"
    • Web site: June 29, 1764 German F5/T11 Tornado . European Severe Weather Database . December 5, 2022 . European Severe Storms Laboratory . 5 December 2022 . Internet Archive.
    • Web site: Beschreibung des Orcans, welcher den 29. Jun. 1764 einen Strich von etlichen Meilen im Stargardischen Kreise des Herzogthums Mecklenburg gewaltig verwüstet hat, in einigen Briefen an des Herrn G.C.R.S. Wohlgeb. in Neustrel. entworfen von G. B. Genzmern. . Feuerstein . Bernold . June 9, 2005 . Heidelberg . Kompetenzzentrum für lokale Unwetter in Deutschland (D), Österreich (A) und der Schweiz (CH) . www.tordach.org . https://web.archive.org/web/20051031062455/http://www.tordach.org/pdf/Genzmer1765.pdf . October 31, 2005 . June 25, 2013 . de.
11. Multiple sources:
    • Web site: April 23, 1800 German F5 Tornado . European Severe Weather Database . European Severe Storms Laboratory . 4 December 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221204064008/https://eswd.eu/ . 4 December 2022 .
    • Web site: Tornado in Hainichen 23.04.1800 . 4 December 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221204181809/https://tornadoliste.de/18000423hainichen.htm . 4 December 2022 . live.
12. Multiple sources:
    • Web site: Severe Storms Archive - Tornado 21 Feb 1876 to 22 Feb 1876 . Bureau of Meteorology . . 8 February 2023.
    • News: The Tornado at Bowen . Brisbane Courier. 22 February 1876 . 30 . 2732 . . 3 . 8 February 2023. Trove.
    • News: General News. . 11 . 28 . . Brisbane . 26 February 1876 . 9 June 2013 . 26 . National Library of Australia.
13. Multiple sources:
14. Multiple sources:
15. Multiple sources:
    • • • Web site: News and Video Footage . Ken . Kelley . 1953 . Detroit/Pontiac, MI Weather Forecast Office . White Lake, Michigan. . 21 March 2021.
16. Web site: 2017-06-08 . June 8, 1953: Remembering the Flint-Beecher Tornado . 2023-12-22 . Absolute Michigan . en-US.
17. Web site: Journal . Jeff Rauschert Flint . 2008-06-08 . People share their memories of the Beecher tornado . 2023-12-22 . mlive . en.
18. Multiple sources:
19. Multiple sources:
20. Multiple sources:
    • • • Web site: The Great Plains Tornado Outbreak and Blackwell Tornado of 25-26 May 1955. Norman, OK Weather Forecast Office. Norman, Oklahoma. National Weather Service. 21 March 2021.
21. Multiple sources:
    • • • Web site: Pictures from the Udall tornado. Wichita, Kansas Weather Forecast Office. National Weather Service. Wichita, Kansas. 21 March 2021.
    • Web site: Storm report from the Udall tornado. Wichita, Kansas Weather Forecast Office. National Weather Service. Wichita, Kansas. 21 March 2021.
    • Web site: 1955 Udall Tornado | Wichita Eagle . Kansas.com . 2011-02-23 . 2013-09-15 . 2013-11-19 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131119071847/http://www.kansas.com/2010/02/10/1174869/1955-udall-tornado.html .
22. Multiple sources:
    • • • • Web site: 1956 Tornado Outbreak: Vriesland to Trufant Tornado - Eyewitness Accounts . Grand Rapids, MI Weather Forecast Office. National Weather Service. . 21 March 2021.
23. Multiple sources:
    • • • Web site: Ruskin Heights Tornado of May 20 1957 . Kansas City/Pleasant Hill, MO Weather Forecast Office. National Weather Service . Pleasant Hill, Missouri. 21 March 2021.
24. Multiple sources:
    • • • • Web site: Digital Horizons: Item Viewer . Digitalhorizonsonline.org . 1957-06-20 . 2013-08-31.
25. Multiple sources:
26. Multiple sources:
27. Multiple sources:
28. Multiple sources:
    • • • Web site: Wichita Falls, TX Tornado, Apr 1964 - Twister Slams Wichita Falls | GenDisasters ... Genealogy in Tragedy, Disasters, Fires, Floods . gendisasters.com . 2013-07-13 . 2013-11-19 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131119074428/http://www3.gendisasters.com/texas/13881/wichita-falls-tx-tornado-apr-1964 . dead .
29. Multiple sources:
    • • • Web site: May 5, 1964: F5 Tornado Tracks From Adams To Butler County . May 1, 2014 . Hastings, NE Weather Forecast Office . Hastings, Nebraska. National Weather Service . 22 March 2021.
30. Multiple sources:
31. Multiple sources:
    • • • Web site: NWS Jackson, MS - Mar. 3, 2006 40th Anniversary of the Candlestick Park Tornado . Jackson, Mississippi Weather Forecast Office . National Weather Service . . 22 March 2021.
    • News: Tornado Plows Horrible Swath; 60 Known Dead. 15 May 2023. . March 5, 1966. Bonney. James . Associated Press. Schenectady, New York. 72. 133 . Morning.
32. Multiple sources:
    • • • • • Web site: Washburn university Devastation and Recovery . Washburn.edu . . December 23, 2013.
    • Web site: Personal Topeka Tornado Stories . Washburn.edu . Washburn University . December 23, 2013.
    • Web site: Burnett's Mound Story and Legend . Chief Abraham B. Burnett Family . 22 March 2021.
33. Multiple sources:
34. Multiple sources:
    • Web site: European Severe Storms Laboratory . 2013 . European Severe Weather Database . June 25, 2013.
      • Web site: Tornade F5 à Palluel (62) le 24/06/1967 . Infoclimat.fr . Infoclimat . 22 March 2021 . French . 2021.
35. Multiple sources:
    • • • Web site: Wheelersburg Tornado 102 . Sciotoville.org . 22 March 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131029230024/http://sciotoville.org/Photos/WheelersburgTornado/wheelersburgtornado102.html . 29 October 2013.
    • Web site: Wheelersburg Tornado . Sciotoville.org . 22 March 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131031083705/http://www.sciotoville.org/Photos/WheelersburgTornado/index.html . 31 October 2013.
36. Multiple sources:
37. Multiple sources:
38. Multiple sources:
    • • • Ryan, Bob.. June 14, 1968 . KSTP Coverage of 1968 Tracy tornado. motion picture . September 6, 2013. KSTP. Tracy, Minnesota.
39. Web site: A list of the top 10 worst tornadoes in Texas history . Amarillo, TX Weather Forecast Office . National Weather Service . . 22 March 2021.
40. Multiple sources:
41. Multiple sources:
    • • • Web site: NWS Jackson, MS - Mar. 3, 2006 40th Anniversary of the Candlestick Park Tornado . . . 25 February 2021 . Flowood, Mississippi.
42. Multiple sources:
    • • • Web site: Grazulis . Thomas P. . Grazulis . Doris . 2000 . Woldwide Tornadoes--Argentina . The Tornado Project . 9 October 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140113064343/http://www.tornadoproject.com/alltorns/argentina.htm . 13 January 2014 . Environmental Films . St. Johnsbury, Vermont.
    • Web site: Prociv . Kathryn . From domestic to international: Tornadoes around the world . United States Tornadoes . 2013-08-31 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130814142559/http://www.ustornadoes.com/2013/07/25/from-domestic-to-international-tornadoes-around-the-world/ . 14 August 2013 . 25 July 2013.
    • June 19, 2013 . Viento Asesino . motion picture . August 26, 2014 . unknown . Argentina . https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/BBHRd77w7_Y. 2021-12-12 . live.
43. Mariano Balbi . Pablo Barbieri . Enfoque Científico del Riesgo – Evaluación del potential de Tornados en Argentina . Anales de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias de Buenos Aires . Scientific Approach to Risk – Assessment of the Potential For Tornadoes in Argentina . Annals of the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires . Buenos Aires . 2017 . es . 25 July 2023.
44. Web site: . NCDC Storm Data for the 1973 Valley Mills tornado . . . 27 March 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240327051923/http://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/NCDC_Storm_Data_for_the_1973_Valley_Mills_tornado . 27 March 2024 . . 27 March 2024 . live.
45. Multiple sources:
46. Multiple sources:
    • • • • Web site: The Super Outbreak of April 3-4, 1974 . Wilmington, OH Weather Forecast Office . National Weather Service . 22 March 2021 . Wilmington, Ohio.
47. Web site: Fujita . T. Theodore . 1974 . Jumbo Tornado Outbreak of 3 April 1974 .
48. Multiple sources:
49. Multiple sources:
    • • • • • Web site: Don Macy Photos of April 3, 1974 . April31974.com . 1974-04-03 . 2013-08-31 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130522061627/http://www.april31974.com/don_macy_photos_of_april_3_1974.htm . May 22, 2013.
    • Web site: April 3, 1974: In the Path . Louisville, KY Weather Forecast Office . National Weather Service . . 22 March 2021.
50. Multiple sources:
    • • • • Web site: Tornado Photos from Sayler Park . April31974.com . 1974-04-03 . 2013-08-31 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130807135633/http://april31974.com/tornado_photos_from_sayler_park.htm . August 7, 2013.
    • Web site: Tornado Outbreak April 3 – 4, 1974 . April 19, 1974 . Wilmington, OH Weather Forecast Office . National Weather Service . Wilmington, Ohio . 22 March 2021.
51. Web site: Aerial Pictures from April 3-4th, 1974 . March 29, 2014 . Huntsville, AL Weather Forecast Office . National Weather Service . Huntsville, Alabama . 4 April 2021.
52. Multiple sources:
    • • • • • Web site: April 3-4, 1974 Limestone County Tornado Damage . March 29, 2014 . Huntsville, AL Weather Forecast Office . National Weather Service . Huntsville, Alabama . 4 April 2021.
    • News: Taylor . Dwight . The Sky Turned a Funny Orange. Florence Times. April 4, 1974. . 1.
53. Multiple sources:
54. Multiple sources:
    • • • • • Web site: Top 10 Weather Events in the 20th Century For Alabama . NWS Birmingham, Alabama Weather Forecast Office. National Weather Service . 4 April 2021. . 6 August 2009. The F5 tornado, that nearly wiped the town of Guin off the map, was one of the most powerful twisters ever to strike the United States ….
    • News: Scene looks like work of monster. September 15, 2013 . The Tuscaloosa News. April 5, 1974. Tuscaloosa, Alabama. 156. 95. 1.
    • News: The 1974 Super Outbreak . Elliot . J. B. . ABC33/40. April 2, 2010. Birmingham, Alabama.
    • Elliott, J. B. . October 13, 2006 . April 3–4 Superoutbreak of tornadoes . motion picture . January 4, 2013 . ABC33/40 . Alabama.
55. Multiple sources:
    • • • Web site: March 26, 1976 F-5 SPIRO OKLAHOMA TORNADO . https://archive.today/20130703213105/http://www.webspawner.com/users/spirotornado/ . 2013-07-03 . WebSpawner . 1976-03-26 . 2013-07-13.
56. Multiple sources:
57. Multiple sources:
58. Multiple sources:
    • • • • Web site: Smithfield Tornado 4/4/1977 . NWS Birmingham, Alabama Weather Forecast Office . National Weather Service . Calera, Alabama . 4 April 2021.
59. Multiple sources:
60. Multiple sources:
    • • • • Web site: June 8, 1984 Barneveld, WI F5 Tornado . Milwaukee/Sullivan, WI Weather Forecast Office. National Weather Service. 4 April 2021 . Dousman, Wisconsin. 8 June 2012.
61. Multiple sources:
    • • • • Web site: Tornado Outbreak May 31, 1985 - Pictures . Cleveland, OH Weather Forecast Office. National Weather Service. 4 April 2021. . 15 April 2002.
62. Web site: Info on the March 13th 1990 Hesston KS tornado . Wichita, Kansas Weather Forecast Office . National Weather Service . 15 May 2023 . Wichita, Kansas.
63. Multiple sources:
    • • News: Kansas twister might be strongest ever recorded . . . 108 . April 10, 1990 . . . 2 . 4 April 2021.
64. Multiple sources:
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202. Multiple sources:
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     • News: Stunned Victims Unable To Comprehend Disaster. The Amarillo Daily News. April 11, 1947. Amarillo, Texas.
203. Multiple sources:
     • • • News: Levi Holt Tells of Glazier Storm . The Hemphill County News. April 25, 1947. Texas.
     • Web site: Tornado Data, Information and Links. US Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . www.weather.gov.
     • Web site: The Woodward Tornado of 9 April 1947 . US Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . www.weather.gov.
204. Multiple sources:
     • • • Web site: July 24, 2024 . F5/EF-5 Tornadoes in Oklahoma (1905-Present) . NWS Norman, OK . NOAA.
205. Web site: Heidorn . Keith C. . 1 June 2007 . Tornadoes of Australia and New Zealand . The Weather Doctor . 9 October 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20070626192408/http://www.islandnet.com/~see/weather/storm/tornadoes-aunzea.htm . 26 June 2007 .