List of Earth flybys explained

List of Earth flybys is a list of cases where spacecraft incidentally performed Earth flybys, typically for a gravity assist to another body.

Spacecraft		Organization	Date	Type	Closest Approach	Status	Notes	Image	Ref
Giotto (first pass)		ESA	2 July 1990	flyby	22,730 km	success	first Earth flyby, en route to Comet Grigg-Skjellerup		^[1]
Galileo (first pass)		NASA	8 December 1990	flyby	960 km	success	gravity assist en route to Jupiter; minimum distance 960 km		^[2]
Sakigake (first pass)		ISAS	8 January 1992	flyby	88,790 km	success	previously visited Halley's comet		^[3]
Suisei		ISAS	20 August 1992	flyby	failure	failure	previously visited Halley's comet; hydrazine depleted, further planned comet flybys abandoned		^[4]
Galileo (second pass)		NASA	8 December 1992	flyby	303 km	success	gravity assist en route to Jupiter		^[5]
Sakigake (second and third passes)		ISAS	14 June 1993	flyby					^[6]
			28 October 1994	flyby			out of fuel; telemetry contact lost November 1995
NEAR Shoemaker		NASA	23 January 1998	flyby	540 km	success	gravity assist en route to Eros		^[7]
Nozomi (first pass)		ISAS	20 December 1998	flyby	1000 km	partial success	gravity assist on planned mission to Mars; valve malfunction during flyby required extra burn, which later forced alternate trajectory plan		^[8]
Giotto (second pass)		ESA	1 July 1999	flyby	failure	n/a	already defunct
Cassini		NASA ESA ASI	18 August 1999	flyby	1171 km	success	gravity assist en route to Saturn		^[9]
Stardust (first pass)		NASA	15 January 2001	flyby	6000 km	success	gravity assist en route to comet 81P/Wild		^[10]
Nozomi (second pass)		ISAS	December, 2002	flyby	11,000 km	success	gravity assist en route to Mars
Nozomi (third pass)		ISAS	19 June 2003	flyby	1000 km	success	gravity assist en route to Mars
Hayabusa		ISAS	19 May 2004	flyby	20,000 km	success	en route to Itokawa		^[11]
Rosetta (first pass)		ESA	4 March 2005	flyby	1950 km	success	gravity assist en route to asteroid and comet encounters		^[12]
MESSENGER		NASA	2 August 2005	flyby	2348 km	success	en route to Venus and Mercury		^[13]
Stardust (second pass)		NASA	15 January 2006	flyby		success	drop-off of sample return capsule
Rosetta (second pass)		ESA	13 November 2007	flyby		success	gravity assist en route to asteroid and comet encounters
Deep Impact (redesignated EPOXI) (first pass)		NASA	31 December 2007^[14]	flyby	15,567	success	previously visited Comet 9P/Tempel; gravity assist en route to encounter with Comet 103P/Hartley		^[15]
Deep Impact (redesignated EPOXI) (second pass)		NASA	December 2008^[16]	flyby	43,450 km	success	gravity assist
Stardust (third pass)		NASA	14 January 2009	flyby	9200 km	success^[17]	mission extension to Comet 9P/Tempel; minimum distance 9200 km
Rosetta (third pass)		ESA	13 November 2009	flyby		success	gravity assist en route to asteroid and comet encounters
Deep Impact (redesignated EPOXI) (third pass)		NASA	June 2009	distant flyby		success
Deep Impact (redesignated EPOXI) (fourth pass)		NASA	December 2009	distant flyby		success
Deep Impact (redesignated EPOXI) (fifth pass)		NASA	June 2010	flyby	36,900 km	success
Juno		NASA	9 October 2013	flyby	559 km	success	gravity assist en route to Jupiter
Hayabusa2		JAXA	3 December 2015	flyby		success	gravity assist en route to Asteroid 162173 Ryugu
PROCYON		University of Tokyo JAXA	3 December 2015^[18]	flyby		success	was en route to Asteroid 2000 DP107 but mission abandoned^[19]
Shin'en 2		Kyutech	4 December 2015^[20]	flyby		success
OSIRIS-REx		NASA	22 September 2017^[21]	flyby	17,237 km	success	Gravity assist en route to Asteroid 101955 Bennu
BepiColombo		ESA JAXA	10 April 2020	flyby	12,700 km	success	Gravity assist en route to Venus and Mercury
Solar Orbiter		ESA	26 November 2021	flyby	455 km	success	Gravity assist en route to inclined heliocentric orbit
Lucy		NASA	16 October 2022	flyby	360 km	success	main-belt asteroid flyby en route to Jupiter Trojans
OSIRIS-APEX		NASA	24 September 2023	flyby	779 km	success	Gravity assist en route to Asteroid 99942 Apophis (OSIRIS-REx mission extension)

See also

• List of Solar System probes
• Gravity assist
• Planetary flyby
• Mars flyby

Notes and References

1. Web site: NASA - NSSDC - Spacecraft - Details . Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . 2012-11-30.
2. Web site: Solar System Exploration: : Galileo Legacy Site. https://web.archive.org/web/20010419124617/http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo/mission/journey-cruise.html. dead. 2001-04-19. 2.jpl.nasa.gov. 2014-01-29.
3. Web site: NASA - NSSDC - Spacecraft - Details . Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . 2012-11-30.
4. Web site: NASA - NSSDC - Spacecraft - Details. nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. 2014-01-29.
5. Web site: Solar System Exploration: : Galileo Legacy Site . https://web.archive.org/web/20010419124617/http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo/mission/journey-cruise.html . dead . 2001-04-19 . .jpl.nasa.gov . 2012-11-30.
6. Web site: NASA - NSSDC - Spacecraft - Details . Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . 2012-08-20.
7. Web site: NASA - NSSDC - Spacecraft - Details . Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . 2012-11-30.
8. Web site: NASA - NSSDC - Spacecraft - Details . Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . 2012-11-30.
9. Web site: NASA - NSSDC - Spacecraft - Details . Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . 2012-11-30.
10. Web site: NASA - NSSDC - Spacecraft - Details . Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . 2012-11-30.
11. Web site: NASA - NSSDC - Spacecraft - Details . Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . 2012-11-30.
12. Web site: NASA - NSSDC - Spacecraft - Details . Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . 2012-11-30.
13. Web site: NASA - NSSDC - Spacecraft - Details . Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . 2012-11-30.
14. Web site: NASA - EPOXI Mission - Mission . Epoxi.umd.edu . 2012-08-20 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20091214105059/http://epoxi.umd.edu/1mission/flybys.shtml . 2009-12-14 .
15. Web site: NASA - NSSDC - Spacecraft - Details . Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . 2012-11-30.
16. Web site: Solar System Exploration: Missions: By Name: D: Deep Impact-EPOXI . Sse.jpl.nasa.gov . 2012-11-30 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120302212346/https://sse.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/profile.cfm?Sort=Alpha&Target=Beyond&Alias=Deep%20Impact-EPOXI&Letter=D&Display=ReadMore . 2012-03-02 .
17. Web site: Stardust-NExT: Status Report 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090402061400/http://stardustnext.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/mission_status09_q1b.html . dead . 2009-04-02 . Stardustnext.jpl.nasa.gov . 2012-08-20.
18. Web site: PROCYON . Gunter's Space Page . 2015-09-23.
19. Web site: Due to ion engine failure, PROCYON will not fly by an asteroid . Lakdawalla . Emily . May 8, 2015 . 2015-09-23.
20. Web site: Keiichi Okuyama-Lab . . 2015-12-01.
21. Web site: NASA'S OSIRIS-REx Spacecraft Slingshots Past Earth . . 2017-09-22 . 2018-04-26.