List of Dutch cabinet formations explained

This is a list of Dutch cabinet formations. This includes attempts to form or continue with a cabinet after a cabinet crisis.

In most cases, a cabinet formation is started after a general election after which a majority cabinet is sought. In some cases it results in a minority cabinet. After the fall of a cabinet, a new start can be made with part of the fallen cabinet. Then there may be a rump cabinet, which is also often a minority cabinet.

List

Formation	Start	End	Length (days)	Cabinet
1848	16 March 1848	25 March 1848	10	Schimmelpenninck	^[1]
				De Kempenaer-Donker Curtius
1849	19 September 1849	1 November 1849	44	Thorbecke I	^[2]
1853	16 April 1853	19 April 1853	4	Van Hall/Donker Curtius	^[3]
1856	1 June 1856	1 July 1856	47	Van der Brugghen	^[4]
1858	3 March 1858	18 March 1858	16	Rochussen	^[5]
1860	17 February 1860	23 February 1860	7	Van Hall/Van Heemstra	^[6]
1861	16 February 1861	14 March 1861	27	Van Zuylen van Nijevelt/Van Heemstra	^[7]
1861–1862	18 December 1861	1 February 1862	46	Thorbecke II	^[8]
Jan–Feb 1866	29 January 1866	10 February 1866	13	Fransen van de Putte	^[9]
May–Jun 1866	24 May 1866	1 June 1866	9	Van Zuylen van Nijevelt	^[10]
1868	17 April 1868	4 June 1868	49	Van Bosse/Fock	^[11]
1870–1871	24 November 1870	4 January 1871	42	Thorbecke III	^[12]
1872	25 June 1872	6 July 1872	12	De Vries/Fransen van de Putte	^[13]
1874	14 July 1874	27 August 1874	45	Heemskerk/Van Lynden van Sandenburg	^[14]
1877	16 October 1877	3 November 1877	19	Kappeyne van de Coppello	^[15]
1879	12 July 1879	20 August 1879	40	Van Lynden van Sandenburg	^[16]
1882	10 May 1882	12 August 1882	95
1883	4 March 1883	23 April 1883	51	J. Heemskerk	^[17]
1888	28 March 1888	21 April 1888	25	Mackay	^[18] ^[19]
1891	24 June 1891	21 August 1891	58	Van Tienhoven	^[20]
1894	25 April 1894	9 May 1894	15	Röell	^[21]
1897	26 June 1897	27 July 1897	32	Pierson	^[22]
1901	28 June 1901	1 August 1901	35	Kuyper	^[23] ^[24]
1905	29 June 1905	17 August 1905	50	De Meester	^[25]
1907	12 February 1907	21 March 1907	38
1907–1908	25 December 1907	12 February 1908	50	T. Heemskerk	^[26] ^[27]
1913	26 June 1913	29 August 1913	65	Cort van der Linden	^[28]
1918	4 July 1918	9 September 1918	68	Ruijs de Beerenbrouck I	^[29]
1921	22 June 1921	26 July 1921	35
1922	6 July 1922	18 September 1922	75	Ruijs de Beerenbrouck II	^[30]
1923–1924	26 October 1923	7 January 1924	73
1925	2 July 1925	4 August 1925	34	Colijn I	^[31]
1925–1926	24 November 1925	8 March 1926	105	De Geer I	^[32]
1929	3 July 1929	10 August 1929	39	Ruijs de Beerenbrouck III	^[33]
1933	27 April 1933	26 May 1933	30	Colijn II	^[34]
1935	26 July 1935	31 July 1935	6	Colijn III	^[35]
1937	27 May 1937	24 June 1937	29	Colijn IV	^[36]
Jun–Jul 1939	30 June 1939	25 July 1939	26	Colijn V	^[37]
Aug 1939	4 August 1939	10 August 1939	7	De Geer II	^[38]
1940	28 August 1940	3 September 1940	7	Gerbrandy I	^[39]
1941	1 July 1941	27 July 1941	27	Gerbrandy II
Feb 1945	22 January 1945	23 February 1945	33	Gerbrandy III	^[40]
May-Jun 1945	9 May 1945	24 June 1945	47	Schermerhorn-Drees	^[41]
1946	18 May 1946	3 July 1946	47	Beel I	^[42]
1948	8 July 1948	7 August 1948	31	Drees-Van Schaik	^[43]
1951	29 January 1951	15 March 1951	44	Drees I	^[44]
1952	26 June 1952	2 September 1952	69	Drees II	^[45]
1955	18 May 1955	3 June 1955	17
1956	14 June 1956	13 October 1956	121	Drees III	^[46]
1958	13 December 1958	22 December 1958	10		^[47]
1959	13 March 1959	19 May 1959	67	De Quay	^[48]
1960–1961	24 December 1960	2 January 1961	10
1963	16 May 1963	24 July 1963	70	Marijnen	^[49]
1965	28 February 1965	14 April 1965	46	Cals	^[50]
1966	18 October 1966	22 November 1966	35	Zijlstra	^[51]
1967	16 February 1967	5 April 1967	49	De Jong	^[52]
1971	29 April 1971	6 July 1971	69	Biesheuvel I	^[53]
1972	19 July 1972	9 August 1972	11	Biesheuvel II	^[54]
1972–1973	30 November 1972	11 May 1973	163	Den Uyl	^[55]
1977	26 May 1977	19 December 1977	208	Van Agt I	^[56]
1981	27 May 1981	11 September 1981	108	Van Agt II	^[57]
	16 October 1981	4 November 1981	19
May–Jun 1982	14 May 1982	29 May 1982	17	Van Agt III	^[58]
Sep–Nov 1982	9 September 1982	4 November 1982	57	Lubbers I	^[59]
1986	22 May 1986	14 July 1986	54	Lubbers II	^[60]
1989	7 September 1989	7 November 1989	62	Lubbers III	^[61]
1994	4 May 1994	22 August 1994	111	Kok I	^[62]
1998	6 May 1998	3 August 1998	89	Kok II	^[63]
1999	20 May 1999	8 June 1999	20		^[64]
2002	16 May 2002	22 July 2002	68	Balkenende I	^[65]
2003	23 January 2003	27 May 2003	122	Balkenende II	^[66]
2006	30 June 2006	7 July 2006	7	Balkenende III
2006–2007	23 November 2006	22 February 2007	90	Balkenende IV	^[67]
2010	10 June 2010	14 October 2010	127	Rutte I	^[68]
2012	13 September 2012	5 November 2012	54	Rutte II	^[69]
2017	16 March 2017	26 October 2017	225	Rutte III	^[70] ^[71]
2021–2022	18 March 2021	10 January 2022	299	Rutte IV	^[72] ^[73]
2023–2024	23 November 2023	2 July 2024	223	Schoof	^[74]

See also

• List of cabinets of the Netherlands
• List of Dutch (in)formateurs and scouts

References

• Book: Kabinetsformaties 1977-2012. Cabinet formations 1977-2012. Carla. Van Baalen. Carla van Baalen. Alexander. Van Kessel. Boom. 9789461054661. nl. 2016.
• Book: Duynstee, Frans. Frans Duynstee

. De kabinetsformaties 1946-1965. Frans Duynstee. Æ. E. Kluwer. Deventer. 1966. nl. The cabinet formations 1946-1965. 220593429.

• Book: Maas, Petrus Franciscus. Kabinetsformaties 1959-1973. Cabinet formations 1959-1973. 9789012039987. 1982. nl. The Hague. Staatsuitgeverij.
• Book: Puchinger, G.. George Puchinger

. Colijn en het einde van de coalitie I. De geschiedenis van de kabinetsformaties 1918-1924. Colijn and the end of the coalition I. The history of cabinet formations 1918-1924. George Puchinger. J.H. Kok. Kampen. 1970. nl. 9789024215386.

• Book: Puchinger, G.. George Puchinger

. Colijn en het einde van de coalitie II. De geschiedenis van de kabinetsformaties 1925-1929. Colijn and the end of the coalition II. The history of cabinet formations 1925-1929. George Puchinger. J.H. Kok. Kampen. 1980. nl. 9024203112. 6.

• Book: Puchinger, G.. George Puchinger

. Colijn en het einde van de coalitie III. De geschiedenis van de kabinetsformaties 1933-1939. Colijn and the end of the coalition III. The history of cabinet formations 1933-1939. George Puchinger. J.J. Groen en zoon. Leiden. 1993. nl. 9050303560. 6.

Notes and References

1. Web site: Kabinetten-Schimmelpenninck en -Donker Curtius (1848). Parlement.com. 23 November 2023. nl. Cabinets Schimmelpennick and Donker Curtius (1848).
2. Web site: Kabinet-Thorbecke I (1849-1853). Parlement.com. 20 October 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230810232202/https://www.parlement.com/id/vh8lnhrp8wt1/kabinet_thorbecke_i_1849_1853. 10 August 2023. nl. live. Cabinet Thorkecke I (1849-1853).
3. Web site: Kabinet-Van Hall/Donker Curtius (1853-1856). Parlement.com. 20 October 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230803182100/https://www.parlement.com/id/vh8lnhrp8wt0/kabinet_van_hall_donker_curtius_1853. 3 August 2023. nl. live. Cabinet Van Hall/Donker Curtius (1853-1856).
4. Web site: Kabinet-Van der Brugghen (1856-1858). Parlement.com. 20 October 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230803182101/https://www.parlement.com/id/vh8lnhrp8wsv/kabinet_van_der_brugghen_1856_1858. 3 August 2023. nl. live. Cabinet Van der Brugghen (1856-1858).
5. Web site: Kabinet-Rochussen (1858-1860). Parlement.com. 20 October 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230803182102/https://www.parlement.com/id/vh8lnhrp8wsu/kabinet_rochussen_1858_1860. 3 August 2023. nl. live. Cabinet Rochussen (1858-1860).
6. Web site: Kabinet-Van Hall/Van Heemstra (1860-1861). Parlement.com. 20 October 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230803181347/https://www.parlement.com/id/vh8lnhrp8wst/kabinet_van_hall_van_heemstra_1860_1861. 3 August 2023. nl. live. Cabinet Van Hall/Van Heemstra (1860-1861).
7. Web site: Kabinet-Van Zuylen van Nijevelt/Van Heemstra (1861-1862). Parlement.com. 20 October 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230803180251/https://www.parlement.com/id/vh8lnhrp8wss/kabinet_van_zuylen_van_nijevelt_van. 3 August 2023. nl. live. Cabinet Van Zuylen van Nijevelt/Van Heemstra (1861-1862).
8. Web site: Kabinet-Thorbecke II (1862-1866). Parlement.com. 20 October 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230801192542/https://www.parlement.com/id/vh8lnhrp8wsr/kabinet_thorbecke_ii_1862_1866. 1 August 2023. nl. live. Cabinet Thorbecke II (1862-1866).
9. Web site: Kabinet-Fransen van de Putte (1866). Parlement.com. 20 October 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230731183341/https://www.parlement.com/id/vh8lnhrp8wsq/kabinet_fransen_van_de_putte_1866. 31 July 2023. nl. live. Cabinet Fransen van de Putte (1866).
10. Web site: Kabinet-Van Zuylen van Nijevelt (1866-1868). Parlement.com. 20 October 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230610133810/https://www.parlement.com/id/vh8lnhrp8wsp/kabinet_van_zuylen_van_nijevelt_1866. 10 June 2023. nl. live. Cabinet Van Zuylen van Nijevelt (1866-1868).
11. Web site: Kabinet-Van Bosse/Fock (1868-1871). Parlement.com. 20 October 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230503170921/https://www.parlement.com/id/vh8lnhrp8wsb/kabinet_van_bosse_fock_1868_1871. 3 May 2023. nl. live. Cabinet Van Bosse/Fock (1868-1871).
12. Web site: Kabinet-Thorbecke III (1871-1872). Parlement.com. 20 October 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230607045650/https://www.parlement.com/id/vh8lnhrp8ws9/kabinet_thorbecke_iii_1871_1872. 7 June 2023. nl. live. Cabinet Thorbecke III (1871-1872).
13. Web site: Kabinet-De Vries/Fransen van de Putte (1872-1874). Parlement.com. 20 October 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230506175843/https://www.parlement.com/id/vh8lnhrp8wsa/kabinet_de_vries_fransen_van_de_putte. 6 May 2023. nl. live. Cabinet De Vries/Fransen van de Putte (1872-1874).
14. Web site: Kabinet-Heemskerk/Van Lynden van Sandenburg (1874-1877). Parlement.com. 20 October 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230430170357/https://www.parlement.com/id/vh8lnhrp8wsc/kabinet_heemskerk_van_lynden_van. 30 April 2023. nl. live. Cabinet Heemskerk/Van Lynden van Sandenburg (1874-1877).
15. Web site: Kabinet-Kappeyne van de Coppello (1877-1879). Parlement.com. 20 October 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230430170354/https://www.parlement.com/id/vh8lnhrp8wsd/kabinet_kappeyne_van_de_coppello_1877. 30 April 2023. nl. live. Cabinet Kappeyne van de Coppello (1877-1879).
16. Web site: Kabinet-Van Lynden van Sandenburg (1879-1883). Parlement.com. 20 October 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230430163355/https://www.parlement.com/id/vh8lnhrp8wse/kabinet_van_lynden_van_sandenburg_1879. 30 April 2023. nl. live. Cabinet Van Lynden van Sandenburg (1879-1883).
17. Web site: Kabinet-Heemskerk Azn. (1883-1888). Parlement.com. 20 October 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230502204841/https://www.parlement.com/id/vh8lnhrp8wsf/kabinet_heemskerk_azn_1883_1888. 2 May 2023. nl. live. Cabinet Heemskerk Azn. (1883-1888).
18. Web site: Kabinet-Mackay (1888-1891). Parlement.com. 20 October 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230430165401/https://www.parlement.com/id/vh8lnhrp8wsj/kabinet_mackay_1888_1891. 30 April 2023. nl. live. Cabinet Mackay (1888-1891).
19. Westenbroek . A.J.M. . 1976 . De kabinetsformatie Mackay 1888 II . The cabinet formation Mackay 1888 II. Anti-Revolutionaire Staatkunde . Dr. Abraham Kuyperstichting. 12 July 2024. nl. 262-273.
20. Web site: Kabinet-Van Tienhoven (1891-1894). Parlement.com. 20 October 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230530143858/https://www.parlement.com/id/vh8lnhrp8wsl/kabinet_van_tienhoven_1891_1894. 30 May 2023. nl. live. Cabinet Van Tienhoven (1891-1894).
21. Web site: Kabinet-Röell (1894-1897). Parlement.com. 20 October 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230607051118/https://www.parlement.com/id/vh8lnhrp8wsm/kabinet_roell_1894_1897. 7 June 2023. nl. live. Cabinet Röell (1894-1897).
22. Web site: Kabinet-Pierson (1897-1901). Parlement.com. 20 October 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230622002755/https://www.parlement.com/id/vh8lnhrp8wsn/kabinet_pierson_1897_1901. 22 June 2023. nl. live. Cabinet Pierson (1897-1901).
23. Web site: Kabinet-Kuyper (1901-1905). Parlement.com. 30 July 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230605233153/https://www.parlement.com/id/vh8lnhrp8ws8/kabinet_kuyper_1901_1905. 5 June 2023. nl. live. Cabinet Kuyper (1901-1905).
24. Book: De Bruijn, Jan. Jan de Bruijn

    . 'Kuyper ist ein Luegner'. Amsterdam. Jan de Bruijn. 9072319168. Historisch Documentatiecentrum voor het Nederlands Protestantisme. nl. 2001.

25. Web site: Kabinet-De Meester (1905-1908). Parlement.com. 6 July 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220706194549/https://www.parlement.com/id/vh8lnhrp8ws7/kabinet_de_meester_1905_1908. 6 July 2022. nl. live. Cabinet De Meester (1905-1908).
26. Web site: Kabinet-Heemskerk (1908-1913). Parlement.com. 20 October 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20220706194552/https://www.parlement.com/id/vh8lnhrp8ws5/kabinet_heemskerk_1908_1913. 6 July 2022. nl. live. Cabinet Heemskerk (1908-1913).
27. Book: De Bruijn, Jan. Jan de Bruijn

    . Wilhelmina formeert. Boom. Amsterdam. 2012. 9789461053008. Jan de Bruijn. nl.

28. Web site: Kabinet-Cort van der Linden (1913-1918). Parlement.com. 20 October 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20220530102545/https://www.parlement.com/id/vh8lnhrp8ws4/kabinet_cort_van_der_linden_1913_1918. 30 May 2022. nl. live. Cabinet Cort van der Linden (1913-1918).
29. Web site: Kabinet-Ruijs de Beerenbrouck I (1918-1922). Parlement.com. 20 October 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20220706193639/https://www.parlement.com/id/vh8lnhrp1x0g/kabinet_ruijs_de_beerenbrouck_i_1918. 6 July 2022. nl. live. Cabinet Ruijs de Beerenbrouck I (1918-1922).
30. Web site: Kabinet-Ruijs de Beerenbrouck II (1922-1925). Parlement.com. 20 October 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20220706193638/https://www.parlement.com/id/vh8lnhrp8wrt/kabinet_ruijs_de_beerenbrouck_ii_1922. 6 July 2022. nl. live. Cabinet Ruijs de Beerenbrouck II (1922-1925).
31. Web site: 20 October 2023. 6 July 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220706193640/https://www.parlement.com/id/vh8lnhrp8wru/kabinet_colijn_i_1925_1926. Kabinet-Colijn I (1925-1926). Parlement.com. nl. live. Cabinet Colijn I (1925-1926).
32. Web site: 20 October 2023. 6 July 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220706191256/https://www.parlement.com/id/vh8lnhrp8wrx/kabinet_de_geer_i_1926_1929. Kabinet-De Geer I (1926-1929). Parlement.com. nl. live. Cabinet De Geer I (1926-1929).
33. Web site: 20 October 2023. 6 July 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220706190118/https://www.parlement.com/id/vh8lnhrp8wrw/kabinet_ruijs_de_beerenbrouck_iii_1929. Kabinet-Ruijs de Beerenbrouck III (1929-1933). Parlement.com. nl. live. Cabinet Ruijs de Beerenbrouck III (1929-1933).
34. Web site: 20 October 2023. 6 July 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220706190015/https://www.parlement.com/id/vh8lnhrp8wrv/kabinet_colijn_ii_1933_1935. Kabinet-Colijn II (1933-1935). Parlement.com. nl. live. Cabinet Colijn II (1933-1935).
35. Web site: 20 October 2023. 6 July 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220706190121/https://www.parlement.com/id/vh8lnhrp8wrz/kabinet_colijn_iii_1935_1937. Kabinet-Colijn III (1935-1937). Parlement.com. nl. live. Cabinet Colijn III (1935-1937).
36. Web site: 20 October 2023. 6 July 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220706190014/https://www.parlement.com/id/vh8lnhrp8ws0/kabinet_colijn_iv_1937_1939. Kabinet-Colijn IV (1937-1939). Parlement.com. nl. live. Cabinet Colijn IV (1937-1939).
37. Web site: 20 October 2023. 6 July 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220706190115/https://www.parlement.com/id/vh8lnhrp8wry/kabinet_colijn_v_1939. Kabinet-Colijn V (1939). Parlement.com. nl. live. Cabinet Colijn V (1939).
38. Web site: 20 October 2023. 6 July 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220706183316/https://www.parlement.com/id/vh8lnhrp8ws1/kabinet_de_geer_ii_1939_1940. Kabinet-De Geer II (1939-1940). Parlement.com. nl. live. Cabinet De Geer II (1939-1940).
39. Web site: 20 October 2023. 6 July 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220706190124/https://www.parlement.com/id/vh8lnhrp8ws2/kabinet_gerbrandy_i_en_ii_1940_1945. Kabinet-Gerbrandy I en II (1940-1945). Parlement.com. nl. live. Cabinet Gerbrandy I and II (1940-1945).
40. Web site: 19 October 2023. Kabinet-Gerbrandy III (1945). parlement.com. nl. Cabinet Gerbrandy I (1945).
41. Web site: 18 October 2023. Kabinetsformatie 1945. parlement.com. nl. Cabinet formation 1945.
42. Web site: 18 October 2023. Kabinetsformatie 1946. parlement.com. nl. Cabinet formation 1946.
43. Web site: 18 October 2023. Kabinetsformatie 1948. parlement.com. nl. Cabinet formation 1948.
44. Web site: 18 October 2023. Kabinetsformatie 1951. parlement.com. nl. Cabinet formation 1951.
45. Web site: 5 February 2024. Kabinetsformatie 1952. parlement.com. nl. Cabinet formation 1952.
46. Web site: 18 October 2023. Kabinetsformatie 1956. parlement.com. nl. Cabinet formation 1956.
47. Web site: 18 October 2023. Kabinetsformatie 1958. parlement.com. nl. Cabinet formation 1958.
48. Web site: 18 October 2023. Kabinetsformatie 1959. parlement.com. nl. Cabinet formation 1959.
49. Web site: 18 October 2023. Kabinetsformatie 1963. parlement.com. nl. Cabinet formation 1963.
50. Web site: 15 October 2023. Kabinetsformatie 1965. parlement.com. nl. Cabinet formation 1965.
51. Web site: 15 October 2023. Kabinetsformatie 1966. parlement.com. nl. Cabinet formation 1966.
52. Web site: 15 October 2023. Kabinetsformatie 1967. parlement.com. nl. Cabinet formation 1967.
53. Web site: 15 October 2023. Kabinetsformatie 1971. parlement.com. nl. Cabinet formation 1971.
54. Web site: 15 October 2023. Kabinetsformatie 1972. parlement.com. nl. Cabinet formation 1972.
55. Web site: 15 October 2023. Kabinetsformatie 1972-1973. parlement.com. nl. Cabinet formation 1972-1973.
56. Web site: 15 October 2023. Kabinetsformatie 1977. parlement.com. nl. Cabinet formation 1977.
57. Web site: 13 October 2023. Kabinetsformatie 1981. parlement.com. nl. Cabinet formation 1981.
58. Web site: 13 October 2023. Kabinetsformatie juni 1982 (zomerkabinetje). parlement.com. nl. Cabinet formation June 1982 (summer cabinet).
59. Web site: 13 October 2023. Kabinetsformatie 1982. parlement.com. nl. Cabinet formation 1982.
60. Web site: 13 October 2023. Kabinetsformatie 1986. parlement.com. nl. Cabinet formation 1986.
61. Web site: 13 October 2023. Kabinetsformatie 1989. parlement.com. nl. Cabinet formation 1989.
62. Web site: 17 August 2023. Kabinetsformatie 1994. parlement.com. nl. Cabinet formation 1994.
63. Web site: 11 August 2023. Kabinetsformatie 1998. Parlement.com. nl. Cabinet formation 1998.
64. Web site: 20 October 2023. Kabinetscrisis 1999: de Nacht van Wiegel. Parlement.com. nl. Cabinet crisis 1999: the Night of Wiegel.
65. Web site: 11 August 2023. Kabinetsformatie 2002. Parlement.com. nl. Cabinet formation 2002.
66. Web site: 11 August 2023. Kabinetsformatie 2003. Parlement.com. nl. Cabinet formation 2003.
67. Web site: 11 August 2023. Kabinetsformatie 2006-2007. Parlement.com. nl. Cabinet formation 2006-2007.
68. Web site: 11 August 2023. Kabinetsformatie 2010. Parlement.com. nl. Cabinet formation 2010.
69. Web site: 11 August 2023. Kabinetsformatie 2012. Parlement.com. nl. Cabinet formation 2012.
70. Web site: 11 August 2023. Kabinetsformatie 2017. Parlement.com. nl. Cabinet formation 2017.
71. Book: Bovend'Eert, Paul. Paul Bovend'Eert

    . Evaluatie Kabinetsformatie 2017. Evaluation Cabinet formation 2017. 2018-12-06. Den Haag. Peter. Bootsma. Alexander. Van Kessel. Paul Bovend'Eert.

72. Web site: 11 August 2023. Kabinetsformatie 2021-2022. Parlement.com. nl. Cabinet formation 2021-2022.
73. Book: Evaluatie kabinetsformatie 2021/22. 23 February 2023. 23 February 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230223180517/https://www.tweedekamer.nl/sites/default/files/2023-02/20230223%20rapport%20evaluatie%20formatie.pdf. Carla. Van Baalen. Van Kessel. Alexander. Bovend'Eert. Paul. Van Twist. Mark. 21 February 2023. nl. Centrum voor Parlementaire Geschiedenis. live.
74. Web site: Kabinetsformatie 2023-2024. Parlement.com. nl. 10 December 2023. Cabinet formation 2023-2024.