List of Eastern Pacific tropical storms explained

Tropical storms are tropical cyclones with 1-minute sustained winds between NaNkn. Tropical cyclones that attain such winds and make landfall while maintaining that intensity are capable of causing minor to moderate damage to human lives and infrastructure. Since 1949, at least 490 systems have peaked at tropical storm intensity in the Eastern Pacific basin, which is denoted as the part of the Pacific Ocean north of the equator and east of the International Date Line. This list does not include storms that also attained Category 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 status on the Saffir–Simpson scale.

There are a plethora of factors that influence tropical cyclogenesis, the formation of tropical cyclones, in the Northeastern Pacific. The North Pacific High and Aleutian Low which occur from December to April, produce strong upper-level winds which prevent the formation of tropical cyclones. During the summer and early autumn months, sea surface temperatures are generally warm enough to support tropical cyclone development in the Northeast Pacific, and perhaps even rapid intensification. Additionally, El Niño events cause more powerful hurricanes to form by generating weaker wind shear and higher sea surface temperatures, while La Niña events reduce the number of such hurricanes by doing the opposite.

Background

A tropical cyclone achieves tropical storm status when it possesses maximum sustained winds between 34kn and 63kn.[1] The National Hurricane Center (NHC) takes sustained winds to be the average wind speed measured over the period of one minute at the height of 10m (30feet) above the ground.[2] Should a tropical storm make landfall, it has the potential to cause minor to moderate damage to human infrastructure, with debris carried by the winds capable of bringing injury or death to humans and animals.[1]

The Northeast Pacific tropical cyclone basin is defined as the region of the Pacific Ocean north of the equator and east of the International Date Line. The Northeast Pacific is further divided into two sub-basins, namely the east and central Pacific. The east Pacific runs east of the 140th meridian west, and tropical cyclones occurring there are warned upon by the National Hurricane Center, the current Regional Specialized Meteorological Center (RSMC) for that area. The central Pacific, running from the 140th meridian west to the International Date Line, currently has the Central Pacific Hurricane Center as its RSMC.[3] Tropical cyclones are generally much rarer in the central Pacific than in the east Pacific, with an average of just four to five storms forming or moving into the central Pacific compared to around 15 for the east Pacific.[4] [5] All tropical cyclones recorded by past and present RSMCs of the Northeast Pacific basin since 1949 are listed in the Northeast and North Central Pacific hurricane database (HURDAT), which is compiled and maintained by the National Hurricane Center.

Climatology

Before 1970, tropical cyclones within the Northeast Pacific were classified into three categories: tropical depression, tropical storm, and hurricane; these were assigned intensities of 30abbr=onNaNabbr=on, 50abbr=onNaNabbr=on, and 85abbr=onNaNabbr=on respectively. Exceptions to these rules would be storms that affected humans and as such humans were able to measure or estimate wind speeds or pressure data.Hurricane season in the Northeast Pacific tropical cyclone basin begins on May 15 in the east Pacific and June 1 in the central Pacific, and ends on November 30.[6] Since 1949, a total of 490 tropical storms have developed in the Northeast Pacific basin.

The formation and development of tropical cyclones, termed tropical cyclogenesis, requires high sea surface temperatures of at least 26.5abbr=onNaNabbr=on and low vertical wind shear. When these conditions are met, a pre-existing tropical disturbance – usually a tropical wave – can develop into a tropical cyclone, provided the disturbance is far enough from the Equator to experience a sufficiently strong Coriolis force which is responsible for the counterclockwise rotation of hurricanes in the Northern Hemisphere.[7] During the winter and spring months of December to April, sea surface temperatures in the tropics are usually too low to support development. Also, the presence of a semi-permanent high-pressure area known as the North Pacific High in the eastern Pacific greatly suppresses formation of tropical cyclones in the winter, as the North Pacific High results in vertical wind shear that causes environmental conditions to be unconducive to tropical cyclone formation. Another factor preventing tropical cyclones from forming during the winter is the presence of a semi-permanent low-pressure area called the Aleutian Low between January and April. Its effects in the central Pacific near the 160th meridian west cause tropical waves that form in the area to drift northward into the Gulf of Alaska and dissipate or become extratropical. Its retreat in late-April allows the warmth of the Pacific High to meander in, bringing its powerful clockwise wind circulation with it. The Intertropical Convergence Zone departs southward in mid-May permitting the formation of the earliest tropical waves,[8] coinciding with the start of the eastern Pacific hurricane season on May 15.[6] During summer and autumn, sea surface temperatures rise further to reach near 29C in July and August, well above the 26.5C threshold for tropical cyclogenesis. This allows for hurricanes developing during that time to strengthen significantly.[8]

The El Niño–Southern Oscillation also influences the frequency and intensity of hurricanes in the Northeast Pacific basin. During years with the existence of an El Niño event, sea surface temperatures increase in the Northeast Pacific and average vertical wind shear decreases, resulting in an increase in activity; the opposite happens in the Atlantic basin during El Niño, where increased wind shear creates an unfavorable environment for tropical cyclone formation.[9] Contrary to El Niño, La Niña increases wind shear and decreases sea surface temperatures over the eastern Pacific, while reducing wind shear and increasing sea surface temperatures over the Atlantic.[8]

Within the Northeast Pacific, tropical cyclones generally head west out into the open Pacific Ocean, steered by the westward trade windss. Closer to the end of the season, however, some storms are steered northwards or northeastwards around the subtropical ridge nearer the end of the season, and may bring impacts to the western coasts of Mexico and occasionally even Central America. In the central Pacific basin, the North Pacific High keeps tropical cyclones away from the Hawaiian Islands by forcing them southwards.[8] Combined with cooler waters around the Hawaiian Islands that tend to weaken approaching tropical cyclones, this makes direct impacts on the Hawaiian Islands by tropical cyclones rare.[10]

Systems

Key:

1949–1959

NameDates as a
tropical storm		Duration
(hours)		Sustained
wind speeds		PressureAreas affectedDeathsDamage
(USD)
OneJune 11–12, 194945knWestern MexicoNone
TwoJune 17–23, 194945knNoneNoneNone
ThreeSeptember 3–8, 194945knBaja California PeninsulaNoneNone
FiveSeptember 17–19, 194945knWestern MexicoNone
FourAugust 12–13, 195045knNoneNoneNone
OneMay 17–21, 195145knSouthern Mexico
ThreeJune 26–27, 195145knWestern Mexico
FourJuly 5–6, 195145knWestern Mexico
FiveAugust 3–10, 195145knNoneNoneNone
SixAugust 24–29, 195145knBaja California
SevenSeptember 11–15, 195145knWestern MexicoNoneNone
NineNovember 27–30, 195145knWestern MexicoNoneNone
Overall reference for name, dates, duration, winds and pressure:

1990–1999

NameDates as a
tropical storm		Duration
(hours)		Sustained
wind speeds		PressureAreas affectedDeathsDamage
(USD)
CristinaJuly 2–3, 19964260kn991hPaSouthern Mexico13[11] [12]
ElidaSeptember 2–5, 19967855kn994hPaBaja California Peninsula6Minimal[13]
GenevieveSeptember 28–October 8, 199611445kn999hPaNone[14]
AndresJune 2–6, 19979045kn998hPaMexico, El Salvador, Nicaragua4Minimal[15]
BlancaJune 10–11, 19974840kn1002hPaMexicoMinimal[16]
CarlosJune 25–27, 19973645kn996hPaNone[17]
HildaAugust 11–14, 19976045kn1000hPaNone[18]
IgnacioAugust 17–18, 19971835kn1005hPaCalifornia, Pacific NorthwestMinimal[19]
OliwaSeptember 3–4, 19973035kn1004hPaNone
KevinSeptember 4–6, 19974855kn994hPaNone[20]
MartySeptember 14–15, 19973640kn1002hPaNone[21]
OlafSeptember 25–28, 19975460kn989hPaMexico, El Salvador, Guatemala18[22] [23]
PakaDecember 2–7, 199710855kn992hPaNone[24]
AgathaJune 13–15, 19986055kn993hPaNone[25]
CeliaJuly 17–20, 19986650kn997hPaBaja California Peninsula, Revillagigedo Islands, California[26]
FrankAugust 8–9, 19983640kn1001hPaBaja California Peninsula, Southwestern United States (Arizona)3[27] [28]
JavierSeptember 7–13, 19987850kn995hPaRevillagigedo Islands, Southwestern Mexico[29]
CalvinJuly 25–26, 19992435kn1005hPaNone[30]
FernandaAugust 18–20, 19997255kn994hPaSocorro Island[31]
IrwinOctober 8–10, 19995450kn996hPaSouthwestern Mexico (Guerrero)Minimal[32]
Overall reference for name, dates, duration, winds and pressure:

2000–2009

NameDates as a
tropical storm		Duration
(hours)		Sustained
wind speeds		PressureAreas affectedDeathsDamage
(USD)
Bud7245kn994hPaRevillagigedo Islands, Baja California Peninsula[33]
Upana4840kn1006hPaNone
Emilia7255kn994hPaClarion Island, Revillagigedo Islands[34]
Fabio4845kn1000hPaNone[35]
Ileana6660kn991hPaBaja California Peninsula, Northwestern Mexico[36]
Wene3645kn1002hPaNone[37]
John8460kn994hPaNone[38]
Kristy1835kn1004hPaNone[39]
Miriam1235kn1004hPaNorthwestern Mexico, Baja California[40]
Norman1845kn998hPaSouthwestern Mexico, Arizona, Texas9[41] [42]
Olivia15055kn994hPaSouthwestern United States[43]
Paul3640kn1003hPaHawaii[44] [45]
Rosa7255kn993hPaSouthwestern Mexico, Central America[46] [47]
Barbara4850kn997hPaHawaiian Islands[48]
Cosme3040kn1000hPaBaja California Peninsula, Socorro Island[49]
Erick4235kn1001hPaNone[50]
Henriette7855kn994hPaNone[51]
Ivo7245kn997hPaSouthwestern Mexico, Baja California Peninsula[52]
Lorena4855kn996hPaSouthwestern Mexico (Guerrero)[53]
Manuel9050kn997hPaNone[54]
Boris4250kn997hPaSouthwestern Mexico[55]
Cristina7855kn994hPaNone[56]
Alika4855kn995hPaNone[57]
Genevieve8460kn989hPaNone[58]
Iselle9060kn990hPaBaja California Peninsula[59]
Julio2440kn1000hPaSouthwestern Mexico3[60] [61]
Lowell7845kn1002hPaHawaii[62]
Andres12050kn997hPaNone[63]
Blanca7250kn997hPaNone[64]
Carlos2455kn996hPaSouthwestern Mexico9[65] [66] [67] [68]
Dolores1235kn1005hPaNone[69]
Enrique5455kn993hPaNone[70]
Felicia4845kn1000hPaNone[71]
Guillermo8450kn997hPaNone[72]
Hilda4235kn1004hPaNone[73]
Kevin635kn1000hPaNone[74]
Agatha3650kn997hPaRevillagigedo Islands, Clarion Island, Southwestern Mexico[75]
Blas4855kn991hPaNorthwestern Mexico, Baja California Peninsula, Southwestern United States[76]
Estelle6660kn989hPaNone[77]
Georgette8455kn995hPaNone[78]
Kay1240kn1004hPaNone[79]
Lester1845kn1000hPaSouthwestern Mexico[80]
Beatriz3645kn1000hPaNone[81]
Calvin4245kn1000hPaSouthwestern Mexico[82]
Dora3640kn1002hPaSouthwestern Mexico[83]
Eugene4860kn989hPaBaja California Peninsula1[84] [85]
Greg7845kn1000hPaNone[86]
Irwin4845kn1000hPaSouthwestern Mexico[87]
Lidia2435kn1005hPaNone[88]
Norma7850kn997hPaNone[89]
Aletta4840kn1002hPaSouthwestern Mexico[90]
Emilia12655kn990hPaSouthwestern and Western Mexico, Baja California Peninsula, Southwestern United States[91]
Fabio4845kn1000hPaNone[92]
Gilma1835kn1004hPaNone[93]
Miriam4240kn999hPaNone[94]
Norman3045kn1000hPaSouthwestern and Western Mexico[95]
Olivia3040kn1000hPaNone[96]
Rosa1835kn1002hPaNone[97]
Alvin3035kn1003hPaNone[98]
Barbara7245kn1000hPaSouthwestern Mexico4[99] [100] [101]
Dalila7850kn1004hPaBaja California Sur, Jalisco, Socorro Island11[102] [103]
Erick2435kn1004hPaNone[104]
Gil5440kn1001hPaWestern Mexico1[105] [106]
Juliette6050kn997hPaNone[107]
Kiko13860kn991hPaWestern Mexico15[108] [109]
Alma2455kn994hPaCentral America11[110] [111] [112] [113] [114]
Cristina4845kn999hPaNone[115]
Douglas3035kn1003hPaNorthwestern Mexico, Baja California Peninsula[116]
Kika7835kn1007hPaNone[117]
Iselle5445kn999hPaNone[118]
Julio5445kn998hPaNorthwestern Mexico, Baja California Sur, Sinaloa, Arizona2[119] [120] [121] [122]
Karina1235kn1000hPaSocorro Island[123]
Lowell7845kn998hPaNorthwestern Mexico, Baja California Peninsula, Southwestern United States6[124] [125]
Odile7250kn997hPaNicaragua, Honduras, El Salvador, Guatemala, Southwestern Mexico[126]
Polo4840kn1002hPaNone[127]
Blanca4845kn998hPaWestern Mexico, California[128]
Dolores3050kn997hPaClarion Island[129]
Lana7255kn995hPaNone[130]
Enrique7255kn994hPaNone[131]
Maka1235kn1008hPaNone[132]
Hilda10255kn995hPaNone[133]
Ignacio5445kn999hPaNone[134]
Kevin3645kn1000hPaNone[135]
Marty5440kn1002hPaNone[136]
Nora4250kn997hPaNone[137]
Olaf3640kn996hPaBaja California Peninsula[138]
Patricia5450kn996hPaBaja California Peninsula, Northwest Mexico[139]
Overall reference for name, dates, duration, winds and pressure:

2010–2019

NameDates as a
tropical storm		Duration
(hours)		Sustained
wind speeds		PressureAreas affectedDeathsDamage
(USD)
Agatha2440kn1001hPaSouthwestern Mexico (Chiapas), Central America (Guatemala)204[140] [141] [142]
Blas8455kn994hPaNone[143]
Estelle7855kn994hPaSouthwestern Mexico, Western Mexico, Northwestern Mexico[144]
Georgette3035kn999hPaBaja California Peninsula, Northwestern Mexico1[145] [146]
Omeka3060abbr=onNaNabbr=on997hPaHawaii[147]
Fernanda8470abbr=onNaNabbr=on992hPaNone[148]
Aletta5445kn1000hPaNone[149]
Hector9045kn995hPaWestern Mexico, Baja California Peninsula[150]
John3640kn1000hPaBaja California Peninsula[151]
Kristy10250kn998hPaBaja California Peninsula[152]
Norman2445kn997hPaWestern Mexico, Baja California Peninsula, Northwestern Mexico, Texas1[153] [154]
Olivia5460abbr=onNaNabbr=on997hPaNone[155]
Rosa9645kn1001hPaNone[156]
Alvin3650kn1000hPaNone[157]
Flossie11460kn994hPaHawaii[158] [159]
Pewa4855kn1000hPaNone[160]
Unala635kn1005hPaNone[161]
Ivo4840kn997hPaBaja California Peninsula, Western United States1[162] [163]
Juliette4255kn997hPaWestern Mexico, Baja California Peninsula, Northwestern Mexico1[164] [165]
Lorena4845kn1002hPaWestern Mexico, Baja California Peninsula[166]
Narda4855kn997hPaNone[167]
Octave6055kn994hPaBaja California Peninsula, Northwestern Mexico[168]
Priscilla3640kn1001hPaNone[169]
Sonia3540kn1002hPaNorthwestern Mexico[170]
Boris1840kn999hPaSouthwestern Mexico, Guatemala6[171] [172] [173] [174]
Douglas12645kn999hPaNone[175]
Elida4245kn1002hPaWestern Mexico[176]
Fausto3040kn1004hPaNone[177]
Wali2440kn1003hPaNone[178]
Trudy3055kn998hPaSouthwestern Mexico9[179] [180] [181] [182] [183]
Ela3640kn1002hPaNone[184]
Halola4850kn998hPaNone[185]
Iune2435kn1004hPaNone[186]
Enrique10245kn1000hPaNone[187]
Felicia1235kn1004hPaNone[188]
Kevin8450kn998hPaBaja California Peninsula, Southwestern United States[189]
Malia4245kn992hPaHawaii[190]
Niala7855kn992hPaHawaii[191]
Nora10260kn993hPaNone[192]
Rick6635kn1002hPaNone[193]
Agatha4845kn1002hPaNone[194]
Estelle14460kn990hPaNone[195]
Howard5450kn998hPaHawaii[196]
Ivette8050kn1000hPaNone[197]
Javier5455kn997hPaWestern Mexico, Northwestern Mexico, Baja California Peninsula[198]
Kay9645kn1000hPaNone[199]
Roslyn7245kn999hPaNone[200]
Tina2435kn1004hPaWestern Mexico

2020–present

NameDates as a
tropical storm		Duration
(hours)		Sustained
wind speeds		PressureAreas affectedDeathsDamage
(USD)
Amanda440abbr=onNaNabbr=on1003hPaGuatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Mexico40$250 million[201]
Boris1235kn1005hPaNone[202]
Cristina13260kn993hPaNone[203]
Fausto1240abbr=onNaNabbr=on1004hPaCalifornia[204]
Hernan5440kn1001hPaSouthwest Mexico, Baja California Peninsula1Unknown[205]
Iselle8450kn997hPaClarion Island[206]
Julio4840kn1004hPaSouthwest Mexico[207]
Karina8450kn996hPaNone[208]
Lowell9645kn1001hPaNone[209]
Norbert7250kn1000hPaSocorro Island[210]
Odalys4845kn1000hPaNone[211]
Polo4240kn1004hPaNone[212]
Andres2435kn1005hPaSouthwestern Mexico[213]
Blanca4250kn998hPaNone[214]
Carlos3645kn1000hPaNone[215]
Dolores3060kn990hPaSouthwestern Mexico, Western Mexico3$50 million[216]
Guillermo5450kn999hPaRevillagigedo Islands[217]
Jimena3035kn1005hPaNone[218]
Ignacio1235kn1004hPaRevillagigedo Islands[219]
Kevin10250kn999hPaRevillagigedo Islands[220]
Marty2440kn1000hPaNone[221]
Terry1935kn1006hPaPanama, Costa RicaNoneMinimal
Sandra2435kn1005hPaNoneNoneNone
Celia17455kn993hPaCentral America1Unknown
Georgette9650kn997hPaNoneNoneNone
Ivette1235kn1005hPaClarion IslandNoneNone
Javier4845kn999hPaUnknown None
Lester3640kn1002hPaSouthwestern MexicoUnknown 1
Madeline6055kn992hPaSouthwestern MexicoUnknown 3
Newton6655kn996hPaSouthwestern MexicoUnknown None
Paine4240kn1004hPaNoneNoneNone
Julia2440kn993hPaCentral America, Southwestern MexicoUnknown None
Eugene60kn992hPaNoneNoneNone[222]
Greg45kn1000hPaNoneNoneNone[223]
Irwin35kn997hPaNoneNoneNone
Kenneth45kn1000hPaNoneNoneNone
Max55kn991hPaSouthwestern Mexico, Gulf Coast of the United States2$10 million[224] [225]
Pilar50kn996hPaEl Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua4$45 million[226]
Ramon40kn1002hPaNoneNoneNone
Overall reference for name, dates, duration, winds and pressure:

Landfalls

NameYearTropical stormTropical depression
Andres1997–San Salvador, El Salvador (June 7)
Olaf1997–Oaxaca state (September 29), Colima state (October 12)
Javier1998–Jalisco state (September 14)
Norman2000Michoacán state (September 20)Sinaloa state (September 22)
Rosa2000Oaxaca state (November 8)–
Julio2002Michoacán state (September 26)–
Carlos2003Oaxaca state (June 27)–
Barbara2007Chiapas state (June 2)–
Alma2008Leon, Nicaragua (May 29)–
Julio2008Baja California Sur state (August 25)–
Lowell2008Baja California Sur state (September 7)–
Agatha2010Champerico, Guatemala (May 30)–
Georgette2010Baja California Sur state (September 21)Sonora state (September 22)
Norman2012–Sinaloa state (September 29)
Juliette2013Baja California Sur state (August 29)–
Octave2013Baja California Sur state (October 15)–
Sonia2013Sonora state (November 4)–
Trudy2014Guerrero state (October 18)–
Javier2016Baja California Sur state (August 9)–
Beatriz2017Oaxaca state (June 2)–
Calvin2017Oaxaca state (June 13)–
Lidia2017Baja California Sur state (September 1 and 2)–
Selma2017Playa El Pimental, El Salvador (October 28)–
Vicente2018–Michoacán state (October 23)
Narda2019Michoacán and Jalisco states (September 29 and October 1)–[227]
Priscilla2019Colima state (October 20)–[228]
Amanda2020Guatemala (May 31)–
Dolores2021Colima/Michoacán (June 19)–
Julia2022El Salvador (October 10)–
Max2023Guerrero (October 9)–

See also

References

Notes and References

  1. Web site: The Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale. Timothy. Schott. Christopher W. Landsea. Gene. Hafale. Jeffrey. Lorens. Arthur. Taylor. Harvey. Thurm. Bill. Ward. Mark. Willis. Walt. Zaleski. 1 February 2012. National Hurricane Center. Miami, Florida. 24 May 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20161213223055/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pdf/sshws.pdf. 13 December 2016. live.
  2. Web site: TCFAQ D4) What does "maximum sustained wind" mean? How does it relate to gusts in tropical cyclones?. Christopher W. Landsea. 21 April 2006. Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory. 24 May 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20141009070826/http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/D4.html. 9 October 2014. live.
  3. Web site: TCFAQ F1) What regions around the globe have tropical cyclones and who is responsible for forecasting there?. Christopher W. Landsea. 1 June 2018. Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory. 21 July 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20121113000158/http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/F1.html. 13 November 2012. live.
  4. Web site: CPHC Climatology. Central Pacific Hurricane Center. 21 July 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20120927024258/http://www.prh.noaa.gov/cphc/pages/climatology.php. 27 September 2012. live.
  5. Web site: Background Information: East Pacific Hurricane Season. 27 May 2015. Climate Prediction Center. 21 July 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20090509063106/http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/Epac_hurr/background_information.html. 9 May 2009. live.
  6. Web site: TCFAQ G1) When is hurricane season?. Neal. Dorst. 2 June 2016. Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory. 24 July 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20090506152735/http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/G1.html. 6 May 2009. live.
  7. Web site: TCFAQ A15) How do tropical cyclones form?. Christopher W. Landsea. 2014. Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory. 18 August 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20090827030639/http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/A15.html. 27 August 2009. live.
  8. Book: Longshore, David. Encyclopedia of hurricanes, typhoons, and cyclones. Facts on File, Inc. 1998. 978-0-8160-3398-0. 1st. 333, 334. 18 August 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180818214458/https://books.google.com/books?id=8kXwskQHBLoC&pg=PA334&lpg=PA334&source=bl&ots=qFGf1P76-U&sig=RvDUOXniAjo9XgEkcKZRVx0qtEI&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjNh9Ta0_bcAhXNXn0KHfmWBesQ6AEwDXoECAMQAQ. 18 August 2018. live.
  9. Web site: Hurricanes: The Greatest Storms on Earth: Feature Articles. Steve. Graham. Holli. Riebeek. 1 November 2006. Earth Observatory. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 24 July 2018. United States. https://web.archive.org/web/20170506091751/https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/Hurricanes/hurricanes_3.php. 6 May 2017. live.
  10. News: Hawaii Hurricanes: How Unusual Are They?. Belles. Jonathan. 3 August 2018. The Weather Channel. 20 August 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180820203427/https://weather.com/storms/hurricane/news/2018-08-03-hawaii-hurricane-tropical-typical-track-history. 20 August 2018. live.
  11. Mayfield . Max . Tropical Cyclone Report: Tropical Storm Cristina . National Hurricane Center . 12 October 2019 . 11 August 1996.
  12. News: 8 July 1996. U.S. Embassy in Pakistan orders tighter security. 22. Chicago Sun-Times.
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  14. Mayfield . Max . Preliminary Report: Tropical Storm Genevieve . National Hurricane Center . 20 June 2019 . 14 November 1996.
  15. Rappaport . Edward N. . Preliminary Report: Tropical Storm Andres . National Hurricane Center . 19 June 2019 . 18 June 1997.
  16. Avila . Lixion A. . Preliminary Report: Tropical Storm Blanca . National Hurricane Center . 19 June 2019 . 19 June 1997.
  17. Mayfield . Max . Preliminary Report: Tropical Storm Carlos . National Hurricane Center . 19 June 2019 . 10 August 1997.
  18. Pach . Richard J. . Preliminary Report: Tropical Storm Hilda . National Hurricane Center . 19 June 2019 . 12 December 1997.
  19. Rappaport . Edward N. . Preliminary Report: Tropical Storm Ignacio . National Hurricane Center . 19 June 2019 . 27 August 1997.
  20. Lawrence . Miles B. . Preliminary Report: Tropical Storm Kevin . National Hurricane Center . 19 June 2019 . 4 November 1997.
  21. Pasch . Richard J. . Preliminary Report: Tropical Storm Marty . National Hurricane Center . 19 June 2019 . 12 December 1997.
  22. Avilia . Lixion A. . Preliminary Report: Tropical Storm Olaf . National Hurricane Center . 19 June 2019 . 5 November 1997.
  23. News: . 'Dangerous' Hurricane Pauline to hit southwest Mexico . 8 October 1997 . 18 March 2007 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20060521133856/http://www.cnn.com/WEATHER/9710/08/pauline/index.html . 21 May 2006 . mdy .
  24. Hablutzel . Benjamin . Rosendal . Hans E. . Weyman . James C. . Hoag . Jonathan D. . Tropical Cyclone 1997 . Central Pacific Hurricane Center . National Hurricane Center . 19 June 2019.
  25. Avila . Lixion A. . Preliminary Report: Tropical Storm Agatha . National Hurricane Center . 19 June 2019 . 26 June 1998.
  26. Pasch . Richard J. . Preliminary Report: Tropical Storm Celia . National Hurricane Center . 19 June 2019 . 3 March 1999.
  27. Avilia . Lixion A. . Preliminary Report: Tropical Storm Frank . National Hurricane Center . 19 June 2019 . 1 October 1998.
  28. News: CBS Network Programming . 10 August 1998 . Tropical Storm Frank.
  29. Rappaport . Edward N. . Preliminary Report: Tropical Storm Javier . National Hurricane Center . 19 June 2019 . 6 January 1999.
  30. Franklin . James L. . Preliminary Report: Tropical Storm Calvin . National Hurricane Center . 16 June 2019 . 30 July 1999.
  31. Beven . Jack . Preliminary Report: Tropical Storm Fernanda . National Hurricane Center . 16 June 2019 . 5 November 1999.
  32. Pasch . Richard J. . Preliminary Report: Tropical Storm Irwin . National Hurricane Center . 16 June 2019 . 7 March 2000.
  33. Beven . Jack . Tropical Cyclone Report: Tropical Storm Bud . National Hurricane Center . 16 June 2019 . 21 July 2000.
  34. Pasch . Richard J. . Tropical Cyclone Report: Tropical Storm Emilia . National Hurricane Center . 16 June 2019 . 19 December 2000.
  35. Beven . Jack . Tropical Cyclone Report: Tropical Storm Fabio . National Hurricane Center . 16 June 2019 . 17 November 2000.
  36. Stewart . Stacy R. . Tropical Storm Ileana . National Hurricane Center . 16 June 2019 . 30 October 2000.
  37. Kodama . Kevin R. . Rosendal . Hans E. . Hablutzel . Benjamin C. . Jendrowski . Paul A. . Eum . Daniel . Tropical Cyclone Report: Tropical Cyclones 2000 . Central Pacific Hurricane Center . National Hurricane Center . 16 June 2019.
  38. Lawrence . Miles B. . Tropical Cyclone Report: Tropical Storm John . National Hurricane Center . 16 June 2019 . 17 October 2000.
  39. Pasch . Richard J. . Tropical Cyclone Report: Tropical Storm Kristy . National Hurricane Center . 16 June 2019 . 20 December 2000.
  40. Franklin . James L. . Tropical Cyclone Report: Tropical Storm Miriam . National Hurricane Center . 16 June 2019 . 3 November 2000.
  41. Avila . Lixion A. . Blake . Eric S. . Tropical Cyclone Report: Tropical Storm Norman . National Hurricane Center . 16 June 2019 . 13 October 2000.
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  210. Eric S. Blake. Tropical Cyclone Report: Tropical Storm Norbert (EP192020). National Hurricane Center. March 15, 2021. April 18, 2021. Miami, Florida.
  211. Richard J. Pasch. Tropical Cyclone Report: Tropical Storm Odalys (EP202020). National Hurricane Center. April 13, 2021. April 18, 2021. Miami, Florida.
  212. John L. Beven II. Tropical Cyclone Report: Tropical Storm Polo (EP212020). National Hurricane Center. March 17, 2021. April 18, 2021. Miami, Florida.
  213. Stacy R. Stewart. Tropical Cyclone Report: Tropical Storm Andres (EP012021). National Hurricane Center. June 30, 2021. September 11, 2021. Miami, Florida.
  214. Tropical Storm Blanca Advisory Archive. National Hurricane Center. May 30, 2021. September 11, 2021. Miami, Florida.
  215. Tropical Storm Carlos Advisory Archive. National Hurricane Center. June 12, 2021. September 11, 2021. Miami, Florida.
  216. Tropical Storm Dolores Advisory Archive. National Hurricane Center. June 18, 2021. September 11, 2021. Miami, Florida.
  217. Robbie Berg. Tropical Cyclone Report: Tropical Storm Guillermo (EP072021). National Hurricane Center. August 15, 2021. September 11, 2021. Miami, Florida.
  218. Tropical Storm Jimena Advisory Archive. National Hurricane Center. July 30, 2021. September 11, 2021. Miami, Florida.
  219. Tropical Storm Ignacio Advisory Archive. National Hurricane Center. August 1, 2021. September 11, 2021. Miami, Florida.
  220. Tropical Storm Kevin Advisory Archive. National Hurricane Center. August 7, 2021. September 11, 2021. Miami, Florida.
  221. Tropical Storm Marty Advisory Archive. National Hurricane Center. August 23, 2021. September 11, 2021. Miami, Florida.
  222. Kelly. Larry. Tropical Cyclone Report: Tropical Storm Eugene. November 14, 2023. National Hurricane Center. Miami, Florida. November 16, 2023.
  223. Tropical Cyclone Report: Tropical Storm Greg . Kelly. Larry. National Hurricane Center. November 8, 2023. November 8, 2023.
  224. Robbie Berg. Tropical Cyclone Report: Tropical Storm Max (EP162023). National Hurricane Center. en-US. Miami, Florida, United States. January 11, 2024. January 12, 2024.
  225. News: Adriana Covarrubias. Aumentan a 180 mdp las pérdidas de comerciantes por apagones. Merchants' losses due to blackouts increase to 180 million pesos. El Sol de Acapulco. es-MX. October 9, 2023. December 28, 2023.
  226. Blake . Eric . Tropical Storm Pilar – Tropical Cyclone Report . March 8, 2024 . . Miami, Florida . March 8, 2024.
  227. Eric S. Blake. Tropical Cyclone Report: Tropical Storm Narda. National Hurricane Center. November 15, 2019. April 7, 2020.
  228. Stacy R. Stewart. Tropical Cyclone Report: Tropical Storm Priscilla. National Hurricane Center. December 9, 2019. April 7, 2020.

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "List of Eastern Pacific tropical storms".

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