| Montanism | Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox Church, Oriental Orthodox Churches, mainline Protestantism | A movement that emphasizes the importance of prophecy and ecstatic experiences.[3] |
| Adoptionism | Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox Church, Oriental Orthodox Churches, mainline Protestantism | The belief that Jesus Christ was not the Son of God from eternity, but was adopted by God at some point in his life.[4] |
| Universalism | Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox Church, Oriental Orthodox Churches, mainline Protestantism | The belief that all people will eventually be saved. Universalists believe that God's love is so great that no one will be excluded from salvation.[5] |
| Valentinianism | Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox Church, Oriental Orthodox Churches, mainline Protestantism | A Gnostic heresy that taught that the world was created by a series of emanations from the supreme being. Valentinians believed that salvation came from knowledge of the true nature of the universe. |
| Sabellianism | Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox Church, Oriental Orthodox Churches, mainline Protestantism | The belief that the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit are not three distinct persons, but are simply different manifestations of the same divine being.[6] |
| Gnosticism | Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox Church, Oriental Orthodox Churches, mainline Protestantism | A complex system of thought that teaches that the material world is evil and that salvation can be achieved through knowledge (gnosis).[7] |
| Marcionism | Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox Church, Oriental Orthodox Churches, mainline Protestantism | A heresy that arose in the 2nd century AD. Marcionists believed that the God of the Old Testament was a different god from the God of the New Testament.[8] |
| Monarchianism | Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox Church, Oriental Orthodox Churches, mainline Protestantism | A heresy that taught that the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit were all the same being. Monarchians were also known as Unitarians.[9] |
| Modalism | Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox Church, Oriental Orthodox Churches, mainline Protestantism | Modalism is the belief that the Father, Son and Holy Spirit are three different modes of God, as opposed to a Trinitarian view of three distinct persons within the Godhead.[10] |
| Patripassianism | Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox Church, Oriental Orthodox Churches, mainline Protestantism | The belief that the Father and Son are not two distinct persons, and both God the Father and the Son suffered on the cross as Jesus.[11] |
| Psilanthropism | Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox Church, Oriental Orthodox Churches, mainline Protestantism | The belief that Jesus is "merely human": and that he never became divine, or that he never existed prior to his birth as a man.[12] |
| Sethianism | Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox Church, Oriental Orthodox Churches, mainline Protestantism | Sethianism was a 2nd-century Gnostic movement that believed in a supreme God, Sophia, the Demiurge, and gnosis as the path to salvation.[13] |
| Basilideanism | Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox Church, Oriental Orthodox Churches, mainline Protestantism | Basilideanism was a Gnostic Christian sect founded by Basilides of Alexandria. Basilidians believed that the material world was created by an evil demiurge and that the goal of salvation was to escape from this world and return to the spiritual realm.[14] | |
| Arianism | Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox Church, Oriental Orthodox Churches, mainline Protestantism | The belief that Jesus Christ is not fully divine, but is a created being.[16] |
| Donatism | Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox Church, Oriental Orthodox Churches, mainline Protestantism | A movement that arose in North Africa in the 4th century AD. Donatists believed that the Church had become corrupt and that only the Donatists were the true Christians.[17] |
| Apollinarianism | Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox Church, Oriental Orthodox Churches, mainline Protestantism | The belief that Jesus did not have a human mind or soul, but only a human body.[18] |
| Tritheism | Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox Church, Oriental Orthodox Churches, mainline Protestantism | The belief that there are three gods, rather than one God in three persons.[19] |
| Collyridianism | Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox Church, Oriental Orthodox Churches, mainline Protestantism | The belief is that the Trinity consists of the Father, Son, and Mary and that the Son results from the marital union between the other two.[20] |
| Binitarianism | Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox Church, Oriental Orthodox Churches, mainline Protestantism | Binitarianism is a Christian heresy that teaches that there are only two persons in the Godhead: the Father and the Son. The Holy Spirit is not considered to be a separate person, but rather an aspect of the Son or the Father.[21] |
| Subordinationism | Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox Church, Oriental Orthodox Churches, mainline Protestantism | A heresy that teaches that the Son and the Holy Spirit are not co-equal with the Father. Subordinationists believe that the Son and the Holy Spirit are subordinate to the Father in either nature, role, or both.[22] |
| Anomoeanism | Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox Church, Oriental Orthodox Churches, mainline Protestantism | A heresy that taught that Jesus was not fully divine, but was a created being. Anomoeans also believed that Christ could not be like God because he lacked the quality of self-existence.[23] |
| Antidicomarians | Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox Church, Oriental Orthodox Churches | Antidicomarians also called Dimoerites, were a Christian sect active from the 3rd to the 5th century who rejected the perpetual virginity of Mary. They were condemned by St. Epiphanius of Salamis in the 4th century. | |
| Nestorianism | Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox Church, Oriental Orthodox Churches, mainline Protestantism | The belief that Jesus Christ was two persons, the divine Son of God and the human Jesus of Nazareth. Nestorius said that the Virgin Mary is not the Mother of God (Theotokos) because she gave birth to the human part of Jesus, not the divine Son of God, and called her Christotokos. Nestorianism was condemned as a heresy by the Council of Ephesus (431)[24] |
| Pelagianism | Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox Church, Oriental Orthodox Churches, mainline Protestantism | The belief that humans can be saved by their own efforts, without the need for God's grace.[25] |
| Eutychianism | Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox Church, Oriental Orthodox Churches, mainline Protestantism | The belief that Christ is in one nature and of two, with the humanity of Christ subsumed by the divinity.[26] |
| Monophysitism | Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox Church, Oriental Orthodox Churches, mainline Protestantism | The belief that Christ has only one nature, which is divine.[27] |
| Miaphysitism | Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox Church, mainline Protestantism | The belief that Christ is fully divine and fully human, in one nature (physis).[28] [29] | |
