List of Category 4 Pacific hurricanes explained

Category 4, the second-highest classification on the Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale, is used for tropical cyclones that have winds of 130–. The division of the eastern and central Pacific basins occurs at 140° W; the eastern Pacific covers area east of 140° W, while the central Pacific extends between 140° W to 180° W. Both basins' division points are at 66° N as a northern point and the equator as the southern point., 141 hurricanes have attained Category 4 status in the northeastern Pacific basins. This list does not include storms that also attained Category 5 status on the scale.

Numerous climatological factors influence the formation of hurricanes in the Pacific basins. The North Pacific High and Aleutian Low, usually present between January and April, cause strong wind shear and unfavorable conditions for the development of hurricanes. During its presence, El Niño results in increased numbers of powerful hurricanes through weaker wind shear, while La Niña reduces the number of such hurricanes through the opposite. Global warming may also influence the formation of tropical cyclones in the Pacific basin. During a thirty-year period with two sub-periods, the first between 1975 and 1989 and the second between 1990 and 2004, an increase of thirteen Category 4 or 5 storms was observed from the first sub-period.__TOC__

Statistics and background

On the Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale, "Category 4" is the second-most powerful classification, with winds ranging between 130and. When these hurricanes make landfall, impacts are usually severe but are not as destructive as Category 5 hurricanes that come ashore.^[1] The term "maximum sustained wind" refers to the average wind speed measured during the period of one minute at the height of 10feet above the ground. The windspeed is measured at that height to prevent disruption from obstructions. Wind gusts in tropical cyclones are usually approximately 30% stronger than the one-minute maximum sustained winds.^[2]

The northeastern Pacific hurricane basins are divided into two parts – eastern and central. The eastern Pacific basin extends from all areas of the Pacific north of the equator east of 140° W, while the central Pacific basin includes areas north of the equator between 140° W and 180° W.^[3] Both basins extend to the Arctic Circle at 66° N.^[4]

When tropical cyclones cross from the Atlantic into the Pacific, the name of the previous storm is retained if the system continues to exhibit tropical characteristics; however, when hurricanes degenerate into a remnant low-pressure area, the system is designated with the next name on the rotating eastern Pacific hurricane naming list.^[5]

Since 1900, 141 Category 4 hurricanes have been recorded in the eastern and central Pacific basins. Of these, fourteen have attained Category 4 status on more than one occasion, by weakening to a status on the Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale lower than Category 4 and later restrengthening into a Category 4. Such storms are demarcated by the dates they first attained and the final time they lost the intensity. Only four storms, Hurricane Fico in 1978, Hurricane Norbert in 1984, Hurricane Hector in 2018, and Hurricane Dora in 2023, reached Category 4 status three times or more.

Between 1970 and 1975, advisories for systems in the eastern Pacific basins were initiated by the Eastern Pacific Hurricane Center (EPHC) as part of the National Weather Service (NWS) office in San Francisco, California. At that time, the advisories released were written in cooperation with the United States Navy Fleet Weather Center in Alameda and the Air Force Hurricane Liaison Officer at the McClellan Air Force Base. Following the move of the hurricane center to Redwood City in 1976, track files were created and altered by Arthur Pike and were later re-modified following the release of a study in 1980. The National Hurricane Center (NHC) extended its authority to the EPHC in 1988, and subsequently began maintaining the tracks.^[6]

Climatology

A total of 141 Category 4 hurricanes have been recorded in the eastern and central Pacific basins since 1900. Only two Category 4 hurricanes have been recorded in May, in addition to 14 in June, 25 in July, 31 in August, 32 in September, 20 in October, and two in November. No Category 4 storms have developed during the off-season. It is theorized that global warming was responsible for an increase of 13 Category 4 and 5 storms that developed in the eastern Pacific, from 36 in the period of 1975–1989 to 49 in the period of 1990–2004. It was estimated that if sea-surface temperatures ascended by 2 to 2.5 degrees, the intensity of tropical cyclones would increase by 6–10% internationally. During years with the existence of an El Niño, sea-surface temperatures increase in the eastern Pacific, resulting in an increase in activity as vertical wind shear decreases in the Pacific; the opposite happens in the Atlantic basin during El Niño, when wind shear increases creating an unfavourable environment for tropical cyclone formation in the Atlantic.^[7] Contrary to El Niño, La Niña increases wind shear over the eastern Pacific and reduces it over the Atlantic.^[8]

The presence of a semi-permanent high-pressure area known as the North Pacific High in the eastern Pacific is a dominant factor against formation of tropical cyclones in the winter, as the Pacific High results in wind shear that causes environmental conditions for tropical cyclone formation to be unconducive. Its effects in the central Pacific basin are usually related to keeping cyclones away from the Hawaiian Islands. Due to westward trade winds, hurricanes in the Pacific nearly never head eastward, although several storms have defied the odds and headed eastward. A second factor preventing tropical cyclones from forming during the winter is the occupation of a semi-permanent low-pressure area designated the Aleutian Low between January and April. Its presence over western Canada and the northwestern United States contributes to the area's occurrences of precipitation in that duration. In addition, its effects in the central Pacific near 160° W causes tropical waves that form in the area to drift northward into the Gulf of Alaska and dissipate. Its retreat in late-April allows the warmth of the Pacific High to meander in, bringing its powerful clockwise wind circulation with it. The Intertropical Convergence Zone departs southward in mid-May permitting the formation of the earliest tropical waves,^[4] coinciding with the start of the eastern Pacific hurricane season on May 15.^[9]

Cooler waters near the Baja California peninsula are thought to prevent storms in the eastern Pacific from transitioning into an extratropical cyclone; as of 2009, only three storms listed in the database are known to have successfully completed an extratropical transition.^[6]

Category 4 Pacific hurricanes

1950s

During the 1950s, there were three Category 4 hurricanes in the Pacific Ocean. A denotes that the storm temporarily weakened below Category 4 intensity during the specified period of time.

Storm name	Season	Dates as a Category 4	Time as a Category 4	Peak one-minute sustained winds	Pressure	Source(s)
Unnamed				120kn	Unknown	^[10]
Dot				130kn	NaNinHgNaNinHg	^[11]
"Mexico"				120kn	NaNinHgNaNinHg	^[12]
Notes: The storm noted formed or attained Category 4 status in the central Pacific basin but may have formed in the eastern Pacific basin The storm noted attained Category 4 status more than once * The storm noted was both a Category 4 in the eastern and central Pacific basins ** The storm noted originated in the Atlantic basin, but later intensified into a Category 4 hurricane in the eastern Pacific basin # Storms that attained Category 4 status at one point but intensified into Category 5 at a later time are not included. As the Pacific hurricane database only goes back to 1949, the 1943 Mazatlán hurricane is not included, although it attained Category 4-equivalent winds at 136mph. It is unknown if the winds observed were sustained.^[13] Storms that formed in the eastern or central Pacific but strengthened to reach Category 4 status in the western Pacific basin (west of 180° W) are not included.^[14] ^[15] |} 1970s During the 1970s, there were 18 Category 4 hurricanes in the Pacific Ocean. A denotes that the storm temporarily weakened below Category 4 intensity during the specified period of time. Storm name Season Dates as a Category 4 Time as a Category 4 Peak one-minute sustained winds Pressure Source(s) Denise 120kn NaNinHgNaNinHg Celeste 115kn NaNinHgNaNinHg Doreen 120kn NaNinHgNaNinHg Emily 120kn NaNinHgNaNinHg Maggie 120kn NaNinHgNaNinHg Denise 120kn Unknown Katrina 115kn Unknown Annette 120kn NaNinHgNaNinHg Iva 115kn Unknown Liza 120kn NaNinHgNaNinHg Madeline 125kn NaNinHgNaNinHg Carlotta 115kn Unknown Fico 120kn NaNinHgNaNinHg Hector 120kn Unknown Norman 120kn Unknown Susan 115kn Unknown ^[16] Enrique 125kn Unknown Ignacio 125kn NaNinHgNaNinHg Notes: The storm noted formed or attained Category 4 status in the central Pacific basin but may have formed in the eastern Pacific basin The storm noted attained Category 4 status more than once * The storm noted was both a Category 4 in the eastern and central Pacific basins ** The storm noted originated in the Atlantic basin, but later intensified into a Category 4 hurricane in the eastern Pacific basin # Storms that attained Category 4 status at one point but intensified into Category 5 at a later time are not included. |} 1980s During the 1980s, there were 23 Category 4 hurricanes in the Pacific Ocean. A denotes that the storm temporarily weakened below Category 4 intensity during the specified period of time. Storm name Season Dates as a Category 4 Time as a Category 4 Peak one-minute sustained winds Pressure Source(s) Kay 120kn Unknown Olivia 125kn Unknown Barbara 115kn Unknown Henriette 115kn Unknown Kiko 125kn Unknown Raymond  125kn Unknown ^[17] Tico 115kn Unknown Douglas 125kn Unknown Elida 115kn Unknown Iselle 115kn Unknown Norbert 115kn Unknown Ignacio 115kn Unknown ^[18] Jimena 115kn Unknown Rick 125kn Unknown Estelle 115kn Unknown ^[19] Javier 115kn Unknown Roslyn 125kn Unknown Max 135kn Unknown Ramon 120kn Unknown Hector 125kn NaNinHgNaNinHg ^[20] Fabio 120kn NaNinHgNaNinHg ^[21] ^[22] Octave 115kn NaNinHgNaNinHg ^[23] Raymond 125kn NaNinHgNaNinHg ^[24] Notes: The storm noted formed or attained Category 4 status in the central Pacific basin but may have formed in the eastern Pacific basin The storm noted attained Category 4 status more than once * The storm noted was both a Category 4 in the eastern and central Pacific basins ** The storm noted originated in the Atlantic basin, but later intensified into a Category 4 hurricane in the eastern Pacific basin # Storms that attained Category 4 status at one point but intensified into Category 5 at a later time are not included. |} 1990s During the 1990s, there were 34 Category 4 hurricanes in the Pacific Ocean. A denotes that the storm temporarily weakened below Category 4 intensity during the specified period of time. The most intense storms of the decade in terms of sustained winds were 1990's Hernan and Trudy with 135kn. While the strongest hurricane in terms of barometric pressure was 1990's Trudy with 924hPa. Storm name Season Dates as a Category 4 Time as a Category 4 Peak one-minute sustained winds Pressure Source(s) Hernan 135kn NaNinHgNaNinHg ^[25] Marie 120kn NaNinHgNaNinHg ^[26] ^[27] Odile 125kn NaNinHgNaNinHg ^[28] Trudy 135kn NaNinHgNaNinHg ^[29] Jimena 115kn NaNinHgNaNinHg ^[30] Kevin 125kn NaNinHgNaNinHg ^[31] Celia 125kn NaNinHgNaNinHg ^[32] Estelle 120kn NaNinHgNaNinHg ^[33] Frank 125kn NaNinHgNaNinHg ^[34] Orlene 125kn NaNinHgNaNinHg ^[35] Iniki 125kn NaNinHgNaNinHg ^[36] Tina 130kn NaNinHgNaNinHg ^[37] Virgil 115kn NaNinHgNaNinHg ^[38] Dora 115kn NaNinHgNaNinHg ^[39] Fernanda 125kn NaNinHgNaNinHg ^[40] Keoni 115kn NaNinHgNaNinHg ^[41] Greg 115kn NaNinHgNaNinHg ^[42] Jova 115kn NaNinHgNaNinHg ^[43] Kenneth 130kn NaNinHgNaNinHg ^[44] Lidia 130kn NaNinHgNaNinHg ^[45] Lane 115kn NaNinHgNaNinHg ^[46] Olivia 130kn NaNinHgNaNinHg ^[47] Adolph 115kn NaNinHgNaNinHg ^[48] Barbara 120kn NaNinHgNaNinHg ^[49] Juliette 130kn NaNinHgNaNinHg ^[50] Douglas 115kn NaNinHgNaNinHg ^[51] Felicia 115kn NaNinHgNaNinHg ^[52] Jimena 115kn NaNinHgNaNinHg ^[53] scope=row Nora 115kn NaNinHgNaNinHg ^[54] Pauline 115kn NaNinHgNaNinHg ^[55] Blas 120kn NaNinHgNaNinHg ^[56] Estelle 115kn NaNinHgNaNinHg ^[57] Howard 130kn NaNinHgNaNinHg ^[58] Dora 120kn NaNinHgNaNinHg ^[59] Notes: The storm noted formed or attained Category 4 status in the central Pacific basin but may have formed in the eastern Pacific basin The storm noted attained Category 4 status more than once * The storm noted was both a Category 4 in the eastern and central Pacific basins ** The storm noted originated in the Atlantic basin, but later intensified into a Category 4 hurricane in the eastern Pacific basin # Storms that attained Category 4 status at one point but intensified into Category 5 at a later time are not included. |} 2000s During the 2000s, there were 14 Category 4 hurricanes in the Pacific Ocean. A denotes that the storm temporarily weakened below Category 4 intensity during the specified period of time. The most intense storms of the decade in terms of sustained winds were 2000's Carlotta and 2009's Jimena with 135kn. While the strongest hurricane in terms of barometric pressure was 2001's Juliette with 923hPa. Storm name Season Dates as a Category 4 Time as a Category 4 Peak one-minute sustained winds Pressure Source(s) Carlotta 135kn NaNinHgNaNinHg ^[60] Adolph 125kn NaNinHgNaNinHg ^[61] Juliette 125kn NaNinHgNaNinHg ^[62] Fausto 125kn NaNinHgNaNinHg ^[63] Ele 115kn NaNinHgNaNinHg Howard 120kn NaNinHgNaNinHg ^[64] Javier 130kn NaNinHgNaNinHg ^[65] Kenneth 115kn NaNinHgNaNinHg ^[66] Daniel 130kn NaNinHgNaNinHg ^[67] John 115kn NaNinHgNaNinHg ^[68] Flossie 120kn NaNinHgNaNinHg ^[69] Norbert 115kn NaNinHgNaNinHg ^[70] Felicia 125kn NaNinHgNaNinHg ^[71] Jimena 135kn NaNinHgNaNinHg ^[72] Notes: The storm noted formed or attained Category 4 status in the central Pacific basin but may have formed in the eastern Pacific basin The storm noted attained Category 4 status more than once * The storm noted was both a Category 4 in the eastern and central Pacific basins ** The storm noted originated in the Atlantic basin, but later intensified into a Category 4 hurricane in the eastern Pacific basin # Storms that attained Category 4 status at one point but intensified into Category 5 at a later time are not included. |} 2010s During the 2010s, there were 37 Category 4 hurricanes in the Pacific Ocean. A denotes that the storm temporarily weakened below Category 4 intensity during the specified period of time. The most intense storms of the decade in terms of sustained winds were 2011's Dora, 2014's Amanda, 2015's Jimena, 2018's Hector, and 2019's Barbara at 135kn, while the strongest hurricane in terms of barometric pressure was Odile with 918hPa. Storm name Season Dates as a Category 4 Time as a Category 4 Peak one-minute sustained winds Pressure Source(s) Adrian 120kn NaNinHgNaNinHg ^[73] Dora 135kn NaNinHgNaNinHg ^[74] Eugene 120kn NaNinHgNaNinHg ^[75] Hilary 125kn NaNinHgNaNinHg ^[76] Kenneth 125kn NaNinHgNaNinHg ^[77] Emilia 120kn NaNinHgNaNinHg ^[78] Amanda 135kn NaNinHgNaNinHg Cristina 130kn NaNinHgNaNinHg Iselle 120kn NaNinHgNaNinHg Odile 120kn NaNinHgNaNinHg Simon 115kn NaNinHgNaNinHg Andres 125kn NaNinHgNaNinHg ^[79] ^[80] ^[81] Blanca 125kn NaNinHgNaNinHg ^[82] Dolores 115kn NaNinHgNaNinHg ^[83] Hilda 120kn NaNinHgNaNinHg ^[84] Ignacio 125kn NaNinHgNaNinHg ^[85] Jimena 135kn NaNinHgNaNinHg Kilo 120kn NaNinHgNaNinHg Olaf 130kn NaNinHgNaNinHg Sandra 130kn NaNinHgNaNinHg ^[86] Blas 120kn NaNinHgNaNinHg Georgette 115kn NaNinHgNaNinHg Lester 125kn NaNinHgNaNinHg Madeline 115kn NaNinHgNaNinHg Seymour 130kn NaNinHgNaNinHg Fernanda 125kn NaNinHgNaNinHg Kenneth 115kn NaNinHgNaNinHg Aletta 120kn NaNinHgNaNinHg Bud 120kn NaNinHgNaNinHg Hector 135kn NaNinHgNaNinHg Norman 130kn NaNinHgNaNinHg Olivia 115kn NaNinHgNaNinHg ^[87] Rosa 130kn NaNinHgNaNinHg Sergio 120kn NaNinHgNaNinHg Barbara 135kn NaNinHgNaNinHg Erick 115kn NaNinHgNaNinHg Kiko 115kn NaNinHgNaNinHg Notes: The storm noted formed or attained Category 4 status in the central Pacific basin but may have formed in the eastern Pacific basin The storm noted attained Category 4 status more than once * The storm noted was both a Category 4 in the eastern and central Pacific basins ** The storm noted originated in the Atlantic basin, but later intensified into a Category 4 hurricane in the eastern Pacific basin # Storms that attained Category 4 status at one point but intensified into Category 5 at a later time are not included. |} 2020s During the 2020s, there have been 9 Category 4 hurricanes in the Pacific Ocean. A denotes that the storm temporarily weakened below Category 4 intensity during the specified period of time. In terms of barometric pressure, the most intense Category 4 Pacific hurricanes of the decade so far have been Hurricane Dora and Hurricane Norma of 2023, each with a minimum pressure of 939hPa; by the metric of maximum sustained winds, the strongest Category 4 Pacific hurricane of the decade to date is Hurricane Dora of 2023, peaking with sustained winds of 130kn. Storm name Season Dates as a Category 4 Time as a Category 4 Peak one-minute sustained winds Pressure Source(s) Douglas 115kn NaNinHgNaNinHg ^[88] Genevieve 115kn NaNinHgNaNinHg ^[89] Marie 120kn NaNinHgNaNinHg ^[90] Felicia 125kn NaNinHgNaNinHg ^[91] Linda 115kn NaNinHgNaNinHg ^[92] Darby 120kn NaNinHgNaNinHg ^[93] Orlene 115kn NaNinHgNaNinHg ^[94] Roslyn 115kn NaNinHgNaNinHg ^[95] Dora 130kn NaNinHgNaNinHg ^[96] Fernanda 115kn NaNinHgNaNinHg ^[97] Hilary 120kn NaNinHgNaNinHg ^[98] Lidia 120kn NaNinHgNaNinHg Norma 115kn NaNinHgNaNinHg Notes: The storm noted formed or attained Category 4 status in the central Pacific basin but may have formed in the eastern Pacific basin The storm noted attained Category 4 status more than once * The storm noted was both a Category 4 in the eastern and central Pacific basins ** The storm noted originated in the Atlantic basin, but later intensified into a Category 4 hurricane in the eastern Pacific basin # Storms that attained Category 4 status at one point but intensified into Category 5 at a later time are not included. |} Landfalls Of the 141 Category 4 hurricanes that have formed in the eastern and central Pacific basins, 32 have made landfall. Of them, four made landfall at Category 4 intensity, three at Category 3, twelve at Categories 2 and 1, ten as tropical storms, and six as tropical depressions. Several of these storms weakened slightly after attaining Category 4 status as they approached land; this is usually a result of dry air, shallower water due to shelving, cooler waters, or interaction with land.^[99] Name Year bgcolor=# Category 4 bgcolor=# Category 3 bgcolor=# Category 2 bgcolor=# Category 1 bgcolor=# Tropical storm bgcolor=# Tropical depression Source(s) Unnamed 1957 Sinaloa state  —  —  —  —  — ^[100] Dot 1959  —  —  — Kauaʻi  —  — "Mexico" 1959 Colima state  —  —  —  —  — Liza 1976  — Sonora state  —  —  —  — Madeline 1976 Guerrero state  —  —  —  —  — Ignacio 1979  —  —  —  —  — Michoacán state Raymond 1983  —  —  —  —  — Maui, Oʻahu, Kauaʻi Tico 1983  — Sinaloa state  —  —  —  — Norbert 1984  —  —  —  — Baja California Sur state  — Roslyn 1986  —  —  — Sinaloa state  —  — Raymond 1989  —  —  —  — Baja California Sur state Sonora state  — ^[101] Orlene 1992  —  —  —  —  — Big Island Iniki 1992 Kauaʻi  —  —  —  —  — Virgil 1992  —  — Michoacán state  —  —  — Lidia 1993  —  — Sinaloa state  —  —  — Nora 1997  —  —  — Baja California Sur state Baja California state  —  — Pauline 1997  —  — Oaxaca state  —  —  — Juliette 2001  —  —  —  — Baja California Sur state Sonora state Javier 2004  —  —  —  —  — Baja California Sur state John 2006  —  — Baja California Sur state  —  —  — Norbert 2008  —  — Baja California Sur state Sonora state  —  — Jimena 2009  —  — Baja California Sur state  —  —  — Iselle 2014  —  —  —  — Big Island  — Odile 2014  — Baja California Sur state  —  — Sonora state  — Blanca 2015  —  —  —  — Baja California Sur state  — Bud 2018  —  —  —  — Baja California Sur state  — Olivia 2018  —  —  —  — Maui, Lānaʻi  — ^[102] Rosa 2018  —  —  —  —  — Baja California state Sergio 2018  —  —  —  — Baja California Sur state Sonora state Orlene 2022  —  — Islas Marías Sinaloa state  —  — Roslyn 2022  — Nayarit state  —  —  —  — Hilary 2023  —  —  —  — Baja California state  — Lidia 2023 Jalisco state  —  —  —  —  — Norma 2023  —  —  — Baja California Sur state  — Sinaloa state Note: If a storm makes landfall in the same Mexican state more than once, it is only listed for the most intense landfall. See also List of Pacific hurricanes Footnotes Notes General Book: Blake, Eric S.. Gibney, Ethan J.. Brown, Daniel P.. Mainelli, Michelle M.. Franklin, James L.. James Franklin (meteorologist). Kimberlain, Todd B.. Hammer, Gregory R.. Tropical Cyclones of the Eastern North Pacific Basin, 1949–2006. National Climatic Data Center. Asheville, North Carolina. June 2009. Historical Climatology Series. 6-5. 2011-12-03. 2013-03-02. https://web.archive.org/web/20130302054358/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pdf/TC_Book_Epac_1949-2006_hires.pdf. live. Book: Longshore, David.. Encyclopedia of hurricanes, typhoons, and cyclones. Facts on File, Inc.. 1998. 1st. 0-8160-3398-6. Specific

Notes and References

1. Web site: The Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale. Schott, Timothy. Landsea, Christopher W.. Christopher Landsea. Hafele, Gene. Lorens, Jeffrey. Taylor, Arthur. Thurm, Harvey. Ward, Bill. Willis, Mark. Zaleski, Walt. 8. 2010-08-25. National Hurricane Center. United States. 2011-11-21. 2016-12-13. https://web.archive.org/web/20161213223055/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pdf/sshws.pdf. live.
2. Web site: TCFAQ D4) What does "maximum sustained wind" mean? How does it relate to gusts in tropical cyclones?. United States. Landsea, Christopher W.. 2006-04-21. Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2011-11-21. 2014-10-09. https://web.archive.org/web/20141009070826/http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/D4.html. live.
3. Web site: View Official Products. 2011. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. United States National Weather Service. 2011-11-27. United States. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20111015014324/http://products.weather.gov/viewlist.php?page=14. 2011-10-15.
4. [#Longshore1998|Longshore 1998]
5. Web site: Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory. TCFAQ B5) What happens to the name of a tropical cyclone if it moves from the Atlantic regions to the Northeast Pacific, or vice versa?. Landsea, Christopher W.. Hurricane Research Division. 2011-11-27. United States. 2011-10-11. https://web.archive.org/web/20111011105053/http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/B5.html. live.
6. [#Blake2009|Blake et al. 2009]
7. Web site: Hurricanes: The Greatest Storms on Earth: Feature Articles. Graham, Steve. Riebeek, Holli. 2006-11-01. Earth Observatory. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 2011-11-30. United States. 2017-05-06. https://web.archive.org/web/20170506091751/https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/Hurricanes/hurricanes_3.php. live.
8. [#Longshore1998|Longshore 1998]
9. Web site: TCFAQ G1) When is hurricane season? . Dorst, Neal . 2010-01-21 . . . 2011-11-30 . United States . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20090506152735/http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/G1.html . 2009-05-06 .
10. Web site: HURDAT tracks for East Pacific 1949–2011. 2012. Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory. Hurricane Research Division. 2012-04-10. United States. 2012-09-25. https://web.archive.org/web/20120925004016/http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/tracks1949to2011_epa.html. live.
11. Web site: The 1959 Central Pacific Tropical Cyclone Season. 2007-05-04. Central Pacific Hurricane Center. 2011-12-04. United States. 2008-05-27. https://web.archive.org/web/20080527181534/http://www.prh.noaa.gov/cphc/summaries/1959.php#Dot. live.
12. 2016-02-04. 2016-02-04. Re-analysis of the 1959 Manzanillo Mexico Hurricane. National Hurricane Center. 2016-02-05. https://web.archive.org/web/20160205005228/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/news/20160204_pa_1959HurricaneReanalysis.pdf. live.
13. Sumner, Howard C.. Woolard, Edgar W.. Edgar W. Woolard. November 1943. North Atlantic Hurricanes and Tropical Disturbances of 1943. Monthly Weather Review. 71. 11. 179–183. 1520-0493. 10.1175/1520-0493(1943)71<179:NAHATD>2.0.CO;2. American Meteorological Society. 1943MWRv...71..179S. 2011-11-11. 2013-11-26. https://web.archive.org/web/20131126075755/http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/general/lib/lib1/nhclib/mwreviews/1943.pdf. live.
14. Web site: TCFAQ F1) What regions around the globe have tropical cyclones and who is responsible for forecasting there? . Landsea . Christopher . . . 2011-12-14 . United States . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20121113000158/http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/F1.html . 2012-11-13 .
15. Web site: HURDAT 1851 – 2010. August 2011. Hurricane Research Division. HURDAT. 2011-12-14. United States. 2011-12-22. https://web.archive.org/web/20111222124445/http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/tracks1851to2010_atl_reanal.html. live.
16. Web site: The 1978 Central Pacific Tropical Cyclone Season. Central Pacific Hurricane Center. 2011-12-04. United States. 2007-05-04. 2014-10-10. https://web.archive.org/web/20141010113844/http://www.prh.noaa.gov/cphc/summaries/1978.php#Susan. live.
17. Web site: The 1983 Central Pacific Tropical Cyclone Season. Central Pacific Hurricane Center. 2011-12-04. United States. 2007-05-04. 2018-10-17. https://web.archive.org/web/20181017082105/http://www.prh.noaa.gov/cphc/summaries/1983.php#Raymond. live.
18. Web site: The 1985 Central Pacific Tropical Cyclone Season. 2007-05-04. Central Pacific Hurricane Center. 2011-12-04. United States. 2012-01-10. https://web.archive.org/web/20120110225711/http://www.prh.noaa.gov/cphc/summaries/1985.php#Ignacio. live.
19. Web site: The 1986 Central Pacific Tropical Cyclone Season. 2007-05-04. Central Pacific Hurricane Center. 2011-12-04. United States. 2012-01-11. https://web.archive.org/web/20120111023248/http://www.prh.noaa.gov/cphc/summaries/1986.php#Estelle. live.
20. Preliminary Report, Hurricane Hector, 29 July – 8 August, 1988. National Hurricane Center. Lawrence, Miles B.. 1989. 2011-12-03. United States. GIF. 2014-01-02. https://web.archive.org/web/20140102192647/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1988/hector/prenhc/prelim02.gif. live.
21. Preliminary report, Hurricane Fabio, 28 July – 9 August 1988. BMM. 1988-10-29. National Hurricane Center. 2011-12-03. United States. GIF. 2014-01-02. https://web.archive.org/web/20140102193331/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1988/fabio/prenhc/prelim03.gif. live.
22. Web site: The 1988 Central Pacific Tropical Cyclone Season. 2007-05-04. United States. Central Pacific Hurricane Center. 2011-12-04. 2018-08-18. https://web.archive.org/web/20180818214436/http://www.prh.noaa.gov/cphc/summaries/1988.php#Fabio. live.
23. National Hurricane Center. Preliminary best track, Hurricane Octave 8 – 16 September 1989. Clark, Gil.. 1989-11-09. 2011-12-03. United States. GIF. 2014-01-02. https://web.archive.org/web/20140102193106/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1989/octave/prenhc/prelim04.gif. live.
24. Preliminary best track, Hurricane Raymond, 25 September – 05 October 1989. National Hurricane Center. 2011-12-03. GIF. 1. Mayfield, Max B.. Max Mayfield. 1989-11-18. United States. 2014-01-02. https://web.archive.org/web/20140102193257/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1989/raymond/prenhc/prelim04.gif. live.
25. 1991. Preliminary best track, Hurricane Hernan, 19 – 31 July 1990. Gerrish, Hal.. GIF. National Hurricane Center. 2011-12-03. United States. 2014-01-02. https://web.archive.org/web/20140102193118/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1990/hernan/prenhc/prelim06.gif. live.
26. Gerrish, Hal. Preliminary best track, Hurricane Marie, 7 – 21 September 1990. Chun, Andy. 1991. United States. GIF. 2011-12-03. National Hurricane Center. 2014-01-02. https://web.archive.org/web/20140102193515/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1990/marie/prenhc/prelim07.gif. live.
27. Web site: The 1990 Central Pacific Tropical Cyclone Season. 2007-05-04. Central Pacific Hurricane Center. 2011-12-04. United States. 2012-01-10. https://web.archive.org/web/20120110224402/http://www.prh.noaa.gov/cphc/summaries/1990.php#Marie. live.
28. Preliminary best track, Hurricane Odile, 23 September – 2 October 1990. GIF. United States. Lawrence, Miles B.. 1991. National Hurricane Center. 2011-12-03. 2014-01-02. https://web.archive.org/web/20140102193309/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1990/odile/prenhc/prelim03.gif. live.
29. 1991. Avila, Lixion A.. Preliminary report, Hurricane Trudy, 16 October – 1 November, 1990. 1–2. Lixion Avila. United States. National Hurricane Center. 2011-12-03. GIF. 2014-01-03. https://web.archive.org/web/20140103005705/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1990/trudy/prenhc/. live.
30. GIF. Preliminary report, Hurricane Jimena, 20 September – 2 October 1991. Pasch, Richard J.. 1992. National Hurricane Center. 2011-12-03. United States. 2014-01-02. https://web.archive.org/web/20140102193337/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1991/jimena/prenhc/prelim04.gif. live.
31. Preliminary report, Hurricane Kevin, 25 September – 12 October 1991. 1. Mayfield, Max B.. 1991-11-16. National Hurricane Center. United States. GIF. 2011-12-03. 2014-01-02. https://web.archive.org/web/20140102193110/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1991/kevin/prenhc/prelim04.gif. live.
32. National Hurricane Center. Preliminary report, Hurricane Celia, 22 June – 4 July 1992. Pasch, Richard J.. 1992-12-02. 2011-12-03. GIF. United States. 2014-01-02. https://web.archive.org/web/20140102193239/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1992/celia/prenhc/prelim04.gif. live.
33. Preliminary report, Hurricane Estelle, 9 – 17 July 1992. 2011-12-04. Rappaport, Edward N.. Edward Rappaport. 1992-08-10. GIF. National Hurricane Center. United States. 2014-01-02. https://web.archive.org/web/20140102193454/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1992/estelle/prenhc/prelim04.gif. live.
34. Lawrence, Miles B.. Preliminary report, Hurricane Frank, 13 – 23 July 1992. 1992-09-09. National Hurricane Center. 2011-12-04. United States. GIF. 2014-01-02. https://web.archive.org/web/20140102193048/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1992/frank/prenhc/prelim03.gif. live.
35. 1992-12-10. GIF. Preliminary report, Hurricane Orlene, 2 – 14 September 1992. Pasch, Richard J.. National Hurricane Center. 2011-12-04. United States. 2014-01-02. https://web.archive.org/web/20140102193035/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1992/orlene/prenhc/prelim03.gif. live.
36. Web site: The 1992 Central Pacific Tropical Cyclone Season. 2007-05-04. Central Pacific Hurricane Center. 2011-12-04. United States. 2015-07-16. https://web.archive.org/web/20150716020051/http://www.prh.noaa.gov/cphc/summaries/1992.php#Iniki. live.
37. Preliminary report, Hurricane Tina, 17 September – 11 October 1992. Rappaport, Edward N.. 1992-11-06. National Hurricane Center. 2011-12-04. United States. GIF. 2014-01-02. https://web.archive.org/web/20140102193532/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1992/tina/prenhc/prelim04.gif. live.
38. Preliminary report, Hurricane Virgil, 1 – 5 October 1992. Pasch, Richard J.. GIF. 1992-12-08. National Hurricane Center. 2011-12-04. United States. 2014-01-02. https://web.archive.org/web/20140102193142/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1992/virgil/prenhc/prelim05.gif. live.
39. Preliminary report, Hurricane Dora, 14 – 21 July, 1993. GIF. Avila, Lixion A.. 1994. National Hurricane Center. 2011-12-04. United States. 2014-01-02. https://web.archive.org/web/20140102235735/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1993/dora/prenhc/. live.
40. Preliminary report, Hurricane Fernanda, 9 – 19 August, 1993. Mayfield, Max B.. 1993-10-19. National Hurricane Center. 2011-12-04. United States. GIF. 2011-06-04. https://web.archive.org/web/20110604144747/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1993/fernanda/prenhc/. live.
41. Web site: The 1993 Central Pacific Tropical Cyclone Season. 2007-05-04. Central Pacific Hurricane Center. 2011-12-04. United States. 2018-08-15. https://web.archive.org/web/20180815201102/http://www.prh.noaa.gov/cphc/summaries/1993.php#Keoni. live.
42. Preliminary report, Hurricane Greg, 15 – 28 August 1993. United States. Pasch, Richard J.. 1993-11-28. National Hurricane Center. 2011-12-04. GIF. 2012-11-08. https://web.archive.org/web/20121108213059/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1993/greg/prenhc/. live.
43. Preliminary report, Hurricane Jova, 29 August – 6 September 1993. Lawrence, Miles B.. 1993-10-21. National Hurricane Center. 2011-12-04. United States. GIF. 2014-01-02. https://web.archive.org/web/20140102193240/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1993/jova/prenhc/prelim03.gif. live.
44. Preliminary report, Hurricane Kenneth, 5 – 18 September 1993. Mayfield, Max B.. 1993-10-19. National Hurricane Center. 2011-12-04. United States. GIF. 2014-01-02. https://web.archive.org/web/20140102192731/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1993/kenneth/prenhc/prelim03.gif. live.
45. Preliminary report, Hurricane Lidia, 8 – 14 September 1993. Pasch, Richard J.. 1993-11-28. National Hurricane Center. 2011-12-04. United States. GIF. 2014-01-02. https://web.archive.org/web/20140102192558/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1993/lidia/prenhc/prelim04.gif. live.
46. Preliminary report, Hurricane Lane, 3 – 10 September, 1994. Avila, Lixion A.. 1994-10-19. National Hurricane Center. 2011-12-04. United States. GIF. 2014-01-02. https://web.archive.org/web/20140102193314/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1994/lane/prenhc/prelim03.gif. live.
47. Preliminary report, Hurricane Olivia, 22 – 29 September 1994. Pasch, Richard J.. 1995-01-13. National Hurricane Center. 2011-12-04. United States. GIF. 2014-01-02. https://web.archive.org/web/20140102193517/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1994/olivia/prenhc/prelim04.gif. live.
48. Preliminary Report — Hurricane Adolph. Mayfield, Max B.. 1995-11-19. National Hurricane Center. 2011-12-04. United States. 2013-10-04. https://web.archive.org/web/20131004063519/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1995adolph.html. live.
49. Preliminary Report — Hurricane Barbara. Avila, Lixion A.. 1995-10-28. National Hurricane Center. 2011-12-04. United States. 2011-11-13. https://web.archive.org/web/20111113171911/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1995barbara.html. live.
50. Preliminary Report — Hurricane Juliette . Pasch, Richard J. . 1996-02-01 . . 2011-12-04 . United States . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20090831174632/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1995juliette.html . 2009-08-31 .
51. Preliminary Report — Hurricane Douglas. Avila, Lixion A.. 1996-10-24. National Hurricane Center. 2011-12-04. United States. 2011-05-14. https://web.archive.org/web/20110514032825/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1996douglas.html. live.
52. Preliminary Report — Hurricane Felicia. United States. Lawrence, Miles B.. National Hurricane Center. 2011-12-04. 1997-08-23. 2013-10-22. https://web.archive.org/web/20131022170909/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1997felicia.html. live.
53. Preliminary Report — Hurricane Jimena. Avila, Lixion A.. 1997-09-16. National Hurricane Center. 2011-12-04. United States. 2013-10-22. https://web.archive.org/web/20131022170923/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1997jimena.html. live.
54. Preliminary Report — Hurricane Nora . Rappaport, Edward N. . 1997-10-30 . . 2011-12-04 . United States . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20050925163209/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1997nora.html . 2005-09-25 .
55. Preliminary Report — Hurricane Pauline . Lawrence, Miles B. . 1997-11-07 . . 2011-12-04 . United States . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20050925163243/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1997pauline.html . 2005-09-25 .
56. Preliminary Report — Hurricane Blas. Mayfield, Max B.. 1988-07-14. National Hurricane Center. 2011-12-04. United States. 2014-01-02. https://web.archive.org/web/20140102193131/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1998blas.html. live.
57. Preliminary Report — Hurricane Estelle. Guiney, John L.. 1999-01-21. United States Central Pacific Hurricane Center. National Hurricane Center. 2011-12-04. United States. 2014-01-02. https://web.archive.org/web/20140102193405/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1998estelle.html. live.
58. Preliminary Report — Hurricane Howard. Mayfield, Max B.. 1998-11-16. National Hurricane Center. 2011-12-04. United States. 2014-01-02. https://web.archive.org/web/20140102192728/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1998howard.html. live.
59. Preliminary Report — Hurricane Dora . Lawrence, Miles B. . Kimberlain, Todd B. . 1999-11-23 . . 2011-12-04 . United States . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120408211321/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1999dora.html . 2012-04-08 .
60. National Hurricane Center. Tropical Cyclone Report — Hurricane Carlotta. Franklin, James L.. 2000-07-16. 2011-12-04. United States. 2006-07-10. https://web.archive.org/web/20060710165813/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/2000carlotta.html. live.
61. Tropical Cyclone Report — Hurricane Adolph. Stewart, Stacy R.. 2001-06-18. National Hurricane Center. 2011-12-04. United States. 2013-10-05. https://web.archive.org/web/20131005123006/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/2001adolph.html. live.
62. Tropical Cyclone Report — Hurricane Juliette . Lawrence, Miles B. . Mainelli, Michelle M. . 2001-11-30 . . 2011-12-04 . United States . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20081006122021/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/2001juliette.html . 2008-10-06 .
63. Tropical Cyclone Report — Hurricane Fausto . Franklin, James L. . 2002-12-06 . . 2011-12-04 . United States . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20080922230004/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/2002fausto.shtml . 2008-09-22 .
64. Tropical Cyclone Report — Hurricane Howard. Beven, John L.. 2004-12-13. National Hurricane Center. 2011-12-04. United States. PDF. 2015-07-11. https://web.archive.org/web/20150711103416/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/EP112004_Howard.pdf. live.
65. Tropical Cyclone Report — Hurricane Javier. Avila, Lixion A.. 2004-11-15. National Hurricane Center. 2011-12-04. United States. PDF. 2015-09-30. https://web.archive.org/web/20150930170030/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/EP132004_Javier.pdf. live.
66. Tropical Cyclone Report — Hurricane Kenneth. Pasch, Richard J.. 2006-04-20. National Hurricane Center. 2011-12-04. United States. PDF. 2015-09-29. https://web.archive.org/web/20150929060933/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/EP112005_Kenneth.pdf. live.
67. Tropical Cyclone Report — Hurricane Daniel. Beven, John L.. 2007-01-04. National Hurricane Center. 2011-12-04. United States. PDF. 2015-09-29. https://web.archive.org/web/20150929132956/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/EP052006_Daniel.pdf. live.
68. Tropical Cyclone Report — Hurricane John. Pasch. Richard J.. 2006-11-16. National Hurricane Center. 2011-12-04. United States. PDF. 2015-09-29. https://web.archive.org/web/20150929133003/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/EP112006_John.pdf. live.
69. Tropical Cyclone Report — Hurricane Flossie. Pasch, Richard J.. Roberts, David P.. 2008-01-10. National Hurricane Center. 2011-12-04. United States. PDF. 2015-10-02. https://web.archive.org/web/20151002014314/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/EP092007_Flossie.pdf. live.
70. Tropical Cyclone Report — Hurricane Norbert. Franklin, James L.. 2009-01-07. National Hurricane Center. 2011-12-04. United States. PDF. 2015-09-30. https://web.archive.org/web/20150930105031/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/EP152008_Norbert.pdf. live.
71. Tropical Cyclone Report — Hurricane Felicia. Kimberlain, Todd B.. Wroe, Derek.. Knabb, Richard D.. 2010-01-14. United States Central Pacific Hurricane Center. National Hurricane Center. 2011-12-04. United States. PDF. 2015-09-30. https://web.archive.org/web/20150930060503/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/EP082009_Felicia.pdf. live.
72. Tropical Cyclone Report — Hurricane Jimena. Beven, John L.. 2010-01-29. National Hurricane Center. 2011-12-04. United States. PDF. 2016-03-04. https://web.archive.org/web/20160304105644/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/EP132009_Jimena.pdf. live.
73. Tropical Cyclone Report — Hurricane Adrian. Berg, Robbie. 2011-09-07. National Hurricane Center. 2011-12-04. United States. PDF. 2012-01-11. https://web.archive.org/web/20120111002347/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/EP012011_Adrian.pdf. live.
74. Tropical Cyclone Report — Hurricane Dora. Brown, Daniel P.. 2011-11-03. National Hurricane Center. 2011-12-04. United States. PDF. 2012-01-11. https://web.archive.org/web/20120111011008/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/EP042011_Dora.pdf. live.
75. Tropical Cyclone Report — Hurricane Eugene. Blake, Eric S.. 2011-09-06. National Hurricane Center. 2011-12-04. United States. PDF. 2011-11-25. https://web.archive.org/web/20111125011942/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/EP052011_Eugene.pdf. live.
76. Tropical Cyclone Report — Hurricane Hilary. Beven, John L. II. Landsea, Christopher. 2012-01-20. National Hurricane Center. 2012-01-20. United States. PDF. 2012-09-24. https://web.archive.org/web/20120924233117/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/EP092011_Hilary.pdf. live.
77. Tropical Cyclone Report — Hurricane Kenneth. Stewart, Stacy R.. 2012-01-14. National Hurricane Center. 2012-02-06. United States. PDF. 2012-07-30. https://web.archive.org/web/20120730101604/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/EP132011_Kenneth.pdf. live.
78. Tropical Cyclone Report — Hurricane Emilia. Cangialosi, John P.. 2012-10-14. National Hurricane Center. 2014-01-01. United States. PDF. 2013-12-03. https://web.archive.org/web/20131203014636/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/EP052012_Emilia.pdf. live.
79. Richard J. Pasch. National Hurricane Center. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. May 31, 2015. June 4, 2015. Hurricane Andres Public Advisory Number 16. Miami, Florida. June 3, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150603153851/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2015/ep01/ep012015.public.016.shtml?. live.
80. Dave Roberts. National Hurricane Center. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. June 1, 2015. June 4, 2015. Hurricane Andres Discussion Number 18. Miami, Florida. June 3, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150603153806/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2015/ep01/ep012015.discus.018.shtml?. live.
81. Dave Roberts. National Hurricane Center. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. June 1, 2015. June 4, 2015. Hurricane Andres Public Advisory Number 19. Miami, Florida. June 3, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150603200940/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2015/ep01/ep012015.public.019.shtml?. live.
82. Richard J. Pasch and David P. Roberts. National Hurricane Center. November 30, 2015. December 4, 2015. Hurricane Blanca. Tropical Cyclone Report. Miami, Florida. PDF. December 8, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20151208052239/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/EP022015_Blanca.pdf. live.
83. Richard J. Pasch and David P. Roberts. National Hurricane Center. October 27, 2015. October 30, 2015. Hurricane Dolores. Tropical Cyclone Report. Miami, Florida. PDF. December 8, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20151208062354/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/EP052015_Dolores.pdf. live.
84. Richard J. Pasch and David P. Roberts. National Hurricane Center. October 29, 2015. November 1, 2015. Hurricane Hilda. Tropical Cyclone Report. Miami, Florida. PDF. November 23, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20151123202259/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/EP102015_Hilda.pdf. live.
85. Richard J. Pasch and David P. Roberts. National Hurricane Center. January 20, 2016. January 23, 2016. Hurricane Ignacio. Tropical Cyclone Report. Miami, Florida. PDF. February 16, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160216001316/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/EP122015_Ignacio.pdf. live.
86. Richard J. Pasch and David P. Roberts. National Hurricane Center. January 29, 2016. February 3, 2016. Hurricane Sandra. Tropical Cyclone Report. Miami, Florida. PDF. February 16, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160216001835/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/EP222015_Sandra.pdf. live.
87. John P. Cangialosi. National Hurricane Center. December 3, 2018. December 7, 2018. Hurricane Olivia. Tropical Cyclone Report. Miami, Florida. March 27, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210327065001/https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/EP172018_Olivia.pdf. live.
88. Hurricane Douglas. PDF. Latto. Andy. Powell. Jeff. National Hurricane Center and Central Pacific Hurricane Center. Miami, Florida. May 25, 2021. February 13, 2024. April 16, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220416080833/https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/EP082020_Douglas.pdf. live.
89. Hurricane Genevieve. PDF. Pasch. Richard J.. Roberts. David P.. National Hurricane Center. Miami, Florida. April 13, 2021. February 13, 2024. January 16, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220116101437/https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/EP122020_Genevieve.pdf. live.
90. Hurricane Marie. PDF. Papin. Philippe P.. National Hurricane Center. Miami, Florida. February 18, 2021. February 13, 2024. May 1, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220501091437/https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/EP182020_Marie.pdf. live.
91. Hurricane Felicia. PDF. Cangialosi. John P.. National Hurricane Center. Miami, Florida. September 9, 2021. February 13, 2024. August 28, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220828092650/https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/EP062021_Felicia.pdf. live.
92. Hurricane Linda. PDF. Reinhart. Brad J.. Wroe. Derek. Houston. Sam. National Hurricane Center and Central Pacific Hurricane Center. Miami, Florida. May 6, 2022. February 13, 2024.
93. Hurricane Darby. PDF. Bucci. Lisa. National Hurricane Center. Miami, Florida. February 27, 2023. February 13, 2024. January 17, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240117022202/https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/EP052022_Darby.pdf. live.
94. Hurricane Orlene. PDF. Papin. Philippe P.. National Hurricane Center. Miami, Florida. March 9, 2023. February 13, 2024. July 13, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230713054310/https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/EP162022_Orlene.pdf. live.
95. Hurricane Roslyn. PDF. Berg. Robbie. National Hurricane Center. Miami, Florida. February 15, 2023. February 13, 2024. October 9, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231009201500/https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/EP192022_Roslyn.pdf. live.
96. Hurricane Dora. PDF. Bucci. Lisa. National Hurricane Center. Miami, Florida. March 5, 2024. March 5, 2024. March 12, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240312214243/https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/EP052023_Dora.pdf. live.
97. Hurricane Fernanda. PDF. Berg. Robbie. National Hurricane Center. Miami, Florida. November 15, 2023. February 13, 2024. March 7, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240307211121/https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/EP072023_Fernanda.pdf. live.
98. Hurricane Hilary. PDF. Reinhart. Brad J.. National Hurricane Center. Miami, Florida. February 12, 2024. February 13, 2024. February 13, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240213034156/https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/EP092023_Hilary.pdf. live.
99. Web site: Tropical Cyclone Report — Hurricane Katrina. Knabb, Richard D.. Rhome, Jamie R.. Brown, Daniel P.. 2011-09-14. National Hurricane Center. 4. 2011-12-01. United States. PDF. 2015-10-02. https://web.archive.org/web/20151002011705/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/AL122005_Katrina.pdf. live.
100. [#Blake2009|Blake et al. 2009]
101. Preliminary best track, Hurricane Raymond, 25 September – 05 October 1989 (2). Mayfield, Max. 1989-11-18. National Hurricane Center. 2011-12-03. United States. GIF. 2014-01-02. https://web.archive.org/web/20140102193546/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1989/raymond/prenhc/prelim05.gif. live.
102. Wore. Derek. Tropical Storm Olivia Discussion Number 49. Central Pacific Hurricane Center. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. September 12, 2018. September 13, 2018. September 13, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180913073922/http://www.prh.noaa.gov/cphc/tcpages/archive/2018/TCDCP5.EP172018.049.201809122056. dead.