List of Chinese surnames taken by the Manchu clans explained

Most of the Manchu clans took on their Han surnames after the demise of the Qing dynasty. Several clans took on Han identity as early as in the Ming dynasty period. The surnames were derived from the Chinese meaning of their original clan name, Chinese transliteration of the clan's name, the possessed territories, generation and personal names of the clansmen and also inspired by the surnames taken by related clans and branches. Only the few clans have origins dating back to Jurchen-led Jin dynasty. The majority has their origin dating back to the Ming dynasty or the Qing dynasty. The clans were also formed from the cadet branches of the elder or more prominent ones. Most of the clans had Mongol, Daur, Uighur, Han, Korean or Evenk descent. The following tables contain the list of the surnames taken by the Manchu clans.

A

!Clan!Surnames!Origin!References
Aisin GioroJin, Pu, Yu, Ai, Zhao, Xi and otherChinese translation of the clan's name, generation names, Chinese transliteration[1]
Anggang (昂刚氏)An (安), Gang (刚/冈)Chinese transliteration[2] [3] [4]
Acigecair (阿其格查依尔氏)A (阿)[5]
Aihui (瑷珲氏)Ai (艾/爱), Hui (珲)[6]
Aiyi (爱义氏)Ai (爱/艾), Yi (伊), Zhang (张)Chinese transliteration, the names of branches[7]
Aiyos (艾耀施氏)Ai (艾), Shi (施)Chinese transliteration[8]
Akjan (阿克占)Dian (典), Zhan (战), Lei (雷) and otherChinese translation of the clan's name, the names of territories ruled by the clan[9] [10]
Alai (阿赉)Hua (华), Jin (金), Lai (来)Chinese translation of the clan's name, Chinese transliteration[11]
Alar (阿拉尔氏)Shan (山), Ji (吉)The names of territories ruled by the clan[12] [13]
Albaki (阿勒巴齐氏)Ba (巴)Chinese transliteration[14] [15]
Altanemok (阿勒坦鄂谟克氏)Zhang (张)The surnames taken by the related clans[16]
Alte (阿勒特氏)Jin (金), Yuan (元), He (何) and otherChinese translation of the clan's name, the surnames taken by the related clans[17]
Amuharnu (阿穆哈尔努氏)Mu (穆), Hei (黑)Chinese transliteration, Chinese translation of the clan's name[18]
Amnibutas (阿穆尼布塔斯氏)Jin (金)The surnames taken by the related clans[19] [20]
Amuru 阿穆噜氏）Ying (英), Liu (刘), Mu (穆), Yang (杨), Su (苏), Chinese transliteration of the clan's name, generation names[21] [22]
Andara (安达拉氏)Lu (路), An (安)Chinese transliteration, Chinese translation of the clan's name
Angiya (安佳氏)An (安)The initial name of the clan[23] [24]
Aogiya (敖佳氏)Ao (敖)[25] [26]
Aoratosin (敖拉托欣氏)Shan (山)Chinese translation of the clan's name[27]
Arabiancian (阿拉边前氏)Bian (边)Transliteration of clan's name[28]
Arakcou (阿喇克球氏)Jin (金), Qi (奇), Lu (鲁), Ke (柯), A (阿)Chinese transliteration, generation names, the surnames taken by related clans[29]
Arakta (阿拉克塔氏)A (阿), Chang (常), Bai (白), Zhang (张)Chinese transliteration, the names of territories ruled by the clansmen[30]
Arbentcang (阿尔本昌)Lu (鹿), Shan (山)The names of typical actions taken by the clansmen (hunting in the mountains, farming)[31]
Arbu (阿尔布氏)A (阿), Ba (巴), Bu (布) Chinese transliteration
Ardan (阿尔丹氏)A (阿), An (安), Jin (金)Chinese transliteration, Chinese translation of the clan's name[32]
Argi (阿尔吉氏)Jiu (酒)Chinese translation of the clan's name[33]
Ariha (阿礼哈氏)He (何), Li (李)Chinese transliteration[34]
Arla (阿尔拉氏)He (何), La (剌), A (阿), Jin (金)Chinese transliteration, the names taken by related clans[35] [36]
Artas (阿尔塔斯氏)Jin (金)The surnames taken by related clans
Aru (阿噜氏)Lu (鲁), Guo (郭), E (鄂)Chinese transliteration[37]
Arurote (阿噜罗特氏)Jin (金)The surnames taken by the related clans[38]
Arute (阿魯特/阿鲁特)Ke (何), Jin (金), Yuan (元)
Asuke (阿苏克氏)Jin (金)
Asute (阿苏特氏)
Atamu (阿塔穆氏)A (阿), Mu (穆)Chinese transliteration[39]
Aturamo (阿图拉墨氏)Mo (莫/墨)[40]
Aha Gioro (阿哈觉罗氏)Zhao (赵), A (阿)Chinese transliteration, surnames taken by the related clans[41] [42]
Ayan Gioro (阿颜觉罗氏)Zhao (赵), Chang (常)The surnames taken by the related clans, the generation names[43]
Ayantatar (阿颜塔塔尔氏)Yan (严), Er (尔)Chinese transliteration[44] [45]

B

ClanSurnamesOriginReferences
Bagiri (巴济哩氏)Ba (巴), Li (李)Chinese transliteration
Baica (拜察氏)Bai (白/拜), Cha (察)[46]
Baican (拜禅氏)Bai (拜/柏/白)[47]
Baidar (拜达尔氏)Bai (白/拜), Da (达), Su (苏)Chinese transliteration, the name of the territory ruled by the clan
Baidu (拜都氏)Bai (白)Chinese transliteration[48]
Baige (拜格氏)Bai (白/拜), Bo (卜)[49]
Baigin (拜津氏)Bai (拜/白/柏), Jin (晋)
Baigiya (拜佳氏)Bai (拜)[50]
Baigiyara (拜嘉拉氏)Bai (白), Na (那), Ji (吉)Chinese transliteration, Chinese names of the people inhabiting territories ruled by the clan[51]
Baksang (巴克桑)Ba (巴), Sang (桑), Yan (阎)Chinese transliteration[52]
Barda (巴尔达氏)Ba (巴/把), Da (达)[53]
Barhu (巴尔虎氏)Ba (巴), Bai (白), Bo (卜), Guan (冠), Guo (郭), He (何/赫), Hu (胡), Kang (康), Man (满), Ma (马), Han (韩), Che (车), Wu (吴), Tan (谭), Fu (富)Chinese transliteration, the names taken by the branches[54] [55] [56]
Bari (巴哩氏)Bo (博)Chinese transliteration[57]
Barin (巴林氏)Zhan (詹), Ba (巴), Lin (林)Chinese transliteration, generation names of the clansmen[58]
Barla (巴尔拉氏)Ba (巴/把), A (阿), La (剌)Chinese transliteration
Barute (巴鲁特氏)Ba (巴), Bai (白/拜), Su (苏), Li (李)
Basun (巴逊氏)Ba (巴), Bai (白), Sun (孙)
Bayak (巴雅克氏)Ba (巴), Xi (锡), Yan (阎), Chang (常), Huo (霍), Wu (武)Chinese transliteration, the generation names of clansmen, the names of territories[59]
Bayan (巴颜氏)Ba (巴), Li (李), Fu (富), Yu (于), Yan (颜), Bo (博)Chinese transliteration, the meaning of the clan's name, the names of clansmen[60]
Bayara (巴雅拉氏)Bai (白), Fu (富), Ying (英), Zhao (赵)Chinese transliteration, the meaning of the clan's name, the surnames taken by related clans[61]
Bayarki (巴雅尔齐氏)Ba (巴), Qi (齐)Chinese transliteration[62]
Bayingeri (拜英格哩氏)Bai (拜/白), Qiu (秋)Chinese transliteration, the surname taken by the related clans, the meaning of the clan's name[63] [64]
Bayote (巴岳特)Ba (巴), Yue (岳/乐)Chinese transliteration[65]
Bayotu (巴岳图氏)Ba (巴), Yue (岳), Bai (白), Xiao (萧), Gao (高), Yuan (袁)Chinese transliteration, the surnames taken by the related clans, the territories controlled by the clan
Beisu (伯苏氏)Su (苏), Tang (唐), Lu (鹿), Bai (白)Chinese transliteration
Beisut (伯苏特氏)Bai (白), Su (苏), Lu (鹿)Chinese transliteration, surnames taken by the related clans
Bektu (伯克图氏)Bo (卜/博), Du (杜), He (和), Ke (柯), Tu (涂), Si (司)[66]
Biangiya (边佳氏)Bian (卞), Jia (佳)Chinese transliteration
Biaote (表特氏)Biao (表/标), Yang (杨), Du (杜), Ba (巴)Chinese transliteration, surnames taken by the related clans, the names of territories controlled by the clansmen[67]
Bira (必喇氏)Bi (毕/碧), He (何)Chinese transliteration, surnames taken by related clans
Biru (碧鲁氏)Bi (毕), He (何), Yi (异)
Birure (必鲁哷)He (何), Lu (鲁)[68]
Birya (弼尔雅氏)Bi (毕/弼)Chinese transliteration[69]
Bodisi (博第斯氏)Shi (史), Luo (罗), Bo (博)[70]
Bodot (博多特氏)Cha (察), Bo (博), Duo (多), Bai (白)Chinese transliteration, the surnames taken by the related clans, Chinese translation
Boduri (博都哩氏)Hua (花), Fan (范), Bo (博/卜), Bu (布), Yu (余)Chinese transliteration, the names of clansmen[71]
Bogulot (博古罗特氏)Luo (罗), Gu (古), Bai (白), Bao (宝), Xi (锡)Chinese transliteration, Chinese names of the territories
Boheloke (博和罗克氏/博古罗克氏)Lu (鲁), Luo (罗), Gu (古)Chinese transliteration, surnames taken by the related clans[72]
Bohite (博希特氏)Bao (包), Bai (白), Xi (锡)Chinese transliteration[73]
Boholo (博和罗氏)Bo (博), Huo (霍/活), He (何), Luo (罗), Tuo (托), Tao (陶)Chinese transliteration, the surnames taken by the related clans[74] [75]
Bohori (博和哩氏)Bo (博), Pu (蒲), Bao (宝), Dou (窦)[76]
Boljok (博勒卓克氏)Bo (博), Zhuo (卓)Chinese transliteration[77]
Bolot (博罗特氏)Bao (包), Jin (金), Fu (福), Luo (罗), Zheng (郑), Bo (博), Lu (鲁)Chinese transliteration, the alternative names of territories ruled by the clan, the generation names of the clansmen, the names taken by the related clans[78]
Boogi (宝济氏)Bao (宝/保), Xing (邢), Liu (刘)Chinese transliteration, the names of territories, the surnames taken by the related clans
Boogiya 保佳氏)Bao (宝/鲍)Chinese transliteration, the surnames taken by the related clans, the names of clansmen
Borigit (宝里吉特氏)Bao (宝/鲍/包), Bo (博/波), Luo (罗), Qi (奇), Ji (吉), Zhuo (卓)[79] [80]
Borgike (博尔济克氏)Bai (白), Bo (博), Luo (罗), Min (敏), Bu (布)Chinese transliteration, the surnames taken by the related clans[81]
Borgun (博尔衮氏)Bo (博), Qin (秦), Qing (清), Bao (宝/包), Er (尔)Chinese transliteration, the literal meaning of the clan's name, the surnames taken by the related clans
Borjigin (博尔济吉特氏)Bao (鲍), Qi (奇)Chinese transliteration[82]
Borjisi (博尔济斯氏)Bo (博), Ba (巴), Bu (布), Si (斯), Song (松)Chinese transliteration, the name of the territories ruled by the clan
Borke (博尔克氏)Bao (包/宝), Er (尔), Ke (柯), Lu (鲁), Lü (吕), Su (速), Yi (伊/宜), Yue (岳)Chinese transliteration, the name of the progenitor, the generation names
Borsut (博尔齐特氏)Bai (白), Ba (巴), Su (苏), Lu (鹿)Chinese transliteration, the names of the clansmen[83]
Bosoo (博硕氏)Bo (博/波), Wang (王), Tu (图), Da (达), Yu (玉), Bao (宝/包/鲍), Qi (奇), Luo (罗)Chinese transliteration, the names of territories[84]
Budara (布达拉氏)Bu (卜)Chinese transliteration[85]
Bugilgen (布吉尔根氏)Bu (布), Pu (朴)[86]
Bukur (布库尔氏)Bu (布),Bo (博), Ku (库), Da (达), E (鄂)Chinese transliteration, the Chinese name of the descent[87]
Bulamu (布喇穆氏)Bu (布/卜), Bi (比), Cha (察), Huang (黄), Mu (木/穆), Suo (索)Chinese transliteration, the names of the territories ruled by the clansmen
Bulca (布尔察氏)Bu (卜/布/步)Chinese transliteration
Bulendurben (布楞都尔本氏)Bu (布), Wu (乌/吴), Ben (本)Chinese transliteration, name of the nerritory ruled by the clansmen
Bulhaci (布勒哈齐氏) Bu (布/步), Ha (哈), Qi (齐), Ba (把)Chinese transliteration
Bulni (布尔尼氏)Bu (卜/布)Chinese transliteration, name of the progenitor
Bultu (布尔图氏)Bu (布/卜), Guo (郭), He (和/何), Hong (洪)Chinese transliteration, names of the territories ruled by the clansmen[88]
Buni (布尼氏)Bu (布/卜), Yu (于)Chinese transliteration
Burhacit (布尔哈齐特氏)Bu (布/卜), Ge (葛), Sa (撒)Chinese transliteration, names of the clansmen[89]
Burut (布鲁特氏)Bu (布/卜), Pu (蒲), Lu (鲁)Chinese transliteration[90]
Busa (布萨氏)Lin (林), Bu (卜/布), Sa (萨)Chinese transliteration, the surnames taken by the related clans[91] [92]
Busai (布赛氏)Bu (布), Sai (赛), Lan (兰), Liu (柳)Chinese transliteration, the names of territories inhabited by clansmen[93]
Busi (布希氏)Bu (布/步), Pu (蒲)Chinese transliteration, the previous name of the clan (蒲鲜)
Buyamuci (布雅穆齐氏)Bu (布), Yan (阎), Mu (穆)Chinese transliteration, the names of territories inhabited by the clan

C

!Clan!Surnames!Origin!References
Cygiya (持佳氏)Chi (池/迟/持), Zhang (张)Chinese transliteration, the initial name of the clan (赤盏氏)[94]
Cagiya (查佳氏)Liu (刘), Cha (查)Chinese transliteration, the initial name of the clan[95] [96]
Cahala (察哈拉氏)Cha (察/查/插), Duo (多), Ha (哈), Zhu (朱), Ping (平), An (安), Yi (伊), He (赫/贺), Ming (明), Jin (金), Xiao (肖), Mei (梅), Wu (吴/武), Yuan (袁)Chinese transliteration, names of the territories ruled by the clansmen, generation names [97]
Caigiya (蔡佳氏)Cai (蔡), Jia (佳)Chinese transliteration
Cala Gioro (察喇觉罗氏)Zhao (赵/兆), Bai (白), Cha (察)Chinese transliteration, the surnames taken by the related clans[98]
Canggiya (常佳氏)Chang (常)Chinese transliteration[99]
Caodan (漕丹氏)Chang (常), Cao (曹/漕)Chinese transliteration, the surnames taken by the related clans, the names of territories ruled by the clansmen
Caogiya (操佳氏)Cao (曹)Chinese transliteration, initial surname of the clan[100]
Caomut (超穆特氏) Chao (巢/超/晁), Chuo (绰), Mu (穆)Chinese transliteration
Cemgun (彻穆衮氏)Shen (沈/申), Che (撤/车), Kun (昆) Chinese transliteration, alternative names of the clan (沈谷)[101]
Cenggiya (程佳氏)Cheng (成/程/承), Rong (荣)Chinese transliteration, initial names of the clans
Cengiya (陈佳氏)Chen (陈)[102]
Cengni (成尼氏) Cheng (承/成/程), Ji (纪)Chinese transliteration, the names of the related clans[103]
Ceyele (彻叶哷氏)Che (车/撤/彻)Chinese transliteration[104]
Ciangiya (钱佳氏)Qian (钱)Initial surname of the clan
Ciaogamuk (乔噶木克氏)Qiao (乔)Chinese transliteration
Ciaogamut (乔噶穆特氏)Qiao (乔), Qi (齐)Chinese transliteration, the surnames taken by the related clans[105]
Ciaogiya (乔佳氏)Qiao (乔)Initial surname of the clan[106]
Cibogio (齐步樵氏)Qi (齐)Chinese transliteration[107] [108]
Cibukinut (齐布齐努特氏)[109]
Cidare (齐达哷氏)Qi (戚/齐)
Cideri (奇德哩氏)Qi (奇/祁/齐)[110]
Cidumu (奇杜穆氏)Qi (奇), Mu (穆), Du (杜)[111]
Cigiya (齐佳氏)Qi (齐/祁)Chinese transliteration, the names of territories ruled by the clansmen[112]
Cikteng (齐克腾氏)Qi (齐)Chinese transliteration
Cilei (奇垒氏)Qi (奇), Lei (雷)Chinese transliteration, the surnames taken by the related clans[113]
Cileng (奇楞氏)Qi (齐/奇)Chinese transliteration, the surnames taken by the related clans, the names of territories ruled by the clansmen[114]
Cilik (齐理克氏)Qi (齐)Chinese transliteration
Cimos (奇墨斯氏)Qi (奇), Mo (莫)[115]
Cimot (齐默特氏)Chen (陈), Mo (默), Qi (齐), Su (苏) Chinese transliteration, the names of the territories ruled by the clansmen, the generation names[116]
Cimuk (齐穆克氏)Qi (齐)Chinese transliteration[117]
Cinggeri (庆格哩氏)Qing (庆)[118]
Ciogiya (秋佳氏)Qiu (秋/邱)Chinese transliteration, the surnames taken by the related clans[119]
Ciošuri (秋舒哩氏)Qiu (秋), Shu (舒)Chinese transliteration
Cirgot (奇尔果特氏)Qi (奇/齐)Chinese transliteration, the surnames taken by the related clans[120]
Ciugiya (屈佳氏)Qu (屈)Initial surname of the clan[121]
Ciuwangiya (全佳氏)Quan (全)[122]
Ciyanghili (强恰哩氏/强奇里氏)Qiang (强)Chinese transliteration[123]
Congira (崇吉拉氏)Cong (丛), Chong (崇), Ji (吉), Bi (毕)Chinese transliteration, the names of territories inhabited by clansmen (Bixin, Yongji)[124]
Cogoru (崇果噜氏)Chong (崇), Lu (鲁)Chinese transliteration, the names of territories inhabited by clansmen (Chong, Cogoru)[125]
Cokcin (绰克秦氏)Chu (初), Ke (克), Cha (察), Qin (秦)Chinese transliteration, the names of territories ruled by clansmen
Colos (绰罗斯氏)Ge (葛), Luo (罗), Ce (策), Tang (唐), Chuo (绰), Liu (刘), Wa (瓦), Wo (斡), Zuo (左), Qi (齐)Chinese transliteration, the generation names, the names of territories ruled by clansmen (Oirat)[126]
Congnile (丛尼勒氏)Cong (丛), Kong (孔)Chinese transliteration, the names of territories ruled by clansmen (Kongnila)[127]
Cuigiya (崔佳氏)Cui (崔)Initial name of the clan (Cui)[128]
Cuijuk (崔珠克氏)Cui (崔), Liu (刘), Chi (赤/迟)Chinese transliteration, alternative names of the clan (赤穆特), names of the related clans, names of the territories inhabited by clansmen[129]
Cuimulu (崔穆鲁氏)Cui (崔)Chinese transliteration[130]
Cukule (楚库勒氏)Chu (楚), Jin (金), Yi (伊)Chinese transliteration,the names of territories

D

ClanSurnamesOriginReferences
Dahuri (达呼哩氏)Da (达), Hu (呼)Chinese transliteration of clan's name, clan's descent[131]
Daibolo (戴卜罗氏)Dai (戴), Bu (卜), Luo (罗)Chinese transliteration[132]
Donggo (董鄂氏)Dong (董), Zhao (赵), He (何), Tang (唐), E (鄂), Cheng (成), Xi (席), Tong (佟), Peng (彭), Qi (齐), Hong (红)Chinese transliteration, surname of the progenitor (Zhao Cai), generation names, surnames taken by collateral clans [133]

References

Notes

Notes and References

  1. Web site: 爱新觉罗玄烨_永琪_溥仪_爱新觉罗后代家谱【宗谱网】. 2021-05-09. www.axjlzp.com.
  2. Book: Comprehensive encyclopedy of Imperial Dynasty. Hongbao bookshop. 1902.
  3. The clan took chinese surnames during the Qing dynasty
  4. Book: Xu, Tiesheng. "100 surnames"/《百家姓》新解（精）. Beijing Book Co. Inc.. 2017.
  5. Book: 民族團結. 民族出版社. 1985. 165-176. 17.
  6. Book: 《清朝通志·氏族略·满洲八旗姓》.
  7. Book: Xie/谢, Junxiang/钧祥. 100 Families. New edition/"新编百家姓". 中州古籍出版社. 2007.
  8. Clan of Mongol descent
  9. Most of the surnames taken during the Ming dynasty
  10. Book: 《清朝通志·氏族略·满洲八旗姓》.
  11. Book: Zhao, Erxun. Draft History of Qing. 1928.
  12. Clan of Daur descent
  13. Book: Guo, Kexing. Records of Heilongjiang region villages and places. Heilongjiang public press. 1988. 248.
  14. Book: 《清通志·五·滿洲八旗姓》.
  15. Clan was annihilated because of the treason in 1911
  16. Book: 《清朝通志·氏族略·附载蒙古八旗姓》.
  17. Book: 东北人物大辞典/Encyclopaedia of the people from East and North. Liaoning Public Press. 1992. 364.
  18. Book: 八旗通志. 東北師范大學出版社. 1986. 7.
  19. Book: 《清朝通志·氏族略·蒙古八旗姓》.
  20. Book: 《八旗满洲氏族通谱》.
  21. Book: 《清朝通志·氏族略·满洲八旗姓》.
  22. Book: 皇朝通志. 4.
  23. Book: Sun, Wenliang. Great Encyclopaedia of Manchu people. 辽宁大学出版社. 1990. 270.
  24. The clan of Han descent
  25. Book: 《氏族略五》. 5.
  26. Book: Wang/王, Tongling/桐龄. History of Chinese people. 吉版图书. 2015.
  27. Book: 北京圖書館藏家譜叢刊: 民族卷. 北京圖書館出版社. 2003. 47. 235.
  28. Clan of Evenk descent
  29. Book: Wu/巫, Shenghui/声惠. Great dictionary of Chinese surnames. 河北人民出版社. 2000. 835.
  30. Book: 《清通志·六·蒙古八旗姓》.
  31. Book: 《布特哈志略》/"Story of Buhata".
  32. Book: 《黑龙江志稿》.
  33. Book: 《八旗通志·烈女传》.
  34. Book: 全国政协文史资料委员会. 中华文史资料文库/Chinese Historical and Cultural literature. 中国文史出版社. 1996. 18. 295.
  35. Book: 满族风情录. 四川民族出版社. 1994. 16.
  36. Book: 《史·博尔术传》/"History.Biography of Borshu".
  37. Book: Xu, Tiesheng. 《百家姓》新解（精）. Beijing Book Co. Inc. 2017.
  38. Book: 欽定九通/Imperially Commissioned 9 Encyclopedies. Part 6. 浙江书局. 1896. 6.
  39. Book: 《八旗满洲姓氏通谱》.
  40. Book: Chen (陈), Mingyuan (明远). Encyclopaedia of Chinese surnames. 北京出版社. 1983. 1. 583.
  41. Book: Liu, Xiaomeng. 满族从部落到国家的发展. Liaoning Public Press. 2001. 109.
  42. Book: Zhao, Li. 《满族姓氏寻根词典》/"Dictionary of Manchu clans". 辽宁民族出版社. 2012. 387.
  43. Book: 《八旗通志初集》.
  44. Book: 《清朝通志·氏族略》.
  45. Book: 《清朝通志·氏族略·附载满洲八旗姓》.
  46. Book: 清朝通典·氏族略·满洲八旗姓.
  47. Book: Wu/巫, Shenghui/声惠. Great Encyclopaedia of Chinese surnames. Hebei Public Press. 2000. 331.
  48. Book: 文淵閣四庫全書. 上海古籍出版社. 2003. 456. 40, 45.
  49. Book: 《渭南地区志·大荔乡土志》/ "History of Weinan region. History of Dali village".
  50. Book: Wang, Zhonglin. 九通分類總纂. 藝文印書館. 1974.
  51. Book: 《金国语解》.
  52. Web site: 2021-05-13. The Origin of Baksang clan.
  53. Book: Bai (白), Temur Bagen (特木尔巴根). Old Mongolian Clans in Chinese Documents. 內蒙古教育出版社. 2002. 16.
  54. Dissolution of the clan in the Ming dynasty
  55. Book: Books of Sui.
  56. Clan of Tungusic origin
  57. Book: 《清朝通典·氏族略·满洲八旗姓》.
  58. Book: 巴林左旗志编纂委员会. Annals of Barin Left Banner. Inner Mongolia Public Press. 1996. 195, 203.
  59. Book: Zhu (朱), Zekui (则奎). Etymology of Han characters by Mr Zhu. 龍文出版社. 1999. 4. 343.
  60. Book: 《皇朝通志·氏族略·满洲八旗姓》.
  61. Book: Aisin Gioro, Hongzhou. 八旗满洲姓氏通谱. 1735. 38.
  62. Book: 八旗满洲姓氏通谱. 1735. 60.
  63. Book: 《万姓统谱》/ Compound genealogy of 10000 clans.
  64. Clan of Nanai descent
  65. Book: Wu, Shenghui. "Encyclopedia of Chinese surnames". Hebei Public Press. 2000. 269.
  66. Book: 《清通志·七·附载蒙古八旗姓》.
  67. Book: Xu, Tiesheng. 《百家姓》新解（精）. Beijing Book Co. Inc.. 2017.
  68. Book: Genealogy of the Manchu clans. 59.
  69. Book: Guo/郭, Kexing/克兴. Records of Villages in Heilongjiang Prefecture. 黑龙江人民出版社. 1988. 259.
  70. Book: 《蒙古秘史》.
  71. Book: Yuan (袁), Yida (义达). 400 Chinese surnames. Beijing Book Co. Inc. 2013.
  72. Book: 文淵閣四庫全書. 456. 275–276.
  73. Book: 八旗通志/Comprehensive annals of Eight Banners. 東北師范大學出版社. 1986. 8.
  74. Clan of Sibe descent
  75. Web site: 2021-05-20. Boholo clan.
  76. Book: 《清通志·四·滿洲八旗姓》.
  77. Book: "清通志·五·滿洲八旗姓".
  78. Book: Bai, Temur Bagen. Mentions of the colligations of old Mongol clans with Han Chinese. 內蒙古教育出版社. 2002. 56.
  79. Clan included into Borjike clan in the Jin dynasty
  80. Book: 八旗通志初集. 臺灣學生書局. 1968. 12765.
  81. Book: Guo/郭, Kexing/克姓. Chronicles of Villages of Heilongjiang. 黑龙江人民出版社. 1988. 261–262.
  82. Book: "The Genetic Legacy of the Mongols". American Journal of Human Genetics. 72.
  83. Book: Wang, Suocun. The Records of the Surnames. 中華叢書編審委員會. 1960.
  84. Book: Dan/淡, Po/泊. 中华万姓谱/10000 Chinese surnames. 中國檔案出版社. 2006. 3. 2507.
  85. Book: Xu/徐, Tiesheng/铁生. 《百家姓》新解（精）. Beijing Book Co. Inc. 2017.
  86. Book: 文淵閣四庫全書. 上海古籍出版社. 2003. 668. 281.
  87. Book: 《黑龙江志稿·氏族志》.
  88. Book: 《蒙古秘史》/ "Secret history of Mongolia".
  89. Web site: 布爾哈齊特_布爾哈齊特姓氏起源来源_布爾哈齊特姓氏名人查询_姓氏大全:布爾哈齊特. 2021-07-17. m.guoxuedashi.net.
  90. Clan of Kirghiz descent
  91. Book: 民族研究/Extensive research of ethnic minorities. 中国社会科学出版社. 1983. 65.
  92. Book: Xie/谢, Junxiang/钧祥. 新编百家姓/New list of hundred surnames. 中州古籍出版社. 2007.
  93. Book: 《清朝通典·氏族略·满洲八旗姓》. 7.
  94. Book: 民國叢書: 第1編/Collection of books from the Republic Era. 上海书店. 1989.
  95. Clan of Xianbei descent
  96. Book: 南塘刘氏都督寨支系家族理事会编. 南塘刘氏都督寨支系一修家谱/Genealogy of the Southern Tang Liu clan. Beijing Book Co. Inc.. 2019.
  97. Book: Wang, Sucun. 中華姓府/Chinese surnames. 中華叢書編審委員會. 1969.
  98. Book: Han/韩, Shiming/世明. 明代女真家庭形态研究/An extensive research on the Ming Dynasty Jurchen families. 中国社会科学出版社. 2006. 10.
  99. Book: Chang/常. Baofeng/宝丰. 我的父親常連安/My father Chang Lian'an. Bao/鲍. Zhenpei/震培. Tianjin Public Press. 2018. 5.
  100. Book: 《奉天通志》/ Annals of Fengtian.
  101. Book: He/何, Guangyue/光岳. 东胡源流史. 江西教育出版社. 2004. 536.
  102. Book: 石刻史料新編/History of petrogliphs. 新文豐出版公司. 1977. 29. 21619.
  103. Book: Yu/于, Shangling/尚龄. Annals of the Jiajiang prefecture. 3.
  104. Book: He/何, Guangyue/光岳. 女真源流史. 江西教育出版社. 2004. 574.
  105. Book: 清朝通志·氏族略·附载蒙古八旗姓.
  106. Book: Yuan/袁, Yida/义达. 400 great chinese surnames. Beijing Book Co. Inc.. 2013.
  107. Book: 满族文化/Manchu culture. 中華民國滿族協會. 1990. 13-17. 11.
  108. Book: 辛亥革命后的北京满族/Peking Manchus after Xinhai revolution. 北京出版社. 2002. 56.
  109. Book: He, Guangyue. 东胡源流史. 江西教育出版社.. 2004. 388.
  110. Book: 《满汉名臣传》/ "Biographies of Manchu and Han Chinese officials".
  111. Book: 《满族的社会组织》/ "Manchurian organisations".
  112. Book: Aisin Gioro, Hongzhou. 《八旗满洲氏族通谱》. 辽海出版社. 2002. 514.
  113. Book: 《清通志·蒙古八旗姓》.
  114. Book: 《大清实录》.
  115. Book: 欽定九通. 浙江書局. 1896.
  116. Book: 赤峰市地方志编纂委员会. 赤峰市志. 内蒙古人民出版社. 1996. 1. 349.
  117. Book: Dan/淡, Po/泊. The list of 10000 chinese surnames. 中国档案出版社. 2006. 1. 774.
  118. Web site: 庆姓起源与族谱、百家姓排名，有哪些历史名人. 2021-08-27. 童乐福儿童网. zh-CN.
  119. Book: He/何, Guangyue/光岳. 女真源流史/Genesis of Jurchen. 江西教育出版社. 2004. 561.
  120. Book: 八旗通志. 8.
  121. Web site: 屈姓起源分布和家谱家族. 2021-08-27. www.23mofang.com.
  122. Book: Yuan/袁. Yida/义达. Great Encyclopaedia of the Chinese families. Qiu/邱. Jiaru/家儒. 江西人民出版社. 2010. 333.
  123. Book: 皇朝通志. 1882.
  124. Book: 皇朝通志·氏族略·满洲八旗姓.
  125. Book: Dan/淡, Po/泊. 中华万姓谱/10000 Chinese surnames. 中國檔案出版社. 2006. 3. 2412.
  126. Book: Xing/邢. Chunru/春如. 古代民族史/History of ancient ethnicities. Li/李. Munan/穆南. 遼海出版社. 2007.
  127. Book: 《长白山先民传》.
  128. Book: 奉天通志. 東北文史叢書編輯委員會點校, 出版. 1983. 260. 2112.
  129. Book: 八旗满洲氏族通谱.
  130. Book: 八旗滿洲氏族通譜. 2002. 229.
  131. Book: 达斡尔族简史/Brief History of Daurs. Inner Mongolia Public Press. 1986. 6.
  132. Book: 东北历史志. 全国图书馆文献缩微复制中心. 2004. 160.
  133. Zhao, Li (2012). 《满族姓氏寻根词典》/ Etymology of Manchu surnames. 辽宁民族出版社. p. 410
  134. Book: Zhao, Li . 《满族姓氏寻根词典》/ Etymology of Manchu surnames . 辽宁民族出版社 . 2012 . 418.

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "List of Chinese surnames taken by the Manchu clans".

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