List of British regional nicknames explained
In addition to formal demonyms, many nicknames are used for residents of the different regions of the United Kingdom. For example, natives and residents of Liverpool are formally referred to as Liverpudlians, but are most commonly referred to as Scousers (after their local dish). Some, but not all, of these nicknames may be derogatory -especially those exchanged by post-industrial towns too close to each other. Many derive from sports clubs, especially football ones
A - B
- Aberdeen : Dorics, Donians (football team are nicknamed The Dons), Teuchters, Sheepshaggers (pejorative).
Accrington : Akkies, Ringpieces (pejorative)
Arbroath : Red Lichties or Lichties, Codheids
Ascot : Arse Caughts (pejorative, mocking the "refined" accent)
Ashton-under-Lyme : Flashers (pejorative)
Baldock : Baldricks (pejorative, after a scruffy little side-kick in the sitcom Blackadder)
Barnstaple : Barneys (pejorative when alluding to Barney Rubble of the Flintstones)
Basingstoke :Amazingstokers, Bas Vegans (after Las Vegas), Basingjokers, Stokies
Batley : Batshit Crazies (pejorative)
Barnoldswick : Barlickers, Bollockers (pejorative)
Barnsley : Barnzolians, Tykes, Colliers (a former mining community), Dingles (pejorative, by people from Sheffield)
Barrow in Furness : Barrovians, Shipbuilders, Basras
Bath : Bathonians, Tubbies, Spiders (pejorative)
Belfast : McCooeys, Dunchers
Berkhamsted : Berkies, Berks (pejorative, from rhyming slang "Berkeley Hunt")
Beverley : Bevsters
Bilston : Silly Billies (pejorative)
Bingley : Bingles
Birkenhead : Birkos, Plastic Scousers (or Plazzies)
Birmingham : Brummies
Bispham : Spammers
Bix : Bikkies, Biscuits
Black Country : Yam Yams,[1] Nineheads
Blackburn : Sooties, Horse Botherers (pejorative, by people from Burnley and other Lancashire towns, after bestiality convictions)[2]
Blackpool :Blackpudlians, Sand Grown 'Uns, Seasiders, Donkey Lashers / Botherers (the town has been rumoured to feature a donkey brothel)[3]
Bloxwich : Bollockers
Bognor Regis : Boggers, Bog Buggers (pejorative, alludes to the last words of King George V)
Bolton : Trotters (originally a football term, it is now used to describe anyone from Bolton and surrounding area), Noblot (collective noun, anagram for Bolton)
Bo'ness : Bo'neds (pejorative)
Bournemouth : Bomos, Coffin Dodgers (due its popularity as a retirement area)
Bracknell : Cracknellers (pejorative, alluding to crack cocaine)
Bradford : Bradfordians, Bradistanis (pejorative)
Bramley : Villagers (by people from other areas of Leeds)
Brentwood : Woodlice (pejorative)
Bridgwater : Smellophaners
Bridlington : Piddly Briddlies
Brierfield : Pricklies
Brighton : Jugs (archaic)[4]
Brill : Brillbillies
Bristol : Bristolians, Brizzlies, Wurzels (pejorative)
Britain : Limeys in Canada and the United States : Pommies in Australia and New Zealand : Les Rosbifs in France[5]
Tommy, Island Monkey in Germany[6]
- Buildwas : Builders
Burnley : Burnleyites, Dingles (pejorative, by people from other Lancashire towns, notably Blackburn)
Bury : Shakers (originally a football term, it is now used to describe anyone from Bury and surrounding area)
Bury St Edmunds : Teddies
C - D
- Caernarfon : Cofi
Caithness : Gallach[7]
Cambridge : Fenners, Swamp People
Cardiff : Bluebirds, Diffies
Carlisle : Carlers, Gypsies
Ceredigion : Cardi
Chatham : Chavs[8]
Cheltenham : Nammers
Chester : Cestrians, Chezzies, Incestrians (pejorative, the etymology is false which derives "incest" from the Latin "In Cestria" meaning "What goes on in Chester")
Chesterfield : Spireites, Chessies
Chew Magna : Maggot Munchers
Chichester : Chis (long i), Chi-chis (pejorative)
Chipping Sodbury : Sodding Chippies
Chorlton-cum-Hardy : Cum Hardly (pejorative)
Clacton-on-Sea : Clackers, Clicketty-Clacks
Cleethorpes : Meggies
Cleobury Mortimer : Clomos
Clun : Clungies
Clitheroe : Clitherovians, Clit Heroes (pejorative)
Colchester : Colchies, Romans, Camuloonies, Steamies, Castlers, Cross 'n' Crowners (after Colchester's coat of arms).
Colne : Colons (pejorative if an allusion to the large intestine is intended)
Congleton : Beartowners[9], Congos
Corby : Plastic Jocks (the new town was populated by Scottish immigrants)
Cornwall : Kernowicks, Merry-Jacks, Mera-Jacks, Uncle Jacks or Cousin Jacks (when abroad).
Coventry : Peeping Toms
Crawley : Creepy Crawlies, Insects[10]
Cuckfield : Cuckolds
Darlaston : Daleks
Darlington : Quakers, Darloids, DCs, Monte Darloes
Denton : Hatters, Dentists
Derby : Bockers, Sheep Shaggers, Rams
Devon :Janners, Devos (pejorative when pronounced with a long "d")
Dewsbury : Rag Pickers
Didcot : Diddlers (pejorative)
Dingwall : Gudgies
Doncaster : Donnies, Flatlanders (especially by people from Sheffield), Knights, Doleites
Dorchester : Magpies (after the football club), Maggies, Maggots, Dorch-vegasers
Dorking : Dorks, Chicken Botherers (pejorative, after the Dorking chicken breed)
Dorset : Dorset Knobs (from the famous biscuit), Dumplings
Dover : Dovorians, Dovakians (pejorative)
Droitwich Spa : Monners
Droylesden : Droids
Dudley : Duds (pejorative)
Dukinfield : Duck Botherers
Dumfries : Doonhamers, Queenies
Dundee : Dundonians
Duns : Dingers
Dunstable : Dungstablers, Dunwuns
Durham : Durhamites, Posh Mackems, Posh Geordies, Cuddies, Pit Yackers (due to Durham's mining heritage)
E – G
- Earby : Wingnuts (pejorative)
Eastbourne : Winnicks or Willicks (dialect name of a guillemot or wild person)[11], Coffin Dodgers, Piddlies (pejorative, alludes to the many elderly residents)
East Grinstead : Grinners
East Kilbride : Polo Mints (the town has too many roundabouts)
Eastleigh : Beastlies (pejorative)
Eccles : Thumpers (see Kung Fu Kapers)
Edinburgh : Edinburgers or Edinbourgeois (used more so when referring to people from more affluent suburbs of Edinburgh), Dunediner (Gaelic Origin), Toonies (Scots), Reekies, Freakies (alludes to those involved in the Edinburgh Festival Fringe)
Ellesmere Port : Smellies, Tinnies
England : Sassenachs (used by Scottish and Irish; Anglicised form of the Scottish Gaelic word "Sasannach", meaning "Saxon"), Sassies, Red Coats, Inglish, Nigels, Guffy (primarily in Northeast Scotland from the Scots 'pig'), Sais (Welsh), Englandshire (in Scotland), The Shire (in Scotland), Poms (Australia)
Essex : Essex Calves (archaic), Easties, Essers, Wideboys, Saxons, Scimitars (from the county Coat of Arms)
Exeter : Grecians (especially those from around the St Sidwells area and Exeter City FC fans generally)
Eye : Eyeballs
Failsworth : Jailsworths (pejorative)
Fleetwood : Codheads
Forest of Dean : Foresters, Deaners, Offers
Fort William : Minging Billies
Fraserburgh : Brochers, (not to be confused with people from Burghead)
Frinton-on-Sea : Master Gaters (pejorative; the town used to hide behind a set of railway crossing gates)
Frodsham : Jowie Heads (from old Runcorn area Cheshire meaning turnip, reference to the rural position of the town)
Galashiels : Pale Merks (from the claim that Gala was the last major town in Scotland to have plumbing/running water)
Gateshead : Knockoff Geordies (slightly pejorative, "wrong side of river")
Gerrards Cross : Crosstitutes
Glasgow : Glaswegian, Keelies,[12] Weegies[13]
Glastonbury : Glastoids, Ding-a-Lings (a centre of New Age activity)
Glossop : Hillmen (due to its proximity to the Peak District), Tuppies (after the P. G. Wodehouse character Tuppy Glossop
Gloucester : Gloucestrians, Glozzies
Godalming : Godalmingers, God-all-mingers (pejorative)
Goole : Goolies
Grimsby : Codheads, Haddocks, Grimmies
Gillingham: Medwayers, Jills
Gosport : Turk Towners
Great Yarmouth : Yarcos
Guisborough : Guys, Woollybacks
H - K
- Halifax : Haligonians (demonym), Wally Gonads (pejorative)
Hampshire : Hampshire Hogs, Bacon Faces (reference to Hampshire as a pig-raising county in former times)
Hartlepool : Monkey Hangers,[14] Poolies
Haslingden : Hasbeens (pejorative)
Havant : Akloos (pejorative, "Haven't a clue")
Haverfordwest : Long-necks
Hawick : Teris
Haydock : Yickers
Haywards Heath : Heathens
Hazel Grove : Bullocks (the original name was Bullock Smithy)[15], Nutters
Heywood : Monkeys[16]
Highlands and Islands (of Scotland) : Teuchters, used by other Scots and sometimes applied by Greater Glasgow natives to anyone speaking in a dialect other than Glaswegian
Hinckley : Tin Hatters
Holmes Chapel : Sherlocks, The Chaps
Holyhead : Hole-in-heads (pejorative)
Hornsea : Hornys, Porny Hornys (pejorative when applied to the womenfolk)
Horsham : Shams
Horwich : Whores (pejorative; Blackrod is nearby and "they go together")
Hove : Hovellers, Hove Actuallys (pejorative - "We're not Brighton but...")
Huddersfield : Hudders, Dog Botherers (pejorative)
Hyde : Hydeyhos
Hull : Codheads, Hully Gullies, 'Ullites
Inverness : Sneckies
Ipswich : Binners, Tractor Boys, Carrot Crunchers
Irthlingborough : Irthlings
Isle of Wight : Caulkheads (named after the caulking of boats), Boat People (pejorative, refers to those commuting to the mainland for work)
Keighley : Keiths
Kettering : Holies, Sheep shaggers, Ketteringer pansies
Kendal : Kendalians, Kennys, Dolls
Keswick : Kezzies
Kidderminster : Kiddy Fiddlers (pejorative)
Kilbarchan : Habbies
Knutsford : Nutters, Cnuts
L
- Lancashire : Lankies, Yonners (specifically south-eastern Lancashire around the Oldham and Rochdale areas)
Leeds : Loiners
Leamington Spa : Lemons, Phlegms
Leicester : Rat Eyes (from the Roman name for the city: Ratae), Chisits (from the pronunciation of "how much is it," which sounds like "I'm a chisit"); Foxes, Bin Dippers (named after Foxes)
Leicestershire : Leicesterites, Bean Bellies (from the eating of broad beans)[17]
Leigh : Leythers, Lobby Gobblers (from lobby)
Lincoln : Imps (see Lincoln Imp), Impotents (pejorative)
Lincolnshire : Yellow Bellies (after a species of frog common in the Lincolnshire and East Anglian Fens)[18]
Linlithgow : Black Bitches, from the burgh coat of arms
Littleborough : Little Buggers (not necessarily pejorative)
Littlehampton : LA, from the local accent being unable to pronounce the 'h' in Hampton
Liverpool : Scousers (from the stew known as scouse),[19]
Plastic Scousers or Plazzies (a person who falsely claims to be from Liverpool),[20]
Woolybacks or Wools (a person from the surrounding areas of Liverpool, especially St Helens, Warrington, Widnes, or the Wirral)[21] [22]
- Llanelli : Turks
London : Cockneys (Traditionally those born within the sound of the bells of St Mary le Bow, Cheapside)
Lossiemouth : Codheids
Loughborough : Loogabaroogas (from attempts by foreigners to pronounce it)
Louth : Luddites
Lowestoft : Trawler Boys, Slow Stuffers (pejorative)
Luton : Hatters, Looneys, Harpic Dodgers (pejorative, equating the town to a toilet)
M - N
- Mablethorpe : Maybos
Macclesfield : Maxies[23], Treacle Towners
Manchester : Mancs (the shortened version of the demonym Mancunians), Mankys (pejorative)
Mansfield : Mannies, Stags, Deer Botherers, Scabs - offensive, linked to the divisions during the UK miners' strike (1984–1985)[24]
Malmesbury : Jackdaws
Margate : Maggots (pejorative), Dee-effells (acronym, "Down From London")
Middlesbrough : Smoggies.[25]
Middleton : Piddly Middlies (pejorative)
Midsomer Norton : Zombies
Mirfield : Smurfs
Monmouth : Mongs (pejorative)
Montrose : Gable Endies
Nantwich : Dabbers[26]
Neath : Abbey-Jacks, Blacks, Blackjacks.
Nelson : Smelly Nellies (pejorative)
Newbiggin-by-the-Sea : Big'uns
Newcastle upon Tyne : Geordies, Barcodes (the football team play in black and white striped shirts)
Norfolk : Norfolk Dumplings ("Dumplings being a favourite food in that county")[27], Turkey Botherers (pejorative)
Northampton : Cobblers, after the ancient shoe industry that thrived in the town.
Northern Ireland : Paddies, Huns (sectarian offensive term for pro-British Unionists), Taigs (sectarian offensive term for pro-Irish Nationalists)
North Shields : Cods Heeds, Fish Nabbers
North Wales : Gogs
Northwich : Salter Boys
Norwich: Nodgies, Canaries, Budgies (the football club colours are green and yellow)
Nottingham: Boggers, Scabs (insult; see Mansfield)
Nuneaton: Codders, Treacle Towners[28]
O - R
- Okehampton : Okey Dokeys
Oldham : Yonners (from Oldham pronunciation of 'yonder' as in 'up yonner'), Roughyeds, Biffos
Ongar : Mongers (pejorative)
Oswaldtwistle : Gobbins (but only "above the lamp")[29]
Padiham : Paddywhacks, Irish Piggies (pejorative - "Paddy Ham")
Paisley : Buddies,[30]
Peacehaven : Plotters[31], Piss Mavens (pejorative)
Penistone : Penistoners, Penis Toners (pejorative)
Penzance : Peezeders
Peterhead : Bluemogganers, Blue Tooners
Petworth : Muppets (pejorative)
Pewsey : Spewers
Plymouth : Janners. Originally a person who spoke with a Devon accent, now simply any West Countryman. In naval slang (where the place is referred to as Guz[32]), this is specifically a person from Plymouth.
Poole : Poodles
Portsmouth : Pompey (collective, shared by the city, the naval base and the football club), Skates (pejorative, alluding to frustrated sailors raping skates)
Port Talbot : Port Toileteers
Prescot : Prekkies
Preston : Nob-enders (pejorative, from Preston North End F.C.)
Pudsey : Pud Pullers (pejorative)
Ramsbottom : Woollybums
Ramsgate : Hovellers, Smackboys (both refer to hoy boats used to supply sailing ships)
Reading : Dingbats (pejorative), Dingoes
Redcar : Codheads
Redditch : Radishes
Rickmansworth : Rickies, Prickies (pejorative)
Rochdale : Rochies, Cockroaches (pejorative)
Rotherham : Chuckles, Rotherbirds
Royston :Crows
Royton : Destroyers
Ryde : Riders, Easy Riders (pejorative when applied to the womenfolk)
Rye :Mudlarks[33]
S
- St Agnes : Aggies
St Albans : Snorbennies[34], Snore Bennies (pejorative, alluding to the character Benny in the soap opera Crossroads)
St Austell : Snozzles
St Helens : Nellies, Woollybacks[35]
St Neots : Snotties
Salford : Dots (acronym, from the song Dirty Old Town by The Pogues)
Scarborough : Scarbs, Algerinos, Bottom-enders (for those born or raised in the old town)
Sandown : Rundowners, Sad Downers (pejorative)
Scotland : Scotties, Jocks Macs, Sweaties (offensive; from rhyming slang "Sweaty Sock" for Jock).
Scunthorpe : Scuntys
Selkirk : Souters
Shankhill : Shankys, Wanky Shankys (pejorative)
Shavington : Tramps
Shaw : Gorbies
Sheffield : Dee Dars, Steelmekkers.
Sheringham : Shannocks
Shipley : Shipworms (pejorative)
Shirley : Temples (after Shirley Temple)
Shrewsbury : Salops (shortened version of the demonym Salopians), Shrews, Plastic Sheepshaggers (pejorative, especially from Telford folk: "Not in Wales, but might as well be")
Skegness : Skeggies, Scaggies (pejorative)
Skelmersdale : Skemheads, Skemmers, Skummers (pejorative), Woolybacks or Wools (in Liverpool)
Skipton : Skiprats (pejorative)
Skye : Sgitheanachs
Slough : Sluffers, Paludians (Latin; Slough means "marsh")
Solihull : Silhillians, Silly Hillbillies (pejorative)
Southampton : Sotoners, Scum(mers)
Southend-on-Sea : Mudlarks (the "beach" is a mudflat)
South Shields : Sand Dancers
South Wales : Hwntws (by people from North Wales)
Southern England : Southern Fairies, Shandy Drinkers, United Supporters
Southport : Sandgrounders, Groundies
Stalybridge : Staleys, Staly-vegasers
Stockport : Stopfordians (from an old name for Stockport), Hatters
Stockton on Tees : Smoggies
Stoke-on-Trent : Potters, Clay Heads, Stokies, Jug Heads, Kidsgrove Spiders, Pisspots (pejorative)
Stranraer : Cleyholers
Stratford-upon-Avon : Fads (acronym, "Fat American Dodgers"; the town is over-touristed)
Strood : Long Tails, Stroodles
Stroud : Stroudies
Sunderland : Mackems[36], Jamrags (pejorative, the football team play in red and white striped shirts)
Surrey : Capons
Sutherland : Cattach
Swansea : Jacks, Swansea Jacks
Swindon : Moonrakers, Pighillers (what the name means)
T - V
- Tarbert, Loch Fyne : Dookers (named after guillemot and razorbill, sea-birds once a popular food among Tarbert natives)
Teignmouth : Muffians
Telford : Telfies, Tel-chavs, Overspills (pejorative), Skelly-tels, Teletubbies
Tideswell : Tidsas[37]
Tidworth : Tiddlers, Tiddly Widdlys, Shiddly Tiddly Widdlys (the town hosts an army camp)
Uckfield : Uckers, Noeffs
Urmston : Worms (pejorative)
Ventnor : Ventriloquists (pejorative; "they talk out of their arses, and their heads are the dummies")
W
- Wales : Taffs [Mid/West Welsh] (sometimes considered offensive), Taffies.[38]
Wallingford : Wallies
Walsall : Saddlers, Wallys (pejorative)
Warrington : Wazzas, Wires, Wirepullers (after the local wire industry),[39] Woolybacks or Wools (in Liverpool)
Watford : Watties, Wotsits, Twats (pejorative)
Wednesfield : Wedgies[40]
Wellingborough : Smelly Wellies (pejorative)
Welshpool : Soup Heads
Wem : Wembats (pejorative; wombats are slow, thick, mostly arse and good at digging)
West Brompton : Baggies
Westhoughton: Keawyeds (Cowheads, after local legend)
West Kirby : Wekkas
West Riding of Yorkshire : Wessies (in other parts of Yorkshire)
Weymouth : Kimberlins (Isle of Portland name for a person from Weymouth), Weybizas (due to the wild nightlife the town has adopted)
Whitehaven : Marras, Jam Eaters, Wetties, Glow-Worms (allegedly contaminated by radioactivity from Sellafield)
Widnes : Chemics, Stinkies, Woolybacks or Wools (in Liverpool)
Wigan : Pie-eaters (having to eat humble pie after a strike, also pies are central to the cuisine there), Pie-noshers, Purrers,[41]
Willenhall : Willies
Wiltshire : Moonrakers
Wolverhampton : Wolvos, Yam Yams (from local dialect where people say "Yam" meaning "Yow am" meaning "You are"), Yammies, Dingles (pejorative)
Woodbridge : Woodworms (pejorative)
Worcester : Woos
Worthing : Pork Bolters[33]
Workington : Jam Eaters
Whitby : Codheads
Y - Z
- York : Yorkies, Old Yorkers, Yoricks
Yorkshire : Tykes, Yorkies, Yorkie Bars, Tight (epithet varies)s (the inhabitants have a reputation for frugality)
See also
References
- Web site: Liverpudlian . Cambridge Dictionaries Online .
- Book: Fazakerley, Fred . Scouse English . 2005 . 2001 . Abson Books . . 0-902920-94-4.
- Encyclopedia: The concise new Partridge dictionary of slang and unconventional English. Eric Partridge. Eric. Partridge. 2007. Tom. Dalzell. Terry. Victor. Routledge. 978-0-415-21259-5.
- Book: Robinson, Mairi . Concise Scots Dictionary . 1985 . Edinburgh University Press Ltd. . . 1-902930-00-2 . 29 September 2010.
- Book: English: One Language, Different Cultures . Ronowicz . Eddie . Yallop . Colin . 2006 . Continuum International Publishing Group . 978-0-8264-7079-9 . 30 September 2010.
- News: Mu Beta Beta. Pinniped. Scunthorpe, North Lincolnshire. History. h2g2. 13 March 2013. 19 April 2013. https://archive.today/20130419163021/http://news.bbc.co.uk/dna/place-lancashire/plain/A806023. dead.
Notes and References
- Web site: Wolverhampton researches Black Country dialect. The Guardian. 27 January 2003. 3 October 2010.
- Web site: Man Charged with Having Sex with Horse. Lancashire Telegraph. 9 July 2012.
- Web site: BBC report 2011 Blackpool Councillor Sorry for Donkey Botherer Jibe. 14 January 2024.
- Augustus Hare: Sussex 1894 p. 136
- News: Why do the French call the British 'the roast beefs'? . 3 April 2003 . . 7 November 2016.
- News: Few laughs for 'humorous' Kraut . 24 October 2001 . BBC News Online . 7 November 2016.
- Book: Transactions of the Gaelic Society . Gallach caithness. . 1907 . Gaelic Society of Inverness . 97 . 30 September 2010.
- Yvette Taylor: Classed Intersections 2016 p. 109
- Head, R: Congleton Past and Present, 1887, p.67
- Web site: MOST Crawley residents have probably, at some time, referred to the town by its well-known nickname – Creepy Crawley . This Is Sussex . 20 October 2010 . 9 June 2014.
- Book: Wales, Tony. Sussex as She Wus Spoke, a Guide to the Sussex Dialect. SB Publications. Seaford. 2000. 978-1-85770-209-5.
- Book: Brewer, E. Cobham . http://www.bartleby.com/81/12073.html . E. Cobham Brewer . Dictionary of Phrase & Fable . Nicknames . Bartleby.com . 29 September 2010.
- Web site: Michelle . Castillo . Off the Brochure Travel Guide: Glasgow, Scotland . Peter Greenberg Travel Detective . 20 August 2009 . 29 September 2010.
- Web site: The Hartlepool Monkey, Who hung the monkey? . This is Hartlepool . 29 September 2010.
- Advertiser Notes and Queries Volumes 1-2 1882 p. 16
- Web site: Hey, Hey, We're Monkey Town . Chris . Dawson . Ten Thousand Years in Monkey Town.
- Book: Evans, Arthur Benoni . Arthur Benoni Evans . 1881 . Leicestershire Words, Phrases, and Proverbs . enlarged . Sebastian . Evans . Sebastian Evans . London . N. Trübner for English Dialect Society . 101.
- Book: Brewer, E. Cobham . http://www.bartleby.com/81/17670.html . Dictionary of Phrase & Fable . Yellow-belly . Bartleby.com . 30 September 2010.
- Fazakerley, p. 24
- Web site: Plastic Scouser. Allwords.com .
- Web site: Woolyback. Slang.org.uk .
- Web site: Woolyback. Allwords.com .
- Notes and Queries 1894 p. 94
- Emery . Jay . Belonging, memory and history in the north Nottinghamshire coalfield . Journal of Historical Geography . 77–89 . en . 10.1016/j.jhg.2017.11.004 . 1 January 2018. 59 . free . 2381/42989 . free .
- News: I was made in Middlesbrough . Harley . Shaun . BBC News Online . 16 July 2007 . 29 September 2010.
- Web site: White . Jonathan . A Dabber Debate - what's your preferred derivation? . Nantwich News . 22 March 2022 . 3 May 2020.
- Web site: Grose . Dictionary of the vulgar tongue . Words from old books . 28 March 2022.
- Kieran and Jordison: Crap Towns Returns 2013 p. 103
- LA Record Vol 100 p. 431
- Web site: Paisley Buddies . Paisley Scotland . 6 April 2014 . 9 June 2014.
- Miles, M: Paradoxical Urbanism 2020 p. 41
- News: Plymouth's nickname 'Guz' and the reasons behind it . Plymouth Live . 29 September 2019.
- Book: Arscott, David. David Arscott. Wunt Be Druv - A Salute to the Sussex Dialect. Countryside Books. 2006. 978-1-84674-006-0.
- Bishop, J: The Illustrated Counties of England 1985 p. 34
- Web site: Who are the woollybacks? . St Helens Star . 9 February 2006 . 13 January 2022.
- News: Quiz: How Much of a Mackem are YOU? . . 4 January 2009 . 29 September 2010 . dead . https://archive.today/20120911032354/http://www.sunderlandecho.com/lifestyle/culture_2_9148/quiz_how_much_of_a_mackem_are_you_1_1088796 . 11 September 2012 . dmy-all .
- Notes and Queries 1894 p. 94
- Cf. the nursery rhyme "Taffy was a Welshman / Taffy was a thief / Taffy came to my house / To steal a piece of beef."
- Hayes, J: Celebrating Warrington 2022 p. 87
- Notes and Queries 1894 p. 94
- Dialect term for "kicker"
