List of Canadian tornadoes and tornado outbreaks (before 2001) explained

See also: Canadian tornadoes (since 2001) and List of Violent Canadian Tornadoes.

This page lists tornadoes and tornado outbreaks which have touched down in Canada prior to the 21st century. On average, there are around 80 confirmed and unconfirmed tornadoes that touch down in Canada each year, with most occurring in the southern Canadian Prairies, Southern Ontario and southern Quebec. Canada ranks as the country with the second most tornadoes per year, after the US. The most common types are F0 to F2 in damage intensity level and usually result in minor structural damage to barns, wood fences, roof shingles, chimneys, uprooted or snapped tree limbs and downed power lines. Fewer than 5% of tornadoes in Canada are rated F3 or higher in intensity, where wind speeds are in excess of 225km/h. Prior to April 1, 2013, Canada used a slightly modified Fujita scale, and as of that date the Enhanced Fujita scale, again slightly modified, was put into use to rate tornado intensity, based on the damage to buildings and vegetation.[1]

Each year on average, about 43 tornadoes occur across the Canadian Prairies and about 17 occur across Ontario and Quebec.[2] New Brunswick and the British Columbia Interior are also recognized tornado zones. All other provinces and territories have significantly less threat from tornadoes. The peak season in Canada is through the summer months, (June to August), when clashing air masses move north, as opposed to the spring season in the United States southern-central plains, although tornadoes in Canada have occurred in spring, fall and very rarely winter.

The reported increase in numbers of tornadoes in recent years may reflect more reporting by citizens and media involvement rather than an actual increase in tornado occurrence (although some natural increase has not been ruled out), in addition to better detection technology i.e. Doppler weather radar and satellite imagery. The upswing could also be attributed to other factors, such as improved aerial and ground damage assessment after the fact in sparsely populated areas (particularly the case in remote parts of the Canadian Prairies and Northern Ontario, for example), better trained spotter capabilities and increased use of digital recording devices by citizens. Tornadoes in Canada are enough of a threat for a public warning system to be in place, overseen by the national weather agency, Environment Canada (EC).

For a variety of reasons, such as Canada's lower population density and generally stronger housing construction due to the colder climate, Canadian tornadoes have historically caused fewer fatalities than tornadoes in the United States. The deadliest tornado in Canadian history, the Regina Cyclone of June 30, 1912, killed 28 and injured 300. Urban centres are not immune from the threat of severe tornadoes. Twelve medium to large size Canadian cities have been hit by significant strength tornadoes (F3 or higher), which caused large-scale damage and fatalities: Toronto (1868); Regina (1912); Windsor (1946 and 1974); Sarnia (1953); LaSalle (1956); Sudbury (1970); Woodstock (1979); Lloydminster (1983); Barrie (1985); Edmonton (1987); Aylmer (1994); and Ottawa-Gatineau (1888 and 2018).

All figures for damages are in Canadian dollars.

Before 1850

1792

1795 or 1798

1796

1823

1826

1828

1829

1831

1832

1833

1834

1844

1847

1848

1849

1850s

1850

1851

1854

1855

1856

1857

1858

1859

1860s

1860

1861

1862

1863

1864

1865

1866

1867

1868

1869

1870s

1870

1871

1872

1873

1874

1875

1876

1877

1878

1879

1880s

1880

1881

1882

1883

1884

1885

1886

1887

1888

1889

1890s

1890

1891

1892

1893

1894

1895

1896

1897

1898

1899

1900s

1900

1901

1902

1903

1904

1905

1906

1907

1908

1909

1910s

1910

1911

1912

1915

1917

1918

1919

1920s

1920

1921

1922

1923

1926

1927

1928

1930s

1933

1935

1936

1939

1940s

1942

1944

1946

1948

1949

1950s

1950

1953

1954

1955

1956

1958

1959

1960s

1960

1962

1963

1966

1967

1968

1970s

1970

1972

1973

1974

1975

1977

1978

1979

1980s

1980

SK MB ON QC NB NS PE
9 12 4 24 2 1 2 2
F0
F1 F2 F3 F4 F5
36 16 4 0 0 0

1981

AB SK MB ON QC NB
0 7 13 4 16 0 1
F0
F1 F2 F3 F4 F5
31 8 2 0 0 0

1982

SK MB ON QC NB PE
30 15 8 12 1 1 1
F0
F1 F2 F3 F4 F5
42 23 2 1 0 0

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990s

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

For tornadoes after 2000, see list of 21st-century Canadian tornadoes and tornado outbreaks

2000

See also

References

Michael Newark, 1977: Tornadoes in Ontario Before 1900. Ontario History Vol.69, No. 4, pp. 257-276. Ontario Historical Society, University of Waterloo

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Environment and Climate Change Canada - Weather and Meteorology - Enhanced Fujita Scale. Government of Canada, Environment and Climate Change. Canada. ec.gc.ca. May 10, 2013. February 9, 2017. April 7, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170407223004/http://www.ec.gc.ca/meteo-weather/default.asp?lang=En&n=41E875DA-1. live.
  2. Web site: Environment and Climate Change Canada - Spring and summer weather hazards. 2017-02-03. 2020-06-18. June 21, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200621140801/https://ec.gc.ca/meteo-weather/default.asp?lang=En&n=04A1BF3B-1&wbdisable=true#tornadoes. live.
  3. Web site: The Weather Doctor's Diary: June. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20160304044626/http://www.islandnet.com/~see/weather/almanac/diaryjun.htm. March 4, 2016. islandnet.com. February 9, 2017.
  4. Web site: ARTICLE - A CHRONOLOGY OF ONTARIO 1775 - 1800 (Upper Canada / Canada West). 2021-10-20. globalgenealogy.com.
  5. 1989. The Canadian Magazine of Weather and Oceans. Chinook. Canadian Meteorological and Oceanographic Society. 11. 1. 4.
  6. NTP Archive . 1795-01-01 . Port Credit . Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  7. NTP Archives . 1796-01-01 . Caistor . Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive.
  8. NTP Archive . 1823-08-21 . Cornwall . Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  9. NTP Archives . 1826-08-01 . Chatham . Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  10. Web site: 1828-07-15. Kingston Upper Canada Herald. 2021-10-19. NewspaperArchive.com.
  11. Web site: ArticleColumns. Advertiser StaffArchived. Opinion. History. Valuing Our. 2018-09-27. Tornado partially destroyed infant town of Guelph in 1829. 2021-10-20. Wellington Advertiser. en-US.
  12. Book: Burrows, C. Acton. The Annals of The Town of Guelph. Herald Steam Printing House. 1877. Guelph, Ontario. 45–47.
  13. NTP Archives . 1829-05-01 . Guelph . Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  14. Web site: 1831-06-29. Kingston Upper Canada Herald. 2021-10-19. NewspapersArchive.com.
  15. NTP Archives . 1832-11-02 . Peterborough . Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive.
  16. NTP Archives . 1833-01-01 . Peterborough . Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive.
  17. NTP Archives . 1834-06-21 . Darlington Township . Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive.
  18. NTP Archive . 1844-06-12 . St. Albans-Holland Landing . Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  19. NTP Archives . 1844-08-07 . Galt . Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  20. NTP Archives . 1847-06-12 . Guelph . Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  21. NTP Archives . 1847-08-06 . North of City of Toronto . Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive.
  22. Web site: 1847-09-08. Kingston British Whig. 2021-10-20. NewspapersArchive.com.
  23. NTP Archives . 1847-09-05 . Cornwall-Lancaster . Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  24. Web site: 1847-10-23. Saint Johns Morning Courier. 2021-10-20. NewspapersArchive.com.
  25. Web site: 24 Jun 1859, 3 - The Ingersoll Chronicle and General Intelligencer for the County of Oxford at Newspapers.com. 2022-01-22. Newspapers.com. en.
  26. Web site: 1 Jul 1856, 2 - The Brantford Weekly Expositor at Newspapers.com. 2022-01-22. Newspapers.com. en.
  27. NTP Archives . 1848-06-19 . Ingersoll . Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  28. NTP Archives . 1849-09-26 . Chinguacousy Twp . Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive.
  29. Web site: 1850-08-31. Fredericton Head Quarters. 2021-10-20. NewspapersArchive.com.
  30. NTP Archives . 1850-07-05 . Lake Scugog, Sanford-Manchester-Enniskillen . Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  31. NTP Archives . 1851-07-18 . Windfall . Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  32. NTP Archives . 1851-08-02 . Hecks Corner . Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive.
  33. NTP Archives . 1854-04-25 . Toronto . Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  34. NTP Archives . 1854-04-25 . Niagara on the Lake . Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive.
  35. NTP Archives . 1854-07-11 . Toronto . Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive.
  36. NTP Archives . 1854-08-01 . Dunnville . Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  37. NTP Archives . 1855-04-18 . Meaford to Collingwood, Port Dalhouse, Niagara on the Lake, Whitby to Oshawa . Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  38. Web site: 1869-08-21. Barkerville Cariboo Sentinel Archives, Aug 21, 1869, p. 1. 2021-10-19. NewspaperArchive.com. en.
  39. Web site: 1856-07-09. Kingston Daily British Whig. 2021-10-20. NewspapersArchive.com.
  40. Web site: 1856-08-08. Newmarket New Era. 2021-10-20. NewspaperArchive.com.
  41. Web site: 25 Jul 1856, 3 - The Ingersoll Chronicle and General Intelligencer for the County of Oxford at Newspapers.com. 2022-01-22. Newspapers.com. en.
  42. Web site: 4 Jul 1856, 2 - The Brantford Weekly Expositor at Newspapers.com. 2022-01-22. Newspapers.com. en.
  43. NTP Archives . 1856-06-29 . Golspie to Eastwood . Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  44. NTP Archives . 1856-07-21 . Brighton . Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  45. Web site: 26 Sep 1856, 2 - The Ingersoll Chronicle and General Intelligencer for the County of Oxford at Newspapers.com. 2022-01-22. Newspapers.com. en.
  46. NTP Archives . 1856-09-10 . West Winchester . Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  47. NTP Archives . 1857-06-15 . Bell River Station . Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive.
  48. NTP Archives . 1857-07-19 . Guelph . Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive.
  49. NTP Archives . 1857-07-31 . Toronto . Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  50. NTP Archives . 1857-08-28 . Hamilton . Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive.
  51. NTP Archives . 1857-09-05 . Toronto . Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive.
  52. NTP Archives . 1858-06-04 . St. Mary's . Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive.
  53. NTP Archives . 1858-07-21 . Whitby . Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive.
  54. Web site: 1859-09-28. Victoria Daily British Colonist Archives, Sep 28, 1859, p. 3. 2021-10-18. NewspaperArchive.com. en.
  55. NTP Archives . 1859-08-10 . Brockville . Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive.
  56. NTP Archives . 1859-09-11 . Ross Township . Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  57. NTP Archives . 1859-10-24 . Coldwater . Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  58. NTP Archives . 1860-05-26 . Aurora to Gormley . Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  59. NTP Archives . 1860-06-19 . Osborne . Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive.
  60. NTP Archives . 1860-07-11 . Drumbo to South Dumfries . Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive.
  61. NTP Archives . 1860-08-07 . Manvers to Kawartha Lakes . Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive.
  62. NTP Archives . 1860-08-30 . Cashmere . Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  63. Web site: 31 May 1861, 3 - The Brantford Weekly Expositor at Newspapers.com. 2022-01-22. Newspapers.com. en.
  64. Web site: 15 Nov 1861, 2 - The Weekly British Whig at Newspapers.com . 2022-08-30 . Newspapers.com . en.
  65. NTP Archives . 1862-05-02 . Lindsay . Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  66. NTP Archives . 1862-05-21 . Port Dover - York . Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  67. NTP Archives . 1862-07-06 . Lindsay to Peterborough . Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive.
  68. NTP Archives . 1862-07-22 . Galt . Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  69. NTP Archives . 1862-07-28 . Barrie . Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  70. NTP Archives . 1862-08-18 . Burlington Bay . Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  71. NTP Archives . 1863-07-08 . Belleville . Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive.
  72. NTP Archive . 1863-08-24 . Brockville . Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  73. NTP Archives . 1864-10-06 . Erin . Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  74. NTP Archives . 1864-10-06 . Rama . Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  75. NTP Archives . 1865-05-17 . Boston . Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  76. NTP Archives . 1865-09-14 . Johnstown . Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  77. NTP Archive . 1866-06-25 . Oil Springs . Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  78. NTP Archives . 1866-07-13 . Hornby . Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  79. NTP Archives . 1866-07-22 . Guelph . Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive.
  80. NTP Archives . 1866-09-14 . Brampton . Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  81. NTP Archive . 1867-06-07 . Douglas . Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  82. NTP Archives . 1867-07-28 . North of Woodstock . Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  83. NTP Archives . 1867-08-04 . Petrolia . Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive.
  84. NTP Archives . 1867-08-18 . Smith to Otonabee . Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive.
  85. NTP Archives . 1868-03-16 . Toronto . Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  86. Web site: 1868-06-16. Victoria Daily British Colonist Archives, Jun 16, 1868, p. 3. 2021-10-18. NewspaperArchive.com. en.
  87. NTP Archive . 1868-04-29 . Bayfield . Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  88. NTP Archive . 1868-08-12 . Collingwood . Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  89. NTP Archives . 1869-06-20 . Birr . Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  90. NTP Archives . 1869-07-10 . Peel & Garafraxa Townships . Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  91. Web site: 1869-08-05. Victoria Daily British Colonist Archives, Aug 5, 1869, p. 5. 2021-10-18. NewspaperArchive.com. en.
  92. Web site: 1869-08-05. Victoria Daily British Colonist Archives, Aug 5, 1869, p. 3. 2021-10-18. NewspaperArchive.com. en.
  93. NTP Archives . 1870-06-16 . Township of East Nissouri . Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  94. NTP Archives . 1870-06-26 . Huntingdon & Hungerford Townships . Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  95. NTP Archives . 1870-07-02 . Bobcaygeon . Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  96. NTP Archives . 1870-07-14 . West Dumfries . Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  97. Web site: TORNADOS.; The Storm in Montreal--Church Spires, Roofs, Chimneys, and Walls Blown Down. Destructive Gale and Mail-Storm in Maine--Buildings Destroyed and Crops Damaged.. The New York Times. February 9, 2017. October 6, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211006173431/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1870/07/17/83467004.pdf. live.
  98. NTP Archives . 1870-07-20 . Douglas (Belwood) . Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  99. NTP Archives . 1870-07-21 . Clear Creek . Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  100. NTP Archives . 1870-07-24 . Chatham . Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  101. NTP Archives . 1870-07-26 . St. Marys . Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  102. NTP Archives . 1870-08-29 . Mariposa . Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive.
  103. NTP Archives . 1871-05-25 . Wardsville . Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive.
  104. NTP Archives . 1871-05-30 . Orangeville . Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive.
  105. NTP Archives . 1871-06-27 . Arnprior . Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive.
  106. NTP Archives . 1871-08-15 . Stratford . Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  107. Web site: 1872-04-26. Bluevale. 2022-01-20. pubdocs.huroncounty.ca.
  108. NTP Archives . 1872-05-27 . Canboro . Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  109. NTP Archives . 1872-07-01 . Prescott . Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  110. NTP Archives . 1872-07-04 . Minto Township . Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  111. NTP Archives . 1872-07-12 . Gloucester Township (Ottawa) . Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive.
  112. NTP Archives . 1872-08-01 . Blanshard Township to Fullerton Townline . Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  113. Web site: 1872-11-08. Victoria Daily British Colonist Archives, Nov 8, 1872, p. 5. 2021-10-19. NewspaperArchive.com. en.
  114. NTP Archives . 1873-05-23 . Lavant to Middleville-Glouchester . Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  115. NTP Archives . 1873-05-23 . Perth to Smith Falls . Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  116. NTP Archives . 1873-07-10 . Tuscarora Township . Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  117. NTP Archives . 1873-07-14 . Wallacetown . Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive.
  118. Web site: 9 Jun 1874, 3 - The British Whig at Newspapers.com . 2022-08-30 . Newspapers.com . en.
  119. NTP Archives . 1874-07-16 . Harriston . Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive.
  120. NTP Archives . 1874-08-07 . Morven to Wilton . Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  121. Web site: 12 May 1875, 2 - The Clinton New Era at Newspapers.com . 2022-08-30 . Newspapers.com . en.
  122. NTP Archives . 1875-06-24 . Belmont Township . Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  123. Web site: 1 Jul 1875, 2 - The Clinton New Era at Newspapers.com . 2022-08-30 . Newspapers.com . en.
  124. NTP Archives . 1875-06-24 . Bradford . Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  125. NTP Archives . 1875-06-24 . Moore Township . Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  126. Web site: 1875-08-21. Victoria Daily British Colonist Archives, Aug 21, 1875, p. 4. 2021-10-19. NewspaperArchive.com. en.
  127. Web site: 12 Aug 1875, 2 - The Clinton New Era at Newspapers.com . 2022-08-30 . Newspapers.com . en.
  128. Web site: 9 Aug 1875, 3 - The British Whig at Newspapers.com . 2022-08-30 . Newspapers.com . en.
  129. NTP Archives . 1875-09-03 . Severn Bridge . Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive.
  130. Web site: 15 Apr 1876, 2 - The British Whig at Newspapers.com . 2022-08-30 . Newspapers.com . en.
  131. NTP Archives . 1876-07-25 . Seneca Township . Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  132. NTP Archives . 1877-07-09 . Galt . Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  133. NTP Archives . 1877-08-15 . Gourock . Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  134. NTP Archives . 1877-08-31 . Windsor . Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  135. Web site: 10 May 1878, 1 - Times at Newspapers.com. 2022-01-21. Newspapers.com. en.
  136. Web site: 16 May 1878, 8 - The Clinton New Era at Newspapers.com . 2022-08-30 . Newspapers.com . en.
  137. NTP Archives . 1878-05-20 . Douglas (Belwood) . Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive.
  138. NTP Archives . 1878-05-20 . Salem . Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive.
  139. NTP Archives . 1878-05-20 . Fergus . Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive.
  140. NTP Archives . 1878-08-08 . Norwood . Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  141. NTP Archives . 1878-08-09 . Warminster-Orillia . Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  142. Web site: 22 Aug 1878, 1 - The Clinton New Era at Newspapers.com . 2022-08-30 . Newspapers.com . en.
  143. NTP Archives . 1879-07-03 . Paris-Harrisburg . Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  144. Web site: 12 Jul 1879, 2 - The Daily Expositor at Newspapers.com. 2022-01-22. Newspapers.com. en.
  145. Web site: 17 Jul 1879, 1 - The Clinton New Era at Newspapers.com . 2022-08-30 . Newspapers.com . en.
  146. NTP Archives . 1879-07-11 . Sarnia . Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  147. Web site: 29 Jul 1879, 1 - The Daily Expositor at Newspapers.com. 2022-01-22. Newspapers.com. en.
  148. Web site: 8 Aug 1879, 1 - The Daily Expositor at Newspapers.com. 2022-01-22. Newspapers.com. en.
  149. Web site: 2 Jun 1880, 4 - The Daily Expositor at Newspapers.com. 2022-01-22. Newspapers.com. en.
  150. Web site: 10 Jun 1880, 3 - The Clinton New Era at Newspapers.com . 2022-08-30 . Newspapers.com . en.
  151. NTP Archives . 1880-05-31 . Florence . Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  152. Web site: 3 Jun 1880, Page 4 - Manitoba Free Press at Newspapers.com. 2022-01-20. Newspapers.com. en.
  153. NTP Archives . 1880-06-10 . Rothsay . Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  154. NTP Archives . 1880-06-10 . Lebanon to Salem . Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  155. Web site: 22 Jun 1880, 3 - The British Whig at Newspapers.com . 2022-08-30 . Newspapers.com . en.
  156. NTP Archives . 1880-09-01 . Minto . Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive.
  157. NTP Archives . 1881-06-27 . St.Catharines . Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive.
  158. NTP Archives . 1881-06-28 . West Erin . Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  159. NTP Archives . 1881-06-28 . Muirkirk . Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  160. Web site: PDF.js viewer . 2023-05-05 . newspapers.brucemuseum.ca.
  161. Web site: 11 Aug 1881, 3 - The Clinton New Era at Newspapers.com . 2022-08-30 . Newspapers.com . en.
  162. NTP Archives . 1881-09-01 . Aberfoyle . Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive.
  163. NTP Archives . 1882-06-18 . Saugeen-Kincardine . Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  164. NTP Archives . 1882-08-21 . Fergus . Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive.
  165. NTP Archives . 1882-09-09 . Newburgh . Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  166. NTP Archives . 1883-05-19 . Goderich . Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive.
  167. Web site: 25 May 1883, 4 - Huron Record at Newspapers.com . 2022-08-30 . Newspapers.com . en.
  168. NTP Archives . 1883-07-04 . Melville . Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive.
  169. Web site: 1883-07-14. Fort Macleod Gazette Archives, Jul 14, 1883, p. 3. 2021-10-03. NewspaperArchive.com. en. October 4, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211004013756/https://newspaperarchive.com/fort-macleod-gazette-jul-14-1883-p-3/. live.
  170. Web site: 3 Aug 1883, 8 - Huron Record at Newspapers.com . 2022-08-31 . Newspapers.com . en.
  171. NTP Archives . 1883-07-21 . Exeter . Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive.
  172. NTP Archives . 1883-07-27 . Derryville to Manilla . Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive.
  173. NTP Archives . 1883-07-27 . London . Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive.
  174. NTP Archives . 1883-07-27 . Toronto . Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive.
  175. NTP Archives . 1883-08-01 . Cannington . Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive.
  176. NTP Archives . 1883-08-22 . Ottawa . Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive.
  177. NTP Archives . 1883-08-30 . Scotia to Cyprus . Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive.
  178. Web site: 1884-05-27. Victoria Daily British Colonist Archives, May 27, 1884, p. 4. 2021-10-19. NewspaperArchive.com. en.
  179. NTP Archives . 1884-05-15 . Elora to Speedside . Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  180. NTP Archives . 1884-05-15 . Goldstone to Alma to Orton . Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  181. Web site: 25 Jun 1884, 4 - Weekly Herald at Newspapers.com. 2021-10-06. Newspapers.com. en.
  182. NTP Archives . 1884-06-28 . Streetsville . Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive.
  183. NTP Archives . 1884-07-03 . Dorchester . Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive.
  184. NTP Archive . 1884-07-16 . Lobo to Melrose . Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  185. Web site: 1884-09-06. Victoria Daily British Colonist Archives, Sep 6, 1884, p. 4. 2021-10-19. NewspaperArchive.com. en.
  186. Web site: 3 Aug 1883, 8 - Huron Record at Newspapers.com . 2022-08-31 . Newspapers.com . en.
  187. NTP Archives . 1884-09-18 . Mono . Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive.
  188. Web site: 30 May 1885, 1 - Times Colonist at Newspapers.com. 2021-10-09. Newspapers.com. en.
  189. Web site: 1885-05-29. Victoria Daily British Colonist Archives, May 29, 1885, p. 5. 2021-10-19. NewspaperArchive.com. en.
  190. NTP Archives . 1885-06-07 . Port Hope . Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive.
  191. NTP Archives . 1885-06-07 . Parkhill . Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive.
  192. NTP Archives . 1885-06-07 . St.Thomas . Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive.
  193. NTP Archives . 1885-07-12 . Strange . Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive.
  194. Web site: 2 Sep 1885, 1 - The Huron News-Record at Newspapers.com . 2022-08-16 . Newspapers.com . en.
  195. NTP Archives . 1885-08-21 . Skeleton Lake . Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive.
  196. Web site: 12 Aug 1886, 8 - The Weekly British Whig at Newspapers.com . 2022-08-31 . Newspapers.com . en.
  197. Web site: 14 Apr 1887, 2 - Manitoba Weekly Free Press at Newspapers.com. 2022-01-20. Newspapers.com. en.
  198. Web site: 21 Jul 1887, 1 - The Brantford Daily Expositor at Newspapers.com. 2022-01-22. Newspapers.com. en.
  199. Web site: 27 Aug 1887, 4 - The Victoria Daily Times at Newspapers.com. 2021-10-09. Newspapers.com. en.
  200. Web site: 24 Aug 1887, Page 1 - Manitoba Free Press at Newspapers.com. 2022-01-20. Newspapers.com. en.
  201. Web site: 14 Jun 1888, 3 - The Weekly British Whig at Newspapers.com . 2022-08-31 . Newspapers.com . en.
  202. Web site: 13 Jun 1888, 5 - Weekly Herald at Newspapers.com . 2021-10-06 . Newspapers.com . en.
  203. Web site: 8 Jun 1888, 4 - The Victoria Daily Times at Newspapers.com . 2021-10-10 . Newspapers.com . en.
  204. NTP Archives . 1888-06-06 . Lanark to Ottawa . Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  205. NTP Archives . 1888-06-06 . St. Raphael's to St. Lambert . Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  206. NTP Archives . 1888-07-11 . Morrisburg . Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  207. NTP Archives . 1888-07-11 . Hagarsville Townsend Township . Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  208. NTP Archives . 1888-07-11 . Aylmer . Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  209. Web site: 24 Jul 1888, 2 - The Brantford Daily Expositor at Newspapers.com. 2022-01-22. Newspapers.com. en.
  210. NTP Archives . 1888-07-22 . Alliston . Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  211. Web site: Weather Events: Canada's Deadliest Tornadoes. islandnet.com. February 9, 2017. March 17, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170317151003/http://www.islandnet.com/~see/weather/events/candeadtorn.html. live.
  212. Web site: 23 Aug 1888, 3 - The Weekly British Whig at Newspapers.com . 2022-08-31 . Newspapers.com . en.
  213. NTP Archives . 1888-08-26 . Waterford . Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  214. Web site: 8 Apr 1889, Page 1 - Vancouver Daily World at Newspapers.com. 2021-10-17. Newspapers.com. en.
  215. Web site: 20 May 1889, 3 - Nanaimo Daily News at Newspapers.com. 2021-10-08. Newspapers.com. en.
  216. NTP Archives . 1889-07-13 . Mayfield . Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive.
  217. Web site: 22 Jul 1889, Page 1 - Vancouver Daily World at Newspapers.com. 2021-10-17. Newspapers.com. en.
  218. Web site: 14 Aug 1889, 1 - Weekly Herald at Newspapers.com. 2021-10-06. Newspapers.com. en.
  219. Web site: 7 Aug 1889, Page 1 - Vancouver Daily World at Newspapers.com. 2021-10-17. Newspapers.com. en.
  220. Web site: 11 Sep 1889, Page 1 - Vancouver Daily World at Newspapers.com. 2021-10-16. Newspapers.com. en.
  221. NTP Archives . 1890-06-04 . Elora . Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  222. Web site: 13 Jun 1890, 1 - The Saskatchewan Times at Newspapers.com . 2022-08-31 . Newspapers.com . en.
  223. News: 1890-06-18. A Tornado In Ontario. The Lethbridge News. 2021-10-02. October 2, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211002235920/https://digitallibrary.uleth.ca/digital/collection/sanews/id/33082/rec/1. live.
  224. Web site: 1890-06-19. Fort Macleod Gazette Archives, Jun 19, 1890, p. 2. 2021-10-03. NewspaperArchive.com. en. October 4, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211004013836/https://newspaperarchive.com/fort-macleod-gazette-jun-19-1890-p-2/. live.
  225. Web site: 12 Jun 1890, 8 - Times at Newspapers.com. 2022-01-21. Newspapers.com. en.
  226. Web site: 30 Jul 1890, 2 - The Victoria Daily Times at Newspapers.com. 2021-10-10. Newspapers.com. en.
  227. Web site: 28 Jul 1890, Page 1 - Vancouver Daily World at Newspapers.com. 2021-10-17. Newspapers.com. en.
  228. NTP Archive . 1890-07-25 . Millgrove . Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  229. Book: Ox Trails to Blacktop. Oak Lake History Committee. 1982. Oak Lake, Manitoba. 51, 126–127, 342, 363. October 3, 2021. October 6, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211006173430/http://www.mb1870.org/localhistory/094%20-%20Ox%20Trails%20to%20Blacktop.pdf. live.
  230. Web site: 14 Aug 1890, 1 - The Weekly British Whig at Newspapers.com . 2022-08-31 . Newspapers.com . en.
  231. Web site: 8 Aug 1890, 1 - Calgary Herald at Newspapers.com. 2021-10-05. Newspapers.com. en. October 5, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211005044056/http://www.newspapers.com/image/479076569/?terms=tornado&match=1. live.
  232. Web site: 14 Aug 1890, 2 - Manitoba Weekly Free Press at Newspapers.com. 2022-01-20. Newspapers.com. en.
  233. Web site: 5 Sep 1890, 8 - The Victoria Daily Times at Newspapers.com. 2021-10-10. Newspapers.com. en.
  234. Web site: 6 Sep 1890, 1 - The Victoria Daily Times at Newspapers.com. 2021-10-10. Newspapers.com. en.
  235. Web site: 23 May 1891, 1 - Calgary Herald at Newspapers.com. 2021-10-05. Newspapers.com. en. October 6, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211006173442/http://www.newspapers.com/image/479092245/?terms=cyclone&match=1. live.
  236. NTP Archives . 1891-07-14 . Mount Forest & Elora . Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  237. NTP Archives . 1891-08-09 . Damascus to Belwood . Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  238. NTP Archives . 1891-08-09 . Hamilton . Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  239. NTP Archives . 1891-08-09 . North of Waterloo . Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  240. Web site: 14 Aug 1891, 8 - The Clinton New Era at Newspapers.com . 2022-08-30 . Newspapers.com . en.
  241. Web site: 8 Sep 1891, 7 - The Leader-Post at Newspapers.com. 2021-10-17. Newspapers.com. en.
  242. Web site: 27 Apr 1892, Page 1 - Vancouver Daily World at Newspapers.com. 2021-10-17. Newspapers.com. en.
  243. Web site: 28 Apr 1892, 1 - The Leader-Post at Newspapers.com. 2021-10-18. Newspapers.com. en.
  244. Web site: 5 Jun 1892, 1 - Daily News Advertiser at Newspapers.com. 2022-01-20. Newspapers.com. en.
  245. Web site: 14 Jun 1892, 7 - The Victoria Daily Times at Newspapers.com. 2021-10-09. Newspapers.com. en.
  246. Web site: Inc. Pelmorex Weather Networks. Canada's ninth deadliest tornado hit Laval, Quebec in 1892. 2021-10-02. www.theweathernetwork.com. June 14, 2021 . en-CA. October 2, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211002224915/https://www.theweathernetwork.com/ca/news/article/this-day-in-weather-history-june-14-1892-quebec-tornado. live.
  247. Web site: 17 Jun 1892, 8 - The Victoria Daily Times at Newspapers.com. 2021-10-10. Newspapers.com. en.
  248. News: 1892-06-22. Death and Destruction Along the Ottawa River. Lethbridge News. 2021-10-02. October 2, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211002235855/https://digitallibrary.uleth.ca/digital/collection/sanews/id/33723/rec/97. live.
  249. Web site: 16 Jun 1892, 1 - Nanaimo Daily News at Newspapers.com. 2021-10-08. Newspapers.com. en.
  250. Web site: 15 Jun 1892, 1 - The Victoria Daily Times at Newspapers.com. 2021-10-10. Newspapers.com. en.
  251. Web site: 26 Jun 1892, 1 - Daily News Advertiser at Newspapers.com. 2022-01-20. Newspapers.com. en.
  252. Web site: 16 Jun 1892, 1 - The Brantford Daily Expositor at Newspapers.com. 2022-01-22. Newspapers.com. en.
  253. Web site: 23 Jun 1892, 3 - The Weekly British Whig at Newspapers.com . 2022-08-31 . Newspapers.com . en.
  254. Web site: 30 Jun 1892, 2 - The Victoria Daily Times at Newspapers.com. 2021-10-10. Newspapers.com. en.
  255. Web site: 30 Jun 1892, Page 1 - Vancouver Daily World at Newspapers.com. 2021-10-17. Newspapers.com. en.
  256. News: 1892-07-13. Terrible Tornado in Manitoba. Lethbridge News. 2021-10-02. October 2, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211002235758/https://digitallibrary.uleth.ca/digital/collection/sanews/id/33739/rec/46. live.
  257. Web site: 12 Jul 1892, 4 - Calgary Herald at Newspapers.com. 2021-10-05. Newspapers.com. en. October 5, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211005044047/http://www.newspapers.com/image/479080774/?terms=tornado&match=1. live.
  258. Web site: 14 Jul 1892, 1 - The Leader-Post at Newspapers.com. 2021-10-18. Newspapers.com. en.
  259. NTP Archives . 1892-07-15 . Creek Bank . Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  260. NTP Archives . 1892-07-15 . Midhurst . Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  261. NTP Archives . 1892-07-15 . Beaverton to Rice Lake . Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  262. NTP Archives . 1892-07-15 . Hastings . Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  263. Web site: 19 Jul 1892, Page 7 - Vancouver Daily World at Newspapers.com. 2021-10-16. Newspapers.com. en.
  264. Web site: 20 Jul 1892, 4 - Weekly Herald at Newspapers.com. 2021-10-06. Newspapers.com. en.
  265. Web site: 19 Jul 1892, Page 7 - Vancouver Daily World at Newspapers.com. 2021-10-16. Newspapers.com. en.
  266. Web site: 16 Jul 1892, 1 - The Brantford Daily Expositor at Newspapers.com. 2022-01-22. Newspapers.com. en.
  267. Web site: 25 Jul 1892, 2 - The Victoria Daily Times at Newspapers.com. 2021-10-10. Newspapers.com. en.
  268. Web site: PDF.js viewer . 2023-05-05 . newspapers.brucemuseum.ca.
  269. NTP Archives . 1892-07-27 . Wiarton . Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  270. NTP Archives . 1892-07-29 . Ottawa to Templeton, QC . Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  271. Web site: 12 Aug 1892, 4 - The Expositor at Newspapers.com. 2022-01-22. Newspapers.com. en.
  272. Web site: 11 Aug 1892, 5 - The Weekly British Whig at Newspapers.com . 2022-08-31 . Newspapers.com . en.
  273. Web site: 11 Aug 1892, 2 - The Victoria Daily Times at Newspapers.com. 2021-10-10. Newspapers.com. en.
  274. Web site: 12 Aug 1892, 12 - The Expositor at Newspapers.com. 2022-01-22. Newspapers.com. en.
  275. Web site: 11 Aug 1892, 8 - The Weekly British Whig at Newspapers.com . 2022-08-31 . Newspapers.com . en.
  276. Web site: 22 Aug 1892, 1 - Calgary Herald at Newspapers.com. 2021-10-05. Newspapers.com. en. October 6, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211006173431/http://www.newspapers.com/image/479081717/?terms=cyclone&match=1. live.
  277. Web site: 20 Aug 1892, 1 - The Victoria Daily Times at Newspapers.com. 2021-10-10. Newspapers.com. en.
  278. Web site: 27 Sep 1892, 2 - The Victoria Daily Times at Newspapers.com. 2021-10-10. Newspapers.com. en.
  279. Web site: 26 Sep 1892, 1 - The Leader-Post at Newspapers.com. 2021-10-18. Newspapers.com. en.
  280. Web site: 3 Dec 1892, 1 - Calgary Herald at Newspapers.com. 2021-10-05. Newspapers.com. en. October 5, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211005044228/http://www.newspapers.com/image/479084631/?terms=tornado&match=1. live.
  281. Web site: 4 Dec 1892, 1 - Daily News Advertiser at Newspapers.com. 2022-01-20. Newspapers.com. en.
  282. Web site: 1893-04-07. Fort Macleod Gazette Newspaper Archives, Apr 7, 1893, p. 3. 2021-10-03. NewspaperArchive.com. en. October 4, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211004013811/https://newspaperarchive.com/fort-macleod-gazette-apr-07-1893-p-3/. live.
  283. Web site: 13 Apr 1893, 8 - The Victoria Daily Times at Newspapers.com. 2021-10-09. Newspapers.com. en.
  284. NTP Archives . 1893-04-13 . Goronville . Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  285. Web site: 27 Apr 1893, 1 - Times at Newspapers.com. 2022-01-21. Newspapers.com. en.
  286. NTP Archives . 1893-05-23 . Aurora . Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  287. NTP Archives . 1893-05-23 . Tillsonburg to Brantford . Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  288. NTP Archives . 1893-05-23 . Belleville . Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  289. Web site: 1 Jun 1893, 7 - Vancouver Weekly World at Newspapers.com. 2022-01-20. Newspapers.com. en.
  290. News: 1893-05-25. Cyclone Down East. Lethbridge News. 2021-10-02. October 2, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211002224946/https://digitallibrary.uleth.ca/digital/collection/sanews/id/36359/rec/12. live.
  291. Web site: 31 May 1893, 5 - Weekly Herald at Newspapers.com. 2021-10-06. Newspapers.com. en.
  292. Web site: 24 May 1893, 1 - Daily News Advertiser at Newspapers.com. 2022-01-20. Newspapers.com. en.
  293. Web site: 1 Jun 1893, 6 - Times at Newspapers.com. 2022-01-21. Newspapers.com. en.
  294. Web site: 10 Jul 1893, 3 - The Windsor Star at Newspapers.com. 2022-01-21. Newspapers.com. en.
  295. Web site: 20 Jul 1893, 7 - The Huron News-Record at Newspapers.com . 2022-08-16 . Newspapers.com . en.
  296. Web site: 29 Jul 1893, 1 - The Victoria Daily Times at Newspapers.com. 2021-10-09. Newspapers.com. en.
  297. News: 1893-08-10. Quite a Breeze. Lethbridge News. 2021-10-02. October 2, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211002235802/https://digitallibrary.uleth.ca/digital/collection/sanews/id/36414/rec/18. live.
  298. Web site: 11 May 1894, 8 - The Clinton New Era at Newspapers.com . 2022-08-30 . Newspapers.com . en.
  299. Web site: 31 May 1894, 6 - The Huron News-Record at Newspapers.com . 2022-08-16 . Newspapers.com . en.
  300. Web site: 31 May 1894, 1 - The Huron News-Record at Newspapers.com . 2022-08-16 . Newspapers.com . en.
  301. Web site: 26 Jul 1894, 2 - The Huron News-Record at Newspapers.com . 2022-08-16 . Newspapers.com . en.
  302. Web site: 19 Sep 1894, 8 - The Huron News-Record at Newspapers.com . 2022-08-16 . Newspapers.com . en.
  303. Web site: 19 Sep 1894, 4 - The Huron News-Record at Newspapers.com . 2022-08-16 . Newspapers.com . en.
  304. Web site: 21 Sep 1894, 8 - The Clinton New Era at Newspapers.com . 2022-08-30 . Newspapers.com . en.
  305. Web site: 9 May 1895, Page 7 - Vancouver Daily World at Newspapers.com. 2021-10-17. Newspapers.com. en.
  306. Web site: 4 Jun 1895, 2 - The Victoria Daily Times at Newspapers.com. 2021-10-10. Newspapers.com. en.
  307. Web site: Ox Point point, Ontario, Canada . 2022-08-31 . ca.geoview.info.
  308. Web site: 6 Jun 1895, 8 - Times at Newspapers.com. 2022-01-21. Newspapers.com. en.
  309. Web site: 6 Jun 1895, 1 - Times at Newspapers.com. 2022-01-21. Newspapers.com. en.
  310. Web site: 13 Jun 1895, 6 - The Weekly British Whig at Newspapers.com . 2022-08-31 . Newspapers.com . en.
  311. Web site: 18 Jun 1895, 7 - The Victoria Daily Times at Newspapers.com. 2021-10-10. Newspapers.com. en.
  312. NTP Archives . 1895-07-26 . St. Clair . Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive.
  313. Web site: 28 Aug 1895, Page 4 - The Chilliwack Progress at Newspapers.com. 2021-10-16. Newspapers.com. en.
  314. Web site: 8 Aug 1895, 2 - Free Press Prairie Farmer at Newspapers.com. 2022-01-20. Newspapers.com. en.
  315. NTP Archives . 1895-08-17 . Pickering . Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive.
  316. Web site: 19 Sep 1895, 4 - Times at Newspapers.com. 2022-01-21. Newspapers.com. en.
  317. Web site: 20 Sep 1895, 2 - The Clinton New Era at Newspapers.com . 2022-08-30 . Newspapers.com . en.
  318. Web site: 19 Sep 1895, 7 - The Weekly British Whig at Newspapers.com . 2022-08-31 . Newspapers.com . en.
  319. NTP Archives . 1895-09-11 . Kingston . Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  320. Web site: 26 Sep 1895, 5 - The Weekly British Whig at Newspapers.com . 2022-08-31 . Newspapers.com . en.
  321. Web site: 26 Sep 1895, 2 - Free Press Prairie Farmer at Newspapers.com. 2022-01-20. Newspapers.com. en.
  322. Web site: 3 Jun 1896, Page 3 - The Chilliwack Progress at Newspapers.com. 2021-10-16. Newspapers.com. en.
  323. Web site: 12 Jun 1896, 4 - The Windsor Star at Newspapers.com. 2022-01-21. Newspapers.com. en.
  324. Web site: 19 Jun 1899, 1 - The Windsor Star at Newspapers.com. 2022-01-21. Newspapers.com. en.
  325. NTP Archives . 1896-05-25 . Walkerville . Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  326. NTP Archives . 1896-05-27 . Delhi . Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive.
  327. Web site: 8 Jun 1896, 1 - The Victoria Daily Times at Newspapers.com. 2021-10-10. Newspapers.com. en.
  328. Web site: 26 Jun 1896, 8 - The Windsor Star at Newspapers.com. 2022-01-21. Newspapers.com. en.
  329. Web site: 27 Jun 1896, 8 - The Windsor Star at Newspapers.com. 2022-01-21. Newspapers.com. en.
  330. Web site: 3 Jul 1896, 1 - The Victoria Daily Times at Newspapers.com. 2021-10-09. Newspapers.com. en.
  331. Web site: 3 Jul 1896, Page 2 - Vancouver Daily World at Newspapers.com. 2021-10-16. Newspapers.com. en.
  332. NTP Archives . 1896-08-10 . Amherstburg . Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  333. Web site: 11 Aug 1896, 1 - The Victoria Daily Times at Newspapers.com. 2021-10-10. Newspapers.com. en.
  334. Web site: 19 Aug 1896, Page 4 - The Chilliwack Progress at Newspapers.com. 2021-10-16. Newspapers.com. en.
  335. Web site: 27 Aug 1896, 4 - The Weekly British Whig at Newspapers.com . 2022-08-31 . Newspapers.com . en.
  336. NTP Archives . 1897-05-31 . Winfield . Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive.
  337. Web site: 28 Jun 1897, Page 3 - Vancouver Daily World at Newspapers.com. 2021-10-16. Newspapers.com. en.
  338. Web site: 8 Jul 1897, 8 - The Leader-Post at Newspapers.com. 2021-10-18. Newspapers.com. en.
  339. Web site: 12 Aug 1897, 1 - The Leader-Post at Newspapers.com. 2021-10-18. Newspapers.com. en.
  340. Web site: 30 Jun 1897, 5 - The Windsor Star at Newspapers.com. 2022-01-21. Newspapers.com. en.
  341. Web site: 1 Jul 1897, 5 - The Weekly British Whig at Newspapers.com . 2022-08-31 . Newspapers.com . en.
  342. NTP Archives . 1897-06-29 . Kilworth to London (White Oaks) . Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  343. Web site: 8 Jul 1897, 1 - The Weekly British Whig at Newspapers.com . 2022-08-31 . Newspapers.com . en.
  344. Web site: 6 Jul 1897, 4 - Calgary Herald at Newspapers.com. 2021-10-05. Newspapers.com. en. October 6, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211006173433/http://www.newspapers.com/image/478906862/?terms=cyclone&match=1. live.
  345. Web site: 5 Jul 1897, 2 - The Victoria Daily Times at Newspapers.com. 2021-10-10. Newspapers.com. en.
  346. NTP Archives . 1897-07-05 . Marsville . Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive.
  347. Web site: 1897-07-12. Edmonton Bulletin Newspaper Archives, Jul 12, 1897, p. 1. 2021-10-04. NewspaperArchive.com. en. October 4, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211004013745/https://newspaperarchive.com/edmonton-bulletin-jul-12-1897-p-1/. live.
  348. News: 1897-07-20. Our Western Heritage. Lehtbridge News. 2021-10-02. October 2, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211002224917/https://digitallibrary.uleth.ca/digital/collection/sanews/id/37416/rec/14. live.
  349. NTP Archives . 1897-07-30 . Elora . Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive.
  350. Web site: 17 Sep 1897, 8 - The Windsor Star at Newspapers.com. 2022-01-21. Newspapers.com. en.
  351. Web site: 15 Jan 1898, 8 - The Victoria Daily Times at Newspapers.com. 2021-10-10. Newspapers.com. en.
  352. NTP Archives . 1898-05-19 . Binbrook Township . Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive.
  353. Web site: 27 Jun 1898, 1 - Calgary Herald at Newspapers.com. 2021-10-05. Newspapers.com. en. October 5, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211005044052/http://www.newspapers.com/image/478912130/?terms=tornado&match=1. live.
  354. Web site: 23 Jun 1898, 1 - The Leader-Post at Newspapers.com. 2021-10-17. Newspapers.com. en.
  355. Web site: 30 Jun 1898, 8 - The Leader-Post at Newspapers.com. 2021-10-17. Newspapers.com. en.
  356. NTP Archives . 1898-07-02 . Watford . Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive.
  357. Web site: 5 Jul 1898, 1 - The Windsor Star at Newspapers.com. 2022-01-21. Newspapers.com. en.
  358. Web site: 29 Jul 1898, 5 - The Clinton New Era at Newspapers.com . 2022-08-30 . Newspapers.com . en.
  359. News: 1898-08-03. Wednesday, August 3, 1898. Lethbridge News. 2021-10-02. October 2, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211002235804/https://digitallibrary.uleth.ca/digital/collection/sanews/id/42210/rec/76. live.
  360. NTP Archives . 1898-08-15 . Marmora . Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  361. NTP Archives . 1898-08-16 . Tottenham . Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive.
  362. Web site: 18 Aug 1898, 1 - Calgary Herald at Newspapers.com. 2021-10-05. Newspapers.com. en. October 6, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211006025956/http://www.newspapers.com/image/478912298/?terms=cyclone&match=1. live.
  363. Web site: 26 Aug 1898, 1 - The Clinton New Era at Newspapers.com . 2022-08-30 . Newspapers.com . en.
  364. Web site: St. Catharines Tornado Kills 5, Injures Dozens. https://web.archive.org/web/20060221145529/http://www.ontariostorms.com/specific/stkitts-1898/index.html. February 21, 2006.
  365. News: 1898-10-20. Canadian Notes. Lethbridge News. 2021-10-02. October 2, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211002224918/https://digitallibrary.uleth.ca/digital/collection/sanews/id/42311/rec/79. live.
  366. NTP Archives . 1898-09-26 . Merritton . Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  367. Web site: 16 Mar 1899, 4 - The Clinton New Era at Newspapers.com . 2022-08-30 . Newspapers.com . en.
  368. Web site: 17 May 1899, 8 - The Windsor Star at Newspapers.com. 2022-01-21. Newspapers.com. en.
  369. Web site: 27 May 1899, 2 - The Victoria Globe at Newspapers.com. 2022-01-20. Newspapers.com. en.
  370. Web site: 1899-05-29. Edmonton Bulletin Newspaper Archives, May 29, 1899, p. 1. 2021-10-04. NewspaperArchive.com. en. October 4, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211004013815/https://newspaperarchive.com/edmonton-bulletin-may-29-1899-p-1/. live.
  371. NTP Archives . 1899-06-05 . Galt to Rockton . Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive.
  372. NTP Archives . 1899-06-14 . Caledon . Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  373. Web site: 1899-06-22. Edmonton Bulletin Newspaper Archives, Jun 22, 1899, p. 1. 2021-10-04. NewspaperArchive.com. en. October 4, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211004013755/https://newspaperarchive.com/edmonton-bulletin-jun-22-1899-p-1/. live.
  374. Web site: 22 Jun 1899, 1 - Calgary Herald at Newspapers.com. 2021-10-05. Newspapers.com. en. October 6, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211006083752/http://www.newspapers.com/image/478909399/?terms=cyclone&match=1. live.
  375. Web site: 22 Jun 1899, 2 - The Province at Newspapers.com. 2021-10-17. Newspapers.com. en.
  376. NTP Archives . 1899-07-03 . Lucan . Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  377. NTP Archives . 1899-07-12 . Windsor . Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  378. NTP Archives . 1899-07-29 . Ameliasburg . Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  379. NTP Archives . 1899-08-19 . Marsville . Michael Newark Digital Tornado Archive.
  380. News: 1899-09-13. Oil City Cyclone. Lethbridge News. 2021-10-02. October 6, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211006173433/https://digitallibrary.uleth.ca/digital/collection/sanews/id/42702/rec/20. live.
  381. NTP Archives . 1899-09-07 . Oil City . Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive.
  382. NTP Archives . 1899-09-07 . St. Thomas . Michael Newark Digitized Tornado Archive.
  383. Web site: 1900-02-05. Edmonton Bulletin Newspaper Archives, Feb 5, 1900, p. 1. 2021-10-04. NewspaperArchive.com. en. October 4, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211004013751/https://newspaperarchive.com/edmonton-bulletin-feb-05-1900-p-1/. live.
  384. News: 1900-02-04. NEWFOUNDLAND COAST TORNADO; Many Buildings Destroyd and Three Schooners Driven Ashore.. en-US. The New York Times. 2021-10-04. 0362-4331. October 4, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211004013744/https://www.nytimes.com/1900/02/04/archives/newfoundland-coast-tornado-many-buildings-destroyd-and-three.html. live.
  385. Web site: 1900-02-04. Syracuse Sunday Herald Archives, Feb 4, 1900, p. 1. 2021-10-04. NewspaperArchive.com. en. October 4, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211004013745/https://newspaperarchive.com/syracuse-sunday-herald-feb-04-1900-p-1/. live.
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