List of Brutalist structures explained

Brutalism is an architectural style that spawned from the modernist architectural movement and which flourished from the 1950s to the 1970s. The following list provides numerous examples of this architectural style worldwide.

Africa

Côte d'Ivoire

• La Pyramide (building), Abidjan (1973)

Kenya

• Kenyatta International Convention Centre, Nairobi (1973)
• University of Nairobi Mombasa Town Campus

South Africa

• Brixton Tower, Johannesburg (1962)
• Joburg Theatre, Johannesburg (1962)
• Johannesburg Central Police Station, Johannesburg (1968)
• Hillbrow Tower, Johannesburg (1968)
• Ponte Tower, Johannesburg (1975)
• Auckland Park Campus, University of Johannesburg (1975)

Asia

Bangladesh

• Jatiyo Sangshad Bhaban (Dhaka National Assembly), Dhaka, Louis Kahn, (1982)

India

• Secretariat Building, Chandigarh, Le Corbusier, (1953)
• Tagore Memorial Hall, Ahmedabad, B. V. Doshi, (1971)

Indonesia

• Wisma Intiland, Surabaya, Paul Rudolph (1997)^{[1] [2]}

Iraq

• Al Zaqura Building, Baghdad, (1975)

Israel

• Tel Aviv-Yafo City Hall, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Menachem Cohen, (1956–1964)
• Basilica of the Annunciation, Nazareth, Giovanni Muzio, (1960–1969)
• Mivtachim Sanitarium, Zikhron Ya'akov, Yaakov Rechter, (1966)
• The Humanities Building, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Raffi Ripper, Amnon Niv, Natan Magen, (1968)
• Carlton Tel Aviv, (1977)

Japan

• Tower House, Tokyo, Takamitsu Azuma, (1967)

Lebanon

• The Egg, also known as "The Dome" and "the Soap," Beirut, Joseph Philippe Karam, (1968)

Philippines

• Tanghalang Pambansa (National Theater), Cultural Center of the Philippines Complex, Pasay, Philippines (Leandro V. Locsin, 1969)
• Philippine International Convention Center, Manila, Philippines (Leandro V. Locsin)

Singapore

• Singapore Power Building, Singapore, Group 2 Architects, (1971)
• Golden Mile Complex, Singapore, DP Architects, (1973)

Vietnam

• Ho Chi Minh Mausoleum, Hanoi, Garol Isakovich, (1975)^[3]
• Independence Palace, Ho Chi Minh City, Ngô Viết Thụ (1966)^[4]

Americas

Argentina

Buenos Aires

• Chacarita Cemetery Subterranean / Sixth Pantheon, Buenos Aires, (1950-1958)
• Republica Building, Buenos Aires, (1951-1954)
• Santa Maria de Betania Parish, Buenos Aires, (1954)
• Santa Catalina de Alejandria Church, Buenos Aires, (1957-1968)
• Banco de Londres building, Buenos Aires, Clorindo Testa, (1959)
• University Campus / Pavilion II, Buenos Aires, (1961)
• Della Penna School, Buenos Aires, (1963-1969)
• Argentine Automobile Club - Once, Buenos Aires, (1968)
• Argentine Automobile Club - Palermo, Buenos Aires, (1968)
• Telefónica Inclán, Buenos Aires, (1968)
• Dorrego Tower, Buenos Aires, (1968-1971)
• Nuestra Señora del Valle Parish, Buenos Aires, (1969)
• Acoyte Complex, Buenos Aires, (1969)
• Rioja Complex, Buenos Aires, (1969-1973)
• Institute of the Argentine Federal Police, Buenos Aires, (1974)
• Castex Tower, Buenos Aires, (1975-1985)
• Parking Marcelo T. De Alvear 686, Buenos Aires, (1970s)
• Arribeños 1630, Buenos Aires, (1970s)
• Arribeños 1684, Buenos Aires, (1970s)
• San Pauls School, Buenos Aires, (1970s)
• Normal High School No.1, Buenos Aires, (1970s)
• Rodriguez Peña 2043 Building, Buenos Aires, (1975-1978)
• Colpayo 54/56, Buenos Aires, (1978)
• River Plate Monumental Stadium, Buenos Aires, (1978-1982)
• Brazilian Embassy, Buenos Aires, (1978-1989)
• National Library of the Argentine Republic, Buenos Aires, Clorindo Testa, (1992)

Córdoba

• Alas Complex, Córdoba, (1974)

La Plata

• Teatro Argentino de La Plata, La Plata, (1999)

Barbados

• The General Post Office (GPO), Bridgetown, Barbados. (1984)

Brazil

• São Paulo Metro, São Paulo, (1974-1980)
• Catedral Metropolitana de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, (1958-1972)

Canada

• Alberta
  • Centennial Planetarium, Calgary, McMillan Long & Associates, (1967, now Contemporary Calgary)
  • Education Centre Building, Calgary, Alberta, (1969)
  • 404 Sixth Avenue SW, Calgary, (1970)
• British Columbia
  • MacMillan Bloedel Building, Vancouver, British Columbia, (Erickson/Massey Architects with Francis Donaldson, 1968)
  • Simon Fraser University – Burnaby Campus, Burnaby, British Columbia, Arthur Erickson, (1965)
  • University of Victoria - Craigdarroch Residences, Victoria, British Columbia, (1964–67)^[5]
  • University of Victoria - Lansdowne Residences, Victoria, (1969)^[6]
• Manitoba
  • Centennial Concert Hall, Winnipeg, Manitoba (1968)
  • Manitoba Theatre Centre, Winnipeg, Manitoba (Number Ten Architectural Group, 1972)
  • Public Safety Building, Winnipeg, Manitoba (Libling Michener & Associates, 1965)
• Nova Scotia
  • Fenwick Tower, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Sydney P. Dumaresq, (1971)
  • Killam Memorial Library, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Leslie R. Fairn, (1966–71)
• Ontario
  • Allen Square building, 180 King St. S Waterloo (1980)
  • Environment Canada, MSC Headquarters, Toronto, (1971)
  • Lester B. Pearson Building, Ottawa, (1973)
  • National Arts Centre, Ottawa, (1969)
  • Oakville Centre for the Performing Arts, Oakville, Ontario (1977)
  • Ontario Science Centre, Toronto, Ontario, (1969)
  • Rochdale College, Toronto, Elmar Tampõld & John Wells, (1968)
  • Toronto Metropolitan University - Toronto Metropolitan University Library, (1974)
  • University of Guelph – Center, Main Library and South Residence/Maritime/Prairie Hall, Guelph, Ontario (John Andrews, 1965)
  • University of Toronto - John P. Robarts Research Library, Toronto, A.S. Mathers & E.J. Haldenby, (1973)
  • University of Toronto Scarborough - Humanities Wing, Science Wing, both John Andrews, (1964)
  • University of Waterloo - Mathematics and Computer Building, Waterloo, (1968)
  • University of Western Ontario - D. B. Weldon Library, London, Ontario, (1972)
  • Waterloo Public Library - Main Branch, Albert St, Waterloo (1966)
  • Walter Carsen Centre, Toronto, Arthur Erickson, (1984)
• Québec
  • Édifice Marie-Guyart, Québec City, (1972)
  • Habitat 67, 1967 World's Fair, Montreal, Quebec, Moshe Safdie, (1967)
  • Place Bonaventure, Montreal, Quebec, Ray Affleck, (1967)
• Saskatchewan
  • University of Saskatchewan - Main Library, Education Building, Health Sciences Building, Saskatoon, (1970)

Chile

• National Congress of Chile, Valparaiso, (1990)

Cuba

• Embassy of the United States, Havana, (1953)

Guyana

• Bank of Guyana (1965)

Mexico

• Museo Tamayo Arte Contemporáneo, Mexico City, Abraham Zabludovsky and Teodoro González de León, (1981)

Peru

• The Petroperú Building, Lima
• Museo de la Nación, Lima
• University of Engineering and Technology, Lima
• , Lima

United States

See main article: List of Brutalist architecture in the United States.

Venezuela

• Teresa Carreño Cultural Complex, Venezuela (1983)

Europe

Belgium

• CBR Building, Watermael-Boitsfort, Brussels (Constantin Brodzki, 1970)^[7]

Bulgaria

• Festivalna (Felatival) Hall (1968), Sofia;
• Sofia Hall (1968), Sofia;
• Diplomatic Blocs (1973), Joliot Curie str., Sofia;
• Sofia Central Station, Sofia, Bulgaria (1974)
• Kambanite Monument (1979), Sofia;
• National Palace of Culture (1981), Sofia
• Buzludzha Monument, Balkan Mountains, Bulgaria (1981)
• Monument to 1300 Years of Bulgaria, Shumen (1981)
• Large aviary, bear area and other structures at the Sofia Zoo (1982);
• Sports complex "Cherveno zname” (Red Flag) (1985)
• Building 2 (“The Transistor”) of the International House of the Journalists, Varna.

Denmark

• Hans Christian Ørsted Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark, (Eva Koppel, 1955–1962)
• Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark, (Eva Koppel, 1961–1975)
• Panum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark (Eva Koppel, 1966–1986)

Estonia

• Linnahall, Tallinn, Estonia (Raine Karp, Riina Altmäe, 1975–1980)
• National Library of Estonia, Tallinn, Estonia (Raine Karp, 1985–1993)

France

• Unité d'Habitation de Marseille (Cité Radieuse), Marseille, France (Le Corbusier, 1952)
• Maisons Jaoul, Neuilly-sur-Seine, France (Le Corbusier, 1954–1956)
• Sainte Marie de La Tourette, Lyon, France (Le Corbusier and Iannis Xenakis, 1960)
• Flaine, France. (Designed by Marcel Breuer, the entire assembly of hotels, shops, apartment blocks and administrative buildings of Flaine-Forum comprise a themed but varied entity), completed 1969
• Centre National de la Danse, Pantin (1972)
• Auditorium Maurice-Ravel, Lyon, France (1975)

Germany

• Ruhr University Bochum, Germany (Hentrich, Petschnigg & Partner, 1964)
• University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany (1965)
• AfE-Turm, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Staatliches Universitätsbauamt, Staatliche Neubauleitung Frankfurt, 1972) (demolished 2014)
• Friedenskirche, Monheim-Baumberg, Germany (1974)
• Main building of the University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany (1971-1976)
• Embassy of People's Republic of Czechoslovakia in Berlin, Germany (Věra and Vladimír Machonin, 1978)

Greece

• Broadcasting House (the headquarters of the Hellenic Broadcasting Corporation), Athens, Greece (1969)
• Porto Carras Resort, Chalkidiki, Greece (Walter Gropius, posthum built 1973)
• School of Theology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece, L. Kalivites and G. Leonardos, 1976^[8]

Ireland

• Central Plaza, Dublin. Originally the Central Bank of Ireland Building (1978)
• Phibsborough Tower, Dublin^[9]

Italy

• Torre Velasca, Milan, Italy, (BBPR group 1954)
• Hotel DUPARC Contemporary Suites, Turin, Italy (Laura Petrazzini, 1971)
• British Embassy, Rome, Italy, (Basil Spence, 1968)

Lithuania

• Seimas Palace (1980)

Moldova

• Moldova National Opera Ballet, Chișinău, Moldova (1980)
• Moldova Presidential Residence, Chișinău, Moldova (1987)

Poland

• Supersam Warsaw, Poland (1962)
• Młotek, 8 Smolna Street in Warsaw, Poland (1964, by Jan Bogusławski, Bohdan Gniewiewski)
• Bunkier Sztuki, Kraków, Poland (Krystyna Tołłoczko-Różyska, Antoni Hajdecki, 1965)
• Mausoleum of the Majdanek concentration camp, Poland (Wiktor Tołkin, Janusz Dembek, 1969)
• Spodek, Katowice, Poland (1971)
• Katowice railway station, Katowice, Poland (Wacław Kłyszewski, Jerzy Mokrzyński and Eugeniusz Wierzbicki a.k.a. "The Tigers", 1972)
• Hala Olivia, Gdańsk, Poland (1972)
• Forum Hotel, Kraków, Poland (Janusz Ingarden, 1978–1989)
• Church of the Exaltation of the Holy Cross and Our Lady of Health of the Sick in Katowice, Poland (Henryk Buszko, Aleksander Franta, (1991)

Portugal

• Palace of Justice, Lisbon, Portugal (Januário Godinho and João Andresen, 1970)
• Casino Park Hotel, Funchal, Portugal (Oscar Niemeyer and Viana de Lima, 1976)

Romania

• Administrative Palace, Satu Mare, Romania (Nicolae Porumbescu, 1984)

Russia

• RIA Novosti headquarter, former press-center of 1980 Summer Olympics, Moscow, (1976–1979)
• TASS building, Moscow, V. S. Egerev, (1977)
• House of Soviets (Kaliningrad), (1985)

Serbia

• Novobeogradski blokovi (Blocks 22, 23, 28, 30, 61, 62, 63), Belgrade, Serbia (1948-1990)
• Museum of Yugoslavia, Belgrade, Serbia (1962)
• Toblerone building, Belgrade, Serbia (1963)
• Avala Tower, Belgrade, Serbia (1965; 2009)
• New Belgrade town hall, Belgrade, Serbia (1967)
• 25 May Sportcenter, Belgrade, Serbia (1975)
• Eastern City Gate, Belgrade, Serbia (1976)
• County Court, Požarevac, Serbia (1976)
• Western City Gate, Belgrade, Serbia (1977)
• County Court, Sremska Mitrovica (1979)
• Zlatibor Hotel, Užice, Serbia (1981)

Spain

• Torres Blancas, Madrid, Spain (1968)
• Facultades de Ciencias Biológicas y Geológicas (Universidad Complutense de Madrid), Madrid (Francisco Fernández Longoria, 1965–1968)
• Walden 7 building, Sant Just Desvern - Barcelona, Spain (Ricardo Bofill, 1975)
• Facultad de Ciencias de la Información (Universidad Complutense de Madrid), Madrid, (José María Laguna Martínez and Juan Castañón Fariña, 1979)

Sweden

• Villa Göth, Uppsala, Sweden (Bengt Edman and Lennart Holm, 1950)

Switzerland

• University of St. Gallen Campus Rosenberg, St. Gallen (Walter Maria Förderer, 1957-1963)
• Therme Vals Spa Building, Vals, Switzerland (Peter Zumthor, 1993–1996)

United Kingdom

England

Many of the notable surviving brutalist buildings in England are listed on the National Heritage List for England. Inclusion on the list is based on a building's "special architectural and historic interest", with "particularly careful selection required" for buildings constructed after 1945 (i.e. all brutalist structures).^[10] There are three grades of listed building: grade I for buildings "of exceptional interest", grade II* for "particularly important buildings of more than special interest" and grade II for buildings "of special interest". Buildings may also be granted a certificate of immunity from listing for a period of five years, allowing a building to be developed or demolished in the knowledge that it will not be subject to listing in that period.^[11] A certificate of immunity was issued for the Robin Hood Gardens Estate in 2009 and then again in 2015, prior to its demolition in 2017, after Historic England determined that it "[did] not meet the very high threshold for listing".^[12] Listing has not always prevented the demolition of buildings, such as Imperial College London's Southside Halls of Residence that was demolished in 2005 after the university presented structural engineers' reports – disputed by reports from other structural engineers – that the building was failing and could not be repaired.^{[13] [14] [15]}

• Smithdon High School, Norfolk, Peter and Alison Smithson (1950–54); grade II* listed
• Department of Architecture extension, University of Cambridge, Colin St John Wilson and Alex Hardy with participation by students at the university (1959); grade II listed
• Weeks Hall, Imperial College London, Sheppard Robson and Partners (1957–58); grade II listed
• Park Hill, Sheffield, Ivor Smith & Jack Lynn (1957–60); grade II* listed
• The Beehives, St John's College, Oxford, Michael Powers of Architects' Co-Partnership (1958–60); grade II listed
• Crescent House Golden Lane Estate, London, Chamberlin, Powell and Bon (1958–62); grade II* listed
• Falmer House, University of Sussex, Basil Spence (1960–62); grade I listed^[16]
• Ringway Centre, Birmingham, James Roberts (1962); set for demolition .^[17]
• Kingsgate Bridge, Durham, Ove Arup (1963); grade I listed

• Southside Halls of Residence, Imperial College London, Sheppard Robson (1963); grade II listed but demolished 2005^{[13] [14] [15]}
• St Aidan's College, Durham, Sir Basil Spence (1960–1964)^{[18] [19]}
• Birmingham New Street Signal Box, Birmingham, Bicknell & Hamilton (1964); grade II listed
• Tricorn Centre, Portsmouth, Owen Luder (1964); Demolished in 2004
• Bull Ring Centre, Birmingham, (1964); Demolished in 2000^[20]
• Piccadilly Plaza, Manchester, Covell Matthews and Partners (1959–1965)
• Dunelm House, Durham Students' Union, Richard Raines of Architects' Co-Partnership (1964–66); grade II listed
• Buckinghamshire County Hall, Aylesbury, Frederick B. Pooley (1966)
• New County Hall, Truro, Francis Kenneth Hicklin & Alan J. Groves (1966); grade II listed
• Denys Wilkinson Building, Oxford, Philip Dowson (1967)
• Balfron Tower, London, Ernő Goldfinger (1965–1967); grade II* listed
• Stoke Newington School, Hackney, Stillman & Eastwick-Field Partnership (1967)
• Brunel University Lecture Centre, Uxbridge, Richard Sheppard, Robson and Partners (1965–66); grade II listed
• Churchill College, Cambridge, Sheppard Robson and Partners (1961–1968); grade II listed
• The 'ziggurats' at the University of East Anglia, Norwich, Sir Denys Lasdun (1964–68); grade II* listed
• Central Hall and Derwent College at the University of York, Robert Matthew, Johnson-Marshall & Partners (1962–68); all grade II listed
• University of Essex, Main campus complex, Kenneth Capon of Architects' Co-Partnership (1964-1968)
• Queen Elizabeth Hall, Purcell Room and Hayward Gallery, London, Hubert Bennett & Jack Whittle (1967–68); certificate of immunity from listing issued 2020
• Mathematics Tower, Manchester, Scherrer & Hicks (1968); Demolished in 2005
• Finsbury Estate, London (1968)
• Garden building, St Hilda's College, Oxford, Alison and Peter Smithson (1968); grade II listed
• Middleton Grange Shopping Centre, Hartlepool (1969)
• Wyndham Court, Southampton (1969) grade II* listed^[21]
• Preston bus station, Preston, Keith Ingham & Charles Wilson (1968-1969); grade II listed

• The Trinity Centre Multi-Storey Car Park, The Get Carter Carpark, Gateshead, Owen Luder (1964–1969); Demolished in 2010
• Tyne Bridge Tower, Gateshead (1960s); Demolished in 2010
• Pimlico School, London, John Bancroft (1967–1970); Demolished in 2010
• Leeds International Pool, Leeds, John Poulson (1970); Demolished in 2009
• Hyde Park Barracks, London, Sir Basil Spence (1970); listing refused 2015^[22]
• Pebble Mill Studios, Birmingham, John Madin (1971); Demolished in 2005^[23]
• Trellick Tower, London, Ernő Goldfinger (1968–1972); grade II* listed
• Blackheath Quaker Meeting House, London, Trevor Dannatt (1971–72); grade II listed
• High Point, Bradford, John Brunton Partnership (1972)
• Princes Hall, Aldershot, Hampshire, Building Design Partnership (1972)
• Robin Hood Gardens, London, Peter & Alison Smithson (1972); Demolished in 2017
• Westgate House, Newcastle Upon Tyne, Tyne & Wear (1972); Demolished in 2007
• School of Oriental and African Studies Philips Building, London, Sir Denys Lasdun (1973); grade II* listed
• Clifton Cathedral, Bristol, Ronald Weeks, E S Jennett and Antoni Poremba of the Percy Thomas Partnership (1969–1973); grade II* listed
• Titan House, The Northern School of Art, Hartlepool (1974)
• Birmingham Central Library, Birmingham, John Madin (1974); Demolished in 2015^[22]
• Grenfell Tower, London (1974); Currently shrouded post fire, awaiting outcome of investigation
• New Hall Place, Liverpool (1974)
• Guy's Hospital Tower, Southwark, London, Watkins Gray (1974)
• The Barbican Estate, London, Chamberlin, Powell and Bon (1964–1975); grade II listed
• 50 Queen Anne's Gate, Ministry of Justice), London, Fitzroy Robinson & Partners with Basil Spence (1976)
• Royal National Theatre, London, (Sir Denys Lasdun (1969–76)
• Greyfriars bus station, Northampton (1976); Demolished in 2015^[22]
• Institute of Education building, London, Sir Denys Lasdun (1970–76); grade II* listed
• Brighton Centre, Brighton (1977)
• Alexandra Road Estate, London, Neave Brown of Camden Architects' Department (1972–78); grade II* listed
• Sampson House, Southwark, London, Fitzroy Robinson & Partners (1979); Demolished in 2018
• Woking Civic Offices, Woking, Surrey (1983)
• South Norwood Library near Croydon, Surrey (1968) https://brutalistlibraryse25.org/

Northern Ireland

• Ulster Museum, Botanic Gardens, Belfast, (1964–1972)

Scotland

• Cables Wynd House, Leith, (1962)
• Netherdale football stadium, Galashiels, Scottish Borders, Scotland, (Peter Womersley, 1963)
• Cumbernauld town centre, Cumbernauld, Scotland (1963–1967); Demolished in 2022
• St. Peter's Seminary, Cardross, Scotland (Gillespie, Kidd & Coia 1966)
• Glasgow-Abbotsinch Airport, Paisley, Scotland (Basil Spence, 1966)
• Andrew Melville Hall, St Andrews, Scotland (James Stirling, 1968)

Wales

• Crown Buildings, Cathays Park, Cardiff, (1979)

Oceania

Australia

• Council House, Perth, Western Australia (Howlett and Bailey Architects, 1962)
• Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia (1964)
• Macquarie University Library, Sydney, Australia (1967–1978)
• Harold Holt Memorial Swimming Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (Kevin Borland and Daryl Jackson, 1969)
• Llewellyn Hall, Canberra, Australia (Daryl Jackson and Evan Walker, 1970)
• National Carillon, Canberra, Australia (Cameron, Chisholm & Nicol, 1970)
• Cameron Offices, Canberra, Australia (John Andrews, 1972)
• Perth Concert Hall, Perth, Western Australia (Howlett and Bailey Architects, 1973)
• Biochemistry Building G08, University of Sydney (1973)
• Concrete bus shelters in Canberra (Clem Cummings, 1975 to early 1990s)
• Curtin Business School, Curtin University of Technology, Perth, Western Australia
• Sirius building, Sydney (1978–79)
• High Court of Australia building, Canberra, Australia (Edwards Madigan Torzillo and Briggs, 1980)
• UTS Tower, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia (1979)
• National Gallery of Australia, Canberra, Australia (James Johnson Sweeney and James Mollison (1982)
• Performing Arts Centre, Geelong, Australia (1983)
• Queensland Cultural Centre, Brisbane, Australia, (1985)

New Zealand

• Moana Pool, Dunedin (1964)
• Christchurch College, Christchurch (Sir Miles Warren, 1964)
• Alexandra District Court, Alexandra (1972)
• Hannah Playhouse, Wellington (James Beard, 1973)
• Puaka–James Hight Building, University of Canterbury, Christchurch (1974)
• Richardson Building, University of Otago, Dunedin (Ted McCoy, 1979)
• Dunedin Public Hospital, Dunedin (1980)

See also

• Panel building – many of which are large and constructed of bare concrete panels.
• Panelák – a panel building constructed of pre-fabricated, pre-stressed concrete which may resemble brutalist structures.
• Plattenbau – as above but in Germany

References

• Book: . Historian of the Immediate Future: Reyner Banham - Book Review . https://web.archive.org/web/20080401080245/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0422/is_2_85/ai_104208984/pg_1 . 2008-04-01 . The Art Bulletin . June 2003.

External links

• BBC Open University: From Here to Modernity - includes many Brutalist examples

Notes and References

1. Web site: Intiland Tower Surabaya (terbaru 23 Juni 2020). Setiap Gedung. setiapgedung.web.id. 21 December 2018. 2020-06-25.
2. http://travel.nytimes.com/2008/01/25/travel/escapes/25mall.html?ref=travel "All of America, and Parking Too"
3. Web site: Vũ . Hiệp . 2021-10-19 . Isakovich và sự biến đổi kiến trúc Liên Xô ở Việt Nam . Isakovich and the evolution of Soviet architecture in Vietnam . 2023-05-13 . Tạp chí Sông Hương.
4. Web site: Jain . Kripa . 2020-12-13 . 10 Reasons why architects must visit Vietnam . 2023-05-14 . Rethinking The Future . en-US.
5. http://www.maltwood.uvic.ca/Architecture/ma/uvic_campus/buildings/u64cr.html Craigdarroch Residences (1964–67)
6. http://uvac.uvic.ca/Architecture_Exhibits/UVic_campus/buildings/Lansdowne_residences/ Landsdown Residences
7. Web site: New brutalism: Constantin Brodzki's Brussels HQ is up for renovation by Fosbury & Sons. 2018-06-28. Wallpaper*. 2020-05-20.
8. http://mam.avarchive.gr/portal/digitalview.jsp?get_ac_id=1918&thid=4644/ Hellenic National AudioVisual Archive
9. Web site: 2023-10-14 . Phibsborough Tower and Richmond Road Studios - Open House Dublin 2024 . 2024-02-26 . openhousedublin.com . en-US.
10. Web site: Listed Buildings. Historic England. 17 February 2023.
11. Web site: How To Get Historic Buildings or Sites Protected Through Listing. Certificates of Immunity. Historic England. 17 February 2023.
12. Web site: Robin Hood Gardens Estate. Historic England. 17 February 2023.
13. Web site: Imperial College – why we sometimes have to admit defeat. 3 January 2005. 20th Century Society. 19 September 2023. Eva Branscome.
14. Clash of engineers sparks conflict over Imperial's Southside Halls. 10 February 2005. Rob Sharp. Architects' Journal.
15. News: Save our brutalist masterpieces, says top heritage expert. 13 November 2016. Dalya Alberge. The Guardian.
16. Web site: Brutalism. RIBA. 16 February 2023.
17. News: Birmingham council votes to demolish brutalist landmark. The Guardian. 28 September 2023. Jessica Murray.
18. Web site: St Aidan's College, Durham University: the dining hall. RIBA . 15 February 2023.
19. Web site: Durham, Durham University, St Aidan's College. CANMORE National Record of the Historic Environment. 15 February 2023.
20. News: Bullish Birmingham baits London with plans for Britain's tallest tower. The Guardian. 29 January 2000. Peter Hetherington.
21. Web site: WYNDHAM COURT INCLUDING RAISED TERRACE AND RAMPS WYNDHAM COURT INCLUDING TERRACES AND RAMPS, Non Civil Parish - 1051043 Historic England . 2023-08-03 . historicengland.org.uk . en.
22. News: When concrete buildings drive people mad. 4 November 2015. Camila Ruz . Maisie Smith-Walters. BBC News Magazine.
23. News: These are the demolished Birmingham landmarks we've loved and lost. Graham Young. Birmingham Mail. 23 September 2018.