List of Category 4 South Pacific severe tropical cyclones explained

Category 4 the second-highest classification on the Australian tropical cyclone intensity scale which is used to classify tropical cyclones, that have 10-minute sustained winds of at least wind speeds of NaNkn. 47 tropical cyclones have peaked Category 4 severe tropical cyclones in the South Pacific tropical cyclone basin, which is denoted as the part of the Pacific Ocean to the south of the equator and to the east of 160°E. The earliest tropical cyclone to be classified as a Category 4 severe tropical cyclone was Gyan which was classified as a Category 4 during December 22, 1981, as it impacted New Caledonia. The latest was Pola as it passed between Fiji and Tonga. This list does include any tropical cyclones that peaked as a Category 5 severe tropical cyclone, while in the Southern Pacific tropical cyclone basin.

Background

The South Pacific tropical cyclone basin is located to the south of the Equator between 160°E and 120°W. The basin is officially monitored by the Fiji Meteorological Service and the New Zealand MetService, while other meteorological services such as the Australian Bureau of Meteorology, Météo-France as well as the United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center also monitor the basin. Within the basin a Category 4 severe tropical cyclone is a tropical cyclone that has 10-minute mean maximum sustained wind speeds of NaNkn on the Australian tropical cyclone intensity scale.[1] A named storm could also be classified as a Category 4 tropical cyclone if it is estimated, to have 1-minute mean maximum sustained wind speeds of between NaNkn on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale.[2] This scale is only officially used in American Samoa, however, various agencies including NASA also use it to compare tropical cyclones. A Category 4 tropical cyclone is expected to cause catastrophic devastation, if it significantly impacts land at or near its peak intensity.[1] [2]

Systems

|-| Pam || || 105kn || 925hPa || Wallis and Futuna, Vanuatu
New Caledonia, Queensland || Significant || Unknown ||[3] [4] [5] |-| Gyan || || 100kn || 925hPa || Vanuatu || || ||[6] |-| Abigail || || 95kn || 947hPa || || || ||[7] |-| Isaac || || 95kn || 930hPa || Tonga || || 6 ||[8] [9] [10] |-| Bernie || || 90kn || 960hPa || || || ||[11] |-| Nisha
Orama || || 100kn || 925hPa || French Polynesia || || ||[12] |-| Oscar || || 100kn || 920hPa || Fiji || || 9 ||[13] [14] [15] |-| Rewa || || 100kn || 955hPa || French Polynesia || || 5 ||[16] |-| Sarah || || 90kn || 940hPa || Fiji || || None ||[17] |-| Tomasi || || 100kn || 955hPa || Cook Islands, Niue || Minor || None ||[18] [19] |-| Veena || || 100kn || 955hPa || French Polynesia || || 1 ||[20] |-| Odette || || 90kn || 936hPa || Vanuatu || || ||[21] |-| Ima || || 90kn || 965hPa || Cook Islands || || ||[22] |-| Uma || || 90kn || 940hPa || Vanuatu || || 50 ||[23] [24] |-| Anne || || 100kn || 925hPa || Vanuatu, New Caledonia || || 2 ||[25] [26] [27] |-| Bola || || 95kn || 940hPa || Vanuatu, Fiji, New Zealand || || 3 ||[28] [26] [29] |-| Harry || || 100kn || 925hPa || New Caledonia || || ||[30] |-| Ofa || || 100kn || 925hPa || Polynesia || || 8 ||[31] [32] [33] |-| Val || || 90kn || 940hPa || Tuvalu, Samoan Islands || || 16 ||c[34] [35] |-| Wasa
Arthur || || 90kn || 940hPa || French Polynesia || || 2 ||[34] [36] [37] |-| Betsy || || 90kn || 940hPa || Vanuatu || || 2 ||[38] [26] [39] |-| Esau || || 105kn || 925hPa || Vanuatu || Minimal || ||[27] [40] [41] |-| Joni || || 90kn || 940hPa || Tuvalu, Fiji || || ||[42] [43] [44] |-| Nina || || 80kn || 960hPa || Queensland, Tonga, Papua New Guinea
Solomon Islands, Wallis and Futuna || || ||[45] |-| Prema || || 90kn || 940hPa || Vanuatu, New Caledonia || || 1 ||[26] [46] |-| Sarah || || 90kn || 945hPa || || ||[47] |-| Theodore || || 100kn || 933hPa || || || ||[48] |-| Beti || || 90kn || 935hPa || New Caledonia, Vanuatu
Australia, New Zealand || || 2 ||[49] [26] [50] [51] |-| Drena || || 90kn || 935hPa || Vanuatu, New Caledonia
New Zealand || || ||[52] [53] |-| Gavin || || 100kn || 925hPa || Tuvalu, Fiji
Wallis and Futuna || || ||[43] [53] [54] |-| Dani || || 100kn || 925hPa || Vanuatu, Fiji
New Caledonia || || 14 ||[50] [55] [56] |-| Kim || || 90kn || 935hPa || French Polynesia || Minimal || ||[57] [58] |-| Paula || || 95kn || 930hPa || Vanuatu, Fiji, Tonga || || ||[50] [59] |-| Waka || || 95kn || 930hPa || Wallis and Futuna, Tonga || || ||[9] [50] [60] |-| Eseta || || 100kn || 930hPa || Fiji || || None ||[61] |-| Ivy || || 90kn || 935hPa || Vanuatu || || ||[62] [26] [50] [63] [64] |-| Nancy || || 95kn || 930hPa || Cook Islands || Severe || ||[65] |-| Xavier || || 95kn || 930hPa || Solomon Islands, Vanuatu || Extensive || None ||[66] [67] |-| Daman || || 100kn || 925hPa || Fiji, Tonga || || ||[68] |-| Funa || || 95kn || 930hPa || Vanuatu || Severe || None ||[69] |-| Oli || || 100kn || 925hPa || Cook Islands, French Polynesia || || ||[70] [71] |-| Tomas || || 100kn || 925hPa || Wallis and Futuna, Fiji || || ||[72] [73] |-| Zelia || || 90kn || 957hPa || New Caledonia, Norfolk Island
New Zealand || None || None ||[74] |-| Wilma || || 100kn || 935hPa || Samoan Islands, Tonga
New Zealand || || ||[75] [76] [77] |-| Atu || || 90kn || 937hPa || New Caledonia, Vanuatu || || ||[78] |-| Jasmine || || 105kn || 937hPa || Solomon Islands, Vanuatu
New Caledonia, Tonga || None || None ||[79] |-| Evan || || 100kn || 943hPa || Samoan Islands, Fiji
Wallis and Futuna || || ||[80] |-| Freda || || 100kn || 940hPa || Solomon Islands
New Caledonia || || ||[81] [82] |-| Sandra || || 100kn || 930hPa || New Caledonia, New Zealand || None || None ||[83] |-| Ula || || 100kn || 945hPa || Tuvalu, Samoan Islands, Tonga
Fiji, Vanuatu, New Caledonia || Unknown || ||[84] |-| Hola || || 90kn || 952hPa || Fiji, Vanuatu
New Caledonia, New Zealand || || ||[85] [86] [87] [88] |-| Pola || || 90kn || 950hPa || Wallis and Futuna, Fiji, Tonga || || ||[89] [90] |-| Dovi || || 95kn || 940hPa || Vanuatu, New Caledonia, New Zealand || || |||-| Judy || || 95kn || 945hPa || Vanuatu || || |||}

Other systems

The FMS considers Gabrielle to have peaked as a Category 4 severe tropical cyclone in the Australian region and weakened into a Category 3 severe tropical cyclone as it moved into its area of responsibility.[91]

In addition to the 47 tropical cyclones listed above Severe Tropical Cyclone's: Kerry, Katrina, Larry and Jasper, were considered by the BoM to be Category 4 Severe tropical cyclones within the South Pacific Ocean, after they had moved into the Australian region.[92] [93] [94] The BoM also considers Severe Tropical Cyclone Watorea, to have been a Category 5 severe tropical cyclone, within the Australian region before it moved into the basin during February 24.[95] Severe Tropical Cyclone Anne was estimated to have peaked by the JTWC, with one-minute sustained wind speeds of 260abbr=onNaNabbr=on for six hours during January 11, 1988.[96] This made it equivalent to a Category 5 tropical cyclone on the SSHWS, however, the FMS estimated that the system had peaked with 10-minute sustained winds of 100kn based on the Dvorak technique, which made it a Category 4 severe tropical cyclone on the Australian scale.[96] [97] During 2017, a study into Category 4 and 5 tropical cyclones over the South Pacific during the 1980s, was published within the Royal Meteorological Society's International Journal of Climatology.[98] This showed that the intensity of such tropical cyclones had been underestimated by the various warning centres during the decade.[98] In particular, they estimated that Severe Tropical Cyclone's Oscar and Nisha-Orama had 1-minute sustained winds of 285abbr=onNaNabbr=on, which would make them Category 5 tropical cyclones on the SSHWS.[98]

See also

Notes and References

  1. 2017/2018 Tropical Cyclone Season Summary of Alerts and Warnings Procedures for Fiji. Fiji Meteorological Service . October 23, 2017 . 3 & 11. https://web.archive.org/web/20180413033258/http://www.met.gov.fj/TC_Procedures.pdf. live . April 13, 2018.
  2. The Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale. United States National Hurricane Center. Schott, Timothy. Landsea, Christopher. Hafele, Gene. Lorens, Jeffrey. Taylor, Arthur. Thrum, Harvey. Ward, Bill. Willis, Mark. Zaleski, Walt. January 2, 2019. June 4, 2019.
  3. Web site: [{{IBTRACS url|id=1974030S15182}} 1974 Tropical Cyclone PAM (1974030S15182)]. International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. April 2, 2019.
  4. 1973-1974 dans le pacifique sud-ouest. 1976. 90. March 28, 2020. 51. MetMar.
  5. Courtney, Joseph B. Foley, Gary R. van Burgel, Johannes L. Trewin, Blair. Burton, Andrew D. Callaghan, Jeffrey. Davidson, Noel E. Revisions to the Australian tropical cyclone best track database . Journal of Southern Hemisphere Earth Systems Science . 2021 . 71 . 2 . 219. 10.1071/ES21011. 244220599 . free.
  6. Web site: [{{IBTRACS url|id=1981353S09172}} 1981 Tropical Cyclone Gyan (1981353S09172)]. International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. May 25, 2019.
  7. Web site: [{{IBTRACS url|id=1982022S26154}} 1982 Tropical Cyclone Abigail (1982022S26154)]. International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. October 28, 2019.
  8. Web site: [{{IBTRACS url|id=1982058S10185}} 1982 Tropical Cyclone Isaac (1982058S10185)]. International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. May 25, 2019.
  9. Book: Terry, James P. 2007. 52, 63–64. 5 – Meteorological Conditions. 9780387715421. Tropical cyclones: Climatology and impacts in the South Pacific.
  10. Woodroffe, Colin D.. Pacific Science. 37. 1983. 3. 0030-8870. University of Hawaii. 10125/675. 181–210. The Impact of Cyclone Isaac on the Coast of Tonga.
  11. Web site: [{{IBTRACS url|id=1982091S03159}} 1982 Tropical Cyclone Bernie (1982091S03159)]. International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. May 25, 2019.
  12. Web site: [{{IBTRACS url|id=1983051S15214}} 1983 Tropical Cyclone Nisha:Orama (1983051S15214)]. International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. May 25, 2019.
  13. Web site: [{{IBTRACS url|id=1983054S15179}} 1983 Tropical Cyclone Oscar (1983054S15179)]. International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. May 25, 2019.
  14. Browne M L. Krishna, Ram. Tropical Cyclone Oscar Preliminary Report. Fiji Meteorological Service . March 15, 1983.
  15. News: Fiji prepares for worst as cyclone heads for coast. Costello, D. December 30, 1986. Courier Mail.
  16. Web site: [{{IBTRACS url|id=1983066S11213}} 1983 Tropical Cyclone REWA (1983066S11213)]. International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. May 25, 2019.
  17. Web site: [{{IBTRACS url|id=1983082S11180}} 1983 Tropical Cyclone SARAH (1983082S11180)]. International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. May 25, 2019.
  18. Web site: [{{IBTRACS url|id=1983086S08204}} 1983 Tropical Cyclone TOMASI (1983086S08204)]. International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. May 25, 2019.
  19. Tropical Cyclone Tomasi Preliminary Report. May 26, 1983. Fiji Meteorological Service. Dey, Sarwen K.
  20. Web site: [{{IBTRACS url|id=1983097S10224}} 1983 Tropical Cyclone VEENA (1983097S10224)]. International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. May 25, 2019.
  21. Web site: International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. [{{IBTRACS url|id=1985017S15146}} 1985 Tropical Cyclone Odette (1985017S15146)]. October 28, 2019.
  22. Web site: [{{IBTRACS url|id=1986036S16187}} 1986 Tropical Cyclone IMA (1986036S16187)]. International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. May 25, 2019.
  23. Web site: [{{IBTRACS url|id=1987035S12160}} 1987 Tropical Cyclone UMA:VELI (1987035S12160)]. International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. May 25, 2019.
  24. Web site: A Special Submission to the UN Committee for Development Policy on Vanuatu's LDC Status A . 8–9 . March 4, 2009 . United Nations . August 9, 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121102191446/http://www.un.org/esa/policy/devplan/profile/plen4d_cdp2009.pdf . November 2, 2012 . The Government of Vanuatu . dead .
  25. Web site: [{{IBTRACS url|id=1988006S05182}} 1988 Tropical Cyclone ANNE (1988006S05182)]. International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. May 25, 2019.
  26. Report of the WMO Post-Tropical Cyclone "Pam" Expert Mission to Vanuatu. World Meteorological Organization. 22.
  27. Web site: Météo-France. New Caledonia Meteorological Office. Phénomènes ayant le plus durement touché la Nouvelle-Calédonie: De 1880 à nos jours: Anne. Phenomena having the hardest hit New Caledonia: From 1880 to the present: Anne. December 24, 2015.
  28. Web site: [{{IBTRACS url|id=1988055S10180}} 1988 Tropical Cyclone BOLA (1988055S10180)]. International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. May 25, 2019.
  29. Web site: 1991. Priority Setting for Government Investment in Forestry Conservation Schemes — An Example from New Zealand. O'Loughlin, Colin L. June 11, 2008. USDA Forest Service.
  30. Web site: [{{IBTRACS url|id=1989037S16164}} 1989 Severe Tropical Cyclone HARRY (1989037S16164)]. International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. May 25, 2019.
  31. Web site: [{{IBTRACS url|id=1990028S10183}} 1990 Tropical Cyclone OFA (1990028S10183)]. International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. May 25, 2019.
  32. Tropical Cyclone Report 90/4: Tropical Cyclone Ofa, January 31 – February 7, 1990 . Prasad, Rajendra . https://web.archive.org/web/20140222011918/http://www.pacificdisaster.net/pdnadmin/data/original/JB_DM393a_TC_Ofa_FMS_1990_Report.pdf . Fiji Meteorological Service . May 3, 1990 . May 12, 2014 . February 22, 2014 . dead .
  33. Storm Data and Unusual Weather Phenomena: February 1990 . 32 . March 13, 2013 . March 13, 2013 . United States National Climatic Data Center . 101 . https://www.webcitation.org/6F5gBXRb0?url=http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/orders/IPS-107B7473-EA40-404D-B0A2-B2A76B5AA7FF.pdf . 2 . Tanner, Roger W . Miller, Vince . dead .
  34. The South Pacific and south-east Indian Ocean Tropical Cyclone Season 1991–92. 43. 181–192. Australian Bureau of Meteorology. September 3, 1994. Australian Meteorological Magazine. Gill, Jonathan P..
  35. Book: Fairbairn, T.. The economic impact of natural disasters in the South Pacific with special reference to Fiji, Western Samoa, Niue, and Papua New Guinea. 1997. South Pacific Disaster Reduction Program. 982-364-001-7. 2018-06-09. https://web.archive.org/web/20160304195350/http://www.pacificdisaster.net/pdnadmin/data/original/SPDRP_1997_economic_impact.pdf. 2016-03-04. dead.
  36. Web site: [{{IBTRACS url|id=1991339S10203}} 1991 Tropical Cyclone WASA (1991339S10203)]. International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. May 25, 2019.
  37. Prince, Al. Havoc in French Polynesia. Pacific Islands Monthly. 1992. 62. 39. 0030-8722.
  38. Web site: [{{IBTRACS url|id=1992005S07172}} 1992 Tropical Cyclone BETSY (1992005S07172)]. International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. May 25, 2019.
  39. Web site: https://web.archive.org/web/20110319184439/http://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/history/betsy.shtml . Tropical Cyclone Betsy . Bureau of Meteorology . September 16, 2010 . March 19, 2011 . dead .
  40. Web site: [{{IBTRACS url|id=1992055S13169}} 1992 Severe Tropical Cyclone Esau (1992055S13169)]. International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. May 25, 2019.
  41. Tropical Cyclone Esau, February 24 – March 7 . Fiji Meteorological Service . Tropical Cyclone Report . April 22, 2013 . June 26, 2013 . https://archive.today/20130626182255/http://webapp1.dlib.indiana.edu/cgi-bin/virtcdlib/index.cgi/4274123/FID1/DATA/TROPIC/SWP_NAR/1992_6.NAR;1 . live .
  42. Web site: [{{IBTRACS url|id=1992338S04173}} 1992 Tropical Cyclone JONI (1992338S04173)]. International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. May 25, 2019.
  43. Summary of Major Disasters in Fiji: 1985 – March 2010 . December 8, 2015 . Fiji National Disaster Management Office . July 9, 2015 . dead . December 28, 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20151208150752/http://webapp1.dlib.indiana.edu/virtual_disk_library/index.cgi/4274123/FID218/DATA/TROPIC/SWP_NAR/1993_6.NAR .
  44. December 5, 2015 . December 8, 2015 . Tropical Cyclone Joni, December 3–14, 1992 . Fiji Meteorological Service . live . May 20, 1996 . https://web.archive.org/web/20151208142241/http://webapp1.dlib.indiana.edu/virtual_disk_library/index.cgi/4274123/FID218/DATA/TROPIC/SWP_NAR/1992_11.NAR .
  45. Tropical Cyclone Nina, December 21, 1992 – January 4, 1993 . live . 20 May 1996 . 8 December 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20151208150752/http://webapp1.dlib.indiana.edu/virtual_disk_library/index.cgi/4274123/FID218/DATA/TROPIC/SWP_NAR/1993_6.NAR . Fiji Meteorological Service . 13 December 2015 .
  46. Web site: [{{IBTRACS url|id=1993083S12181}} 1993 Tropical Cyclone PREMA (1993083S12181)]. International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. May 25, 2019.
  47. Web site: [{{IBTRACS url|id=1994019S17174}} 1994 Tropical Cyclone SARAH (1994019S17174)]. International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. May 25, 2019.
  48. Web site: [{{IBTRACS url|id=1994053S08155}} 1994 Severe Tropical Cyclone THEODORE (1994053S08155)]. International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. May 25, 2019.
  49. Web site: [{{IBTRACS url|id=1996079S12170}} 1996 Tropical Cyclone BETI (1996079S12170)]. International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. May 25, 2019.
  50. Web site: Prasad, Binman . Economic Impact of Natural Disasters on development in the Pacific Volume 1: Research Report . June 29, 2010 . March 11, 2012 . 10–89 . Kaloumaira, Atu . South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission . McKenzie, Emily . https://web.archive.org/web/20120311213402/http://www.pacificdisaster.net/pdnadmin/data/original/economic%20impact%20of%20natural%20disasters%20on%20development%20in%20the%20pacific.pdf . 2005 . dead .
  51. The South Pacific and Southeast Indian Ocean Tropical Cyclone Season 1995–96. Callaghan, Jeff. December 4, 1997. 46. Australian Bureau of Meteorology. 325–339. May 23, 2011. Australian Meteorological and Oceanographic Journal.
  52. Web site: [{{IBTRACS url|id=1997001S10176}} 1997 Severe Tropical Cyclone DRENA (1997001S10176)]. International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. May 25, 2019.
  53. 3. The South Pacific and Southeast Indian Ocean tropical cyclone season 1996–97. Hanstrum, B.N.. Reader, G. September 3, 1999. 48. 197–210. August 2, 2010. Australian Meteorological Magazine.
  54. May 22, 2009 . Tropical Cyclone Gavin: March 2 — 11, 1997 . Fiji Meteorological Service . Tropical Cyclone Report 96/7 . April 4, 1998 . 31 January 2013 . 1–11, 21 . Kersemakers, Mark . https://web.archive.org/web/20131012021517/http://www.pacificdisaster.net/pdnadmin/data/original/TC_GAVIN.pdf . 12 October 2013 . dead .
  55. January 26, 2022 . Fiji Meteorological Service . https://web.archive.org/web/20220126144608/http://www.pacificdisaster.net/doc/TC_Seasonal_Summary_1998-1999.pdf . RSMC Nadi Tropical Cyclone Seasonal Summary 1998–99 . 1999 . May 20, 2024 . live .
  56. Web site: August 1, 2010 . August 1, 2010 . South Pacific Applied Geo-science Commission . Tropical Cyclones Reducing Vulnerability of Pacific ACP States Natural Hazards in the Pacific — Fact sheet 1 . https://www.webcitation.org/5rfKCbl5W?url=http://www.sopac.org/tiki-download_file.php?fileId=841 . November 7, 2006 . dead .
  57. RSMC Nadi Tropical Cyclone Seasonal Summary 1999-00 . 2000 . May 20, 2024 . August 27, 2023 . Fiji Meteorological Service . https://web.archive.org/web/20230827160346/http://www.pacificdisaster.net/doc/TC_Seasonal_Summary_1999-2000.pdf . live .
  58. Web site: Australian Severe Weather . 2000 . Padgett, Gary . Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Summary February 2000 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110606080911/http://australiasevereweather.com/cyclones/2000/summ0002.htm . December 5, 2010 . June 6, 2011 . live .
  59. RSMC Nadi Tropical Cyclone Seasonal Summary 2000–01 . June 29, 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220126144606/http://www.pacificdisaster.net/doc/TC_Seasonal_Summary_2000-2001.pdf . January 26, 2022 . Fiji Meteorological Service. 2001 . live .
  60. RSMC Nadi Tropical Cyclone Seasonal Summary 2001–02 . 2002 . May 20, 2024 . January 26, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220126144605/http://www.pacificdisaster.net/doc/TC_Seasonal_Summary_2001-2002.pdf . live . Fiji Meteorological Service .
  61. Web site: [{{IBTRACS url|id=2003068S14172}} 2003 Tropical Cyclone Eseta (2003068S14172)]. International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. May 25, 2019.
  62. Web site: May 25, 2019. [{{IBTRACS url|id=2004052S15172}} 2004 Tropical Cyclone IVY (2004052S15172)]. International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship.
  63. https://web.archive.org/web/20220126144603/http://www.pacificdisaster.net/doc/TC_Seasonal_Summary_2003-2004.pdf. RSMC Nadi Tropical Cyclone Seasonal Summary 2003–04 . Fiji Meteorological Service . July 27, 2010 . January 26, 2022 . 2005 . dead .
  64. Web site: South Pacific Applied Geo-science Commission . Catastrophe Insurance pilot project, Port Vila Vanuatu: developing risk-management options for disasters in the Pacific Region . July 31, 2010 . July 22, 2011 . Unattributed . November 11, 2004 . 7 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110722013146/http://www.sopac.int/data/virlib/MR/MR0550.pdf . dead .
  65. Web site: May 25, 2019. [{{IBTRACS url|id=2005042S12190}} 2005 Tropical Cyclone NANCY (2005042S12190)]. International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship.
  66. Web site: May 25, 2019. [{{IBTRACS url|id=2006294S10168}} 2006 Tropical Cyclone Xavier (2006294S10168)]. International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship.
  67. RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre. November 26, 2007. November 13, 2011. Tropical Cyclone Seasonal Summary 2006–07. Fiji Meteorological Service.
  68. Web site: [{{IBTRACS url|id=2007337S12186}} 2007 Tropical Cyclone Daman (2007337S12186)]. International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. May 25, 2019.
  69. Web site: [{{IBTRACS url|id=2008015S16162}} 2008 Tropical Cyclone Funa (2008015S16162)]. International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. May 25, 2019.
  70. Web site: [{{IBTRACS url|id=2010029S12177}} 2010 Tropical Cyclone Oli (2010029S12177)]. International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. May 25, 2019.
  71. News: Radio New Zealand International. Cyclone Oli estimated to have caused US$11m worth of damage. September 13, 2014. February 8, 2010.
  72. Web site: [{{IBTRACS url|id=2010069S12188}} 2010 Tropical Cyclone Tomas (2010069S12188)]. International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. May 25, 2019.
  73. Fiji National Disaster Management Council . Ministry of Provincial Development & National Disaster Management . June 1, 2010 . January 17, 2012 . Tropical Cyclone Tomas Damages Assessments, Response & Relief Actions and Rehabilitation & Reconstruction Recommendations . https://web.archive.org/web/20160304100359/http://www.pacificdisaster.net/pdnadmin/data/original/FJI_TC_2010_Tomas_Rprt.pdf . March 4, 2016 . dead .
  74. Web site: [{{IBTRACS url|id=2011013S15151}} 2011 Severe Tropical Cyclone Zelia (2011013S15151)]. International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. May 25, 2019.
  75. Web site: [{{IBTRACS url|id=2011020S13182}} 2011 Tropical Cyclone Wilma (2011020S13182)]. International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. May 25, 2019.
  76. Web site: Staff Writer. Honolulu Star Advertiser. January 24, 2011. January 24, 2011. Cyclone Wilma blows over Samoa, strengthening en route to Fiji.
  77. Web site: Unattributed . Radio New Zealand . January 27, 2011 . January 29, 2011 . Samoan flood deaths could have been avoided — disaster official . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20171027032624/http://www.rnzi.com/pages/news.php?op=read&id=58438 . October 27, 2017 .
  78. Web site: [{{IBTRACS url|id=2011048S14171}} 2011 Tropical Cyclone Atu (2011048S14171)]. International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. May 25, 2019.
  79. Web site: [{{IBTRACS url|id=2012032S15141}} 2012 Tropical Cyclone Jasmine (2012032S15141)]. International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. May 25, 2019.
  80. Web site: [{{IBTRACS url|id=2012346S14180}} 2012 Tropical Cyclone Evan (2012346S14180)]. International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. May 25, 2019.
  81. Web site: [{{IBTRACS url|id=2012362S08165}} 2012 Tropical Cyclone Freda (2012362S08165)]. International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. May 25, 2019.
  82. News: Body of missing New Caledonia teenager found. Radio New Zealand International. January 7, 2013. March 23, 2013.
  83. Web site: [{{IBTRACS url|id=2015364S09190}} 2018 Tropical Cyclone Sandra (2013064S18149)]. International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. May 25, 2019.
  84. Web site: [{{IBTRACS url|id=2015364S09190}} 2018 Tropical Cyclone Ula (2015364S09190)]. International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. May 25, 2019.
  85. Web site: International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. [{{IBTRACS url|id=2018064S16172}} 2018 Tropical Cyclone Hola (2018064S16172)]. October 23, 2019.
  86. Review of the 2016/2017 and 2017/2018 Cyclone Seasons by RSMC Nadi. Fiji Meteorological Service. 2018. RA V Tropical Cyclone Committee for the South Pacific and South-East Indian Ocean Seventeenth Session. http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/www/RAV_TCC-17.html. World Meteorological Organisation. https://web.archive.org/web/20180723003837/http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/www/Documents/RAV_TCC-17_DOC4.1.1_RSMC-Nadi.pdf. July 23, 2018. live. July 22, 2018. 2.
  87. Web site: Cyclone Hola Kills 1, Injures 2 In Vanuatu. 9 March 2018. Urdupoint.
  88. News: Two More Tc Hola Deaths Confirmed. 14 March 2018.
  89. Web site: [{{IBTRACS url|id=2019057S13184}} 2019 Tropical Cyclone Pola (2019057S13184)]. International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. May 25, 2019.
  90. March 7, 2019. Fiji Climate Summary February 2019. Fiji Meteorological Service. June 6, 2022. October 18, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191018120749/http://www.met.gov.fj/aifs_prods/Climate_Products/February%202019climateSum2019.03.11%2014.02.22.pdf.
  91. Tropical Cyclone Season Summary 2022/23. Fiji Meteorological Service. October 24, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231025192612/https://www.met.gov.fj/aifs_prods/tc_report/TC_Seasonal_Sumary_2023_F.pdf. October 25, 2023. April 21, 2024. live. 21.
  92. Web site: [{{IBTRACS url|id=1979042S05170}} 1979 Severe Tropical Cyclone Kerry (1979042S05170)]. International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. May 25, 2019.
  93. Web site: [{{IBTRACS url|id=1998002S14151}} 1998 Severe Tropical Cyclone Katrina (1998002S14151)]. International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. May 25, 2019.
  94. Web site: [{{IBTRACS url|id=2006074S13158}} 2006 Severe Tropical Cyclone Larry (2006074S13158)]. International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. May 25, 2019.
  95. Web site: [{{IBTRACS url|id=1994053S08155}} 1994 Severe Tropical Cyclone Theodore (1994053S08155)]. International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. May 25, 2019.
  96. Web site: [{{IBTRACS url|id=1988006S05182}} 1988 Tropical Cyclone ANNE (1988006S05182)]. International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. May 25, 2019.
  97. Kishore, Satya. Fiji Meteorological Service. April 25, 1988. Tropical Cyclone Report 88/1, Tropical Cyclone Anne.
  98. Hoarau, Karl. Chalonge, Ludovic. Pirard, Florence . Peyrusaubes, Daniel . Extreme tropical cyclone activities in the southern Pacific Ocean . International Journal of Climatology . March 2018 . 38 . 3 . 1409–1420 . 10.1002/joc.5254. 2018IJCli..38.1409H. 133864648 .

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "List of Category 4 South Pacific severe tropical cyclones".

Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is © Copyright 2009-2024, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. Cookie policy.