List of British Jewish scientists explained

List of British Jewish scientists is a list that includes scientists from the United Kingdom and its predecessor states who are or were Jewish or of Jewish descent.

Physicists

• Petrus Alphonsi, Spanish (not British) astronomer and doctor^[1]
• Edward Neville da Costa Andrade^[2]
• Sir Michael Berry,^[3] mathematical physicist^[4]
• Moses Blackman^[5]
• David Bohm,^[6] physicist, philosopher
• Sir Hermann Bondi,^[7] Austrian-born British cosmologist
• Max Born,^{[8] [9]} physicist, Nobel Prize 1954 (converted to Lutheranism)^[10]
• Samuel Devons, physicist^[4]
• Cyril Domb,^[3] physicist, President of Association of Orthodox Jewish Scientists
• Paul Eisler,^{[11] [12]} inventor of the printed circuit board
• Michael Fisher^[3]
• Otto Robert Frisch^{[13] [14]}
• Herbert Frohlich^[15]
• Dennis Gabor,^{[16] [17] [18]} Nobel Prize for Physics 1971
• Sir David Lionel Goldsmid-Stern-Salomons,^[19] scientist and inventor
• Jeffrey Goldstone^[4]
• Ian Grant^[4]
• Sir Peter Hirsch, physicist^[20]
• Herbert Huppert, 1987^[4]
• Brian David Josephson,^[17] physicist, 1973 Nobel Prize
• George Kalmus, 1988^[4]
• Andrew Keller^[21]
• Olga Kennard, crystallographer 1987^[4]
• Rudolf Kompfner,^[22] invented the traveling wave tube
• Hans Kronberger,^[23] nuclear physicist
• Nicholas Kurti,^[24] physicist, Vice-President of the Royal Society 1965-67^[25]
• Frederick Lindemann, 1st Viscount Cherwell,^[26] physicist and politician
• Henry Lipson^[15]
• Sir Ben Lockspeiser^[15]
• Stanley Mandelstam^[4]
• Kurt Mendelssohn^[27]
• Leon Mestel, astronomer^[28]
• F.R. Nunes Nabarro^[4]
• Rudolf Peierls^[29]
• Michael Pepper^[4]
• Sir Joseph Rotblat,^[30] physicist, 1995 Nobel Peace Prize
• Adolf Schallamach, physics of friction and wear of rubber
• Sir Arthur Schuster^[31]
• Dennis Sciama, FRS,^[3] cosmologist
• David Shoenberg, physics of low temperatures (JYB 1995 p193)
• Sir Francis Simon^[32]
• David Tabor^[4]
• Samuel Tolansky, spectroscopist^[33]
• Felix Weinberg^[4]
• Michael Woolfson, crystallographer, computer simulation 1984^[4]
• Alec David Young, aero-engineer^[4]
• John Ziman^[3]

Chemists

• Herbert Brown, chemist, 1979 Nobel Prize^[34]
• Sir Arnold Burgen^[4]
• Sir Roy Calne^[4]
• Jack David Dunitz,^[35] chemist
• Martin Fleischmann,^[36] chemist
• Rosalind Franklin,^[37] physical chemist and crystallographer, helped discover the structure of DNA
• Eugen Glueckauf^[14]
• Sir Ian Heilbron^[38]
• Walter Heitler^[35]
• Sir Aaron Klug,^[39] physicist and chemist, 1982 Nobel Prize^[40]
• Harold Kroto,^[41] discoverer of buckminsterfullerene, 1996 Nobel Prize (Jewish father; raised Jewish)
• Raphael Meldola^[42]
• Alfred Mond, chemist^[43]
• Ludwig Mond,^[44] chemist and industrialist
• Sir Robert Mond, chemist and archaeologist^[45]
• Albert Neuberger,^[46] chemical pathologist; father of Prof. James Neuberger, Lord Justice Sir David Neuberger and Prof. Michael Neuberger, and father-in-law of Julia Neuberger
• Friedrich Paneth^[47]
• Max Perutz,^[48] molecular biologist, 1962 Nobel Prize
• Michael Polanyi,^[49] chemist; naturalised British 1939^[50]
• Ralph Raphael^[29]
• Michael Rossmann^[35]
• Jeremy Sanders
• Anthony Segal^[4]
• Franz Sondheimer, organic chemist^[4]
• Michael Szwarc, polymer chemistry^[51]
• Carl Warburg, doctor of medicine and clinical pharmacologist^[52]
• Chaim Weizmann,^[53] acetone production; first president of Israel

Biologists

• Saul Adler^[54]
• Ephraim Anderson,^[55] microbiologist
• Charlotte Auerbach^[5]
• Dame Val Beral,^[56] breast cancer researcher
• Walter Bodmer,^[57] geneticist
• Gustav Victor Rudolf Born,^[58] professor of pharmacology
• Sydney Brenner,^[59] molecular biologist, 2002Nobel Prize
• Leslie Brent^[60]
• Edith Bülbring,^[61] pharmacologist (Jewish mother)
• Sir Ernst Chain, co-developer of penicillin, 1945 Nobel Prize^[62]
• Sir Philip Cohen,^[46] biologist
• Sydney Cohen, pathologist^[63]
• Emanuel Mendes da Costa,^[64] 18th-century botanist
• Raymond Dwek, biologist^[4]
• Sir Michael Epstein, co-discoverer of the Epstein-Barr virus^[4]
• Wilhelm Feldberg,^[5] pharmacologist
• Sir Alan Fersht,^[35] protein folding
• Sir Otto Frankel, geneticist^[65]
• Ian Glynn^[4]
• Professor Sir Abraham Goldberg, Regius Professor of Medicine, University of Glasgow and world authority on porphyria^[66]
• Susan Greenfield, Baroness Greenfield,^[67] neuroscientist and writer (Jewish father)
• Hans Gruneberg,^[68] biologist
• Sir Ludwig Guttmann,^[69] neurologist
• Sir Henry Harris^[70]
• Philip D'Arcy Hart,^[71] medical researcher
• Sir Gabriel Horn^[4]
• Alick Isaacs,^{[72] [73]} virologist, interferon
• David Ish-Horowicz^[4]
• Sir Bernard Katz,^[74] biophysicist, 1970 Nobel Prize
• David Keilin,^[46] enzymologist
• Sir Hans Kornberg^[4]
• Hans Kosterlitz, pharmacologist^[75]
• Sir Hans Adolf Krebs,^[76] biochemist, 1953 Nobel Prize
• Sir John Krebs,^[77] zoologist
• Roland Levinsky,^[78] biologist
• Michael Levitt^[46]
• Hans Lissmann^[29]
• Joel Mandelstam^[4]
• Sir Michael Marmot, epidemiologist^[79]
• César Milstein,^[80] immunologist, 1984 Nobel Prize
• Leslie Orgel,^[35] evolutionary biologist
• Guido Pontecorvo^[29]
• Juda Quastel^[46]
• Ivan Roitt, immunologist 1983^{[4] [81]}
• Steven Rose,^[82] biologist
• Sir Martin Roth, psychiatrist (JYB 2005 p214)
• Dame Miriam Louisa Rothschild,^[83] entomologist
• Victor Rothschild, 3rd Baron Rothschild^[84]
• Oliver Sacks,^[85] neurologist and author
• Isaac de Sequeira Samuda,^[86] first Jewish FRS, elected 1727
• Hannah Steinberg, psychopharmacologist
• John Vane,^[35] pharmacologist, 1982 Nobel Prize (Jewish father)
• Lawrence Weiskrantz, psychologist^[4]
• Robert Winston, Baron Winston,^[87] fertility expert and broadcaster
• Lewis Wolpert,^[88] developmental biologist and broadcaster
• John Yudkin, physiologist and nutritionist
• Lord Solly Zuckerman, anatomist, evolutionist^[89]

Mathematicians and statisticians

• Abraham Manie Adelstein,^[90] statistician
• Hertha Ayrton,^[90] mathematician and engineer
• Laurence Baxter, statistician^[91]
• Abram Besicovitch,^[92] Russian-born British mathematician (karaite)
• Selig Brodetsky,^[93] mathematician, President of the Board of Deputies of British Jews, and President of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem
• Jacob Bronowski,^[94] mathematician and broadcaster
• Paul Cohn, algebraist^[95]
• H.E. Daniels,^[90] statistician
• Philip Dawid,^[96] statistician
• Arthur Erdelyi,^[97] mathematician
• John Fox, statistician
• Albrecht Frohlich^[98]
• David Glass,^[99] demographer
• Sir Samuel Goldman,^[100] British government statistician
• Sydney Goldstein,^[101] expert on fluid mechanics
• Benjamin Gompertz,^[102] mathematician
• Eugene Grebenik,^[103] demographer
• Steven Haberman,^[104] professor of actuarial science
• John Hajnal, demographer
• Hans Heilbronn^[105]
• Thomas Körner, mathematician^[106]
• Ruth Lawrence,^[107] mathematician and child prodigy
• Leone Levi,^[108] statistician
• Kurt Mahler, mathematician^[4]
• Sir Claus Moser,^[109] statistician
• Louis Mordell,^[110] number theorist
• Bernhard Neumann^[4]
• Richard Rado,^[111] mathematician
• Klaus Roth,^[112] mathematician, 1958 Fields Medal
• Bernard Silverman, statistician^[113]
• David Spiegelhalter, statistician^[114]
• James Joseph Sylvester,^[115] mathematician

Computer scientists

• Samson Abramsky, computer scientist^[116]
• David Deutsch,^[3] quantum computing pioneer
• I.J. Good,^[117] cryptographer, philosopher of statistics; computing pioneer
• David Levy,^[118] computer chess expert
• Leo Marks,^[119] cryptographer and screenwriter
• Max Newman, mathematician and computing pioneer (Jewish father)
• Gordon Plotkin, computer scientist
• Leslie Valiant, computer scientist; parallel computation

Economists

• Lord Bauer,^[120] economist
• Samuel Brittan, economist
• Charles Goodhart,^[121] Bank of England economist
• Noreena Hertz,^[122] economist and activist
• Richard Kahn, Baron Kahn,^[123] economist: multiplier
• Nicholas Kaldor, economist
• Michael Kidron, South African born Marxist economist, writer, cartographer and publisher
• Israel Kirzner,^[124] economist (UK-born)
• Ludwig Lachmann, economist^[125]
• Harold Laski, economist^[126]
• Alexander Nove, economist^[127]
• Sigbert Prais, economist
• David Ricardo,^[128] economist (converted to Quakerism)
• Arthur Seldon,^[129] economist
• Sir Hans Singer, economist^[130]
• Piero Sraffa, economist
• Lord Nicholas Stern, economist
• Basil Yamey, economist^[131]

Social scientists

• Roy Clive Abraham,^[132] linguist
• Mark Abrams,^[132] sociologist
• Michael Balint,^[133] psychoanalyst (converted to Unitarianism)
• Zygmunt Bauman,^[134] sociologist
• Basil Bernstein,^[135] linguist
• Vernon Bogdanor, professor of politics^[136]
• Georgina Born, anthropologist; daughter of Gustav Victor Rudolf Born
• Gerald Cohen, professor of social and political theory
• Arthur Lumley Davids, linguist and orientalist^[137]
• Norbert Elias,^[138] sociologist
• Herman Finer,^[139] political scientist
• Samuel Finer,^[140] political scientist
• Sir Moses I. Finley,^[141] historian and sociologist
• Meyer Fortes, anthropologist^[142]
• Eduard Fraenkel, philologist^[143]
• Anna Freud,^[144] child psychoanalyst
• Norman Geras,^[145] professor of Government^[146]
• Morris Ginsberg^[147]
• Max Gluckman, anthropologist^[148]
• Frieda Goldman-Eisler, psycholinguist^[149]
• Theodor Goldstücker,^[150] orientalist
• Jean Gottmann,^[151] professor of geography, Oxford University
• Julius Gould, sociologist (JYB 2005 p249)
• Paul Hirst,^[152] social theorist (Jewish mother)
• Marie Jahoda,^[153] psychology of discrimination
• Melanie Klein,^[154] child psychoanalyst
• Paul Klemperer, economist
• Geoffrey Lewis Lewis, professor of Turkish
• Steven Lukes, political scientist
• Ashley Montagu,^[155] anthropologist and humanist
• Nikolas Rose, Martin White Professor of Sociology, LSE
• Isaac Schapera, anthropologist
• Edward Ullendorff, linguist

See also

• Lists of Jews
• List of British Jews

References

• JYB = Jewish Year Book

External links

• Jinfo

Notes and References

1. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, art. Alfonsi, Petrus
2. [Jewish Year Book|JYB]
3. Web site: Jewish Physicists . Jinfo.org . 2016-01-22.
4. JYB 2005 p214
5. JYB 1977 p207
6. Web site: Infinite Potential: The Life and Times of David Bohm by F. Pruyn . Theosophy-nw.org . 2016-01-22.
7. Web site: News - Latest breaking UK news . https://web.archive.org/web/20051130102834/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?view=DETAILS&grid=&xml=%2Fnews%2F2005%2F09%2F13%2Fdb1301.xml . dead . 30 November 2005 . The Telegraph . 2016-01-22 .
8. Web site: Born summary . Groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk . 2016-01-22.
9. Web site: physicsworld.com homepage . Physicsweb.org . 2016-01-22.
10. JYB 2000 p212 - list of Jewish Nobel Prizewinners
11. Web site: You Won't be Board . 16 November 2006 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20050523191553/http://www.totallyjewish.com/entertainment/features_and_reviews/?content_id=293 . 23 May 2005 .
12. http://www.dundee.ac.uk/~gjzcallo/pcb%20manufacture.ppt
13. Web site: Otto Robert Frisch . Nndb.com . 2016-01-22.
14. JYB 1980 p182
15. JYB 1990 p201
16. Web site: EJewish.info - . 16 November 2006 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20060716191944/http://www.ejewish.info/resources/resourceCategoryDisplay.aspx?categoryid=370&rsid=96 . 16 July 2006 .
17. Web site: Jewish Nobel Prize Laureates . Jewish Virtual Library . 2016-01-22.
18. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography: "In 1946 Dennis Gabor became a naturalized British citizen."
19. Web site: Salomons Family Tree Entry - Salomons Museum - Canterbury Christ Church University . 21 March 2007 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20070928020950/http://www.canterbury.ac.uk/salomons-museum/tree/d-lionel-salomons.asp . 28 September 2007 .
20. JYB 2005 p213, 214
21. Web site: Welcome to nginx! . www.royalsoc.ac.uk . 2 February 2022 . https://archive.today/20121223075320/http://www.royalsoc.ac.uk/DServe/dserve.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqCmd=show.tcl&dsqDb=Persons&dsqPos=26&dsqSearch=((text)='jewish') . 23 December 2012 . dead.
22. [Concise Dictionary of National Biography]
23. Concise Dictionary of National Biography: "born in Linz, Austria, of Jewish parents"
24. http://www.oup.co.uk/pdf/0-19-924108-2.pdf
25. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography: "study at the university was open to him, despite being a Jew ... Kurti became a naturalized British citizen just before the outbreak of the Second World War"
26. Web site: Jewish Science and Technology Books: Personalities . 16 November 2006 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20061019155142/http://www.jewish-sci-tech-books.com/personalities.htm . 19 October 2006 .
27. [Encyclopaedia Judaica]
28. Who's Who entry & JYB 2000 p211
29. JYB 1995 p193
30. http://www.pugwash.org/publication/obits/obit-rotblat-press-latimes.ht
31. [Encyclopedia Judaica]
32. [Encyclopedia Judaica]
33. Concise Dictionary of National Biography: "son of Lithuanian-Jewish immigrants"
34. JYB 2005 p215
35. Web site: Jewish Chemists . Jinfo.org . 1992-10-14 . 2016-01-22.
36. Web site: Martin Fleischmann . Nndb.com . 2016-01-22.
37. Web site: Rosalind Franklin . Jewish Virtual Library . 2016-01-22.
38. [Encyclopedia Judaica]
39. Web site: Aaron Klug - Biographical . Nobelprize.org . 2016-01-22.
40. JYB 2000 p211-2
41. Web site: Sir Harold Kroto : Autobiography . Webcitation.org . 2016-01-22 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20060507131843/http://ca.geocities.com/wery_333tom/kroto-autobio.html . 7 May 2006.
42. [Encyclopaedia Judaica]
43. [Encyclopaedia Judaica]
44. Web site: AJR . AJR.org.uk . 2016-01-22.
45. [Encyclopaedia Judaica]
46. Web site: Jewish Biomedical Scientists . Jinfo.org . 1992-10-14 . 2016-01-22.
47. [Encyclopaedia Judaica]
48. Max Perutz, a Nobel Prize winner, and Alain Marengo Rowe. 1200715 . 16200163 . 18 . 2. 2005 . Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent) . 138–40 . Williams . P. 10.1080/08998280.2005.11928053.
49. Web site: Content Frame for the Guide to the Michael Polanyi Papers, 1900-1975 (Inclusive) . 16 November 2006 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20051125021000/http://www.aip.org/history/ead/chicago_polanyi/20010098_content.html . 25 November 2005 .
50. [Dictionary of National Biography]
51. [Encyclopedia Judaica]
52. Friedenwald, H. (1946), Jewish Luminaries in Medical History
53. Web site: Chaim Weizmann . Jewish Virtual Library . 2016-01-22.
54. JYB 1960 p216
55. Web site: Anthony Tucker . Obituary: ES Anderson | Society . The Guardian. 22 March 2006 . 2016-01-22.
56. Web site: Budabin-Kula Family Collection. : Budabin-Kula family : Free Download & Streaming : Internet Archive . Archive.org . 1888 . 2016-01-22.
57. Web site: The Science Show: 19 November 2005 - Tracing genetic history . 16 November 2006 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20060421111737/http://www.abc.net.au/rn/science/ss/stories/s1499065.htm . 21 April 2006 . .
58. Web site: Peter Sommer . Gustav V. R. Born, The Born Family in Göttingen and Beyond, Termessos Verlag . Termessos.de . 2016-01-22.
59. Web site: Sydney Brenner | South African History Online . Sahistory.org.za . 1927-01-13 . 2016-01-22 . 13 December 2007 . https://web.archive.org/web/20071213230511/http://www.sahistory.org.za/pages/people/bios/brenner-s.htm . dead .
60. The Times, 6/7/06 p34: "A Call by Jews in Britain" (advert signed by 300 British Jews)
61. http://hardy.amnesty.org.uk/images/ul/f/famous_refugees_2.pdf
62. Web site: Howard Walter Florey and Ernst Boris Chain. Science History Institute . June 2016. 21 March 2018.
63. JYB 2005 p214, 230
64. http://www.journals.royalsoc.ac.uk/media/788ywpyvxn1yf4uqva6q/contributions/a/8/q/1/a8q13avg8w7tqwgx.pdf
65. Web site: http://www.science.org.au/scientists/of.htm . 21 March 2007 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20061002110639/http://www.science.org.au/scientists/of.htm . 2 October 2006 .
66. Jewish Chronicle Obituary, 25 October 2007
67. Web site: Brain Teaser - Peter McCarthy talks to Professor Susan Greenfield . https://archive.today/20010210215717/http://www.damaris.org/dcscs/readingroom/2000/susangreenfield.htm . dead . 10 February 2001 . 16 November 2006 .
68. JYB 1967 p208
69. Web site: Paralympics at the Olympics . 16 November 2006 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20060821172736/http://library.thinkquest.org/J002862/para.htm . 21 August 2006 .
70. [Encyclopedia Judaica]
71. Web site: DR PHILIP d'ARCY HART | Independent, the (London) | Find Articles at BNET.com . 2007-03-21 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20080613205235/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_20060824/ai_n16687118 . 13 June 2008 .
72. Web site: Alick Isaacs: Overview of Alick Isaacs . Scottish-places.info . 2016-01-22.
73. Web site: JINFO . Jews in Biomedical Science . Jinfo.org . 2016-01-22.
74. Web site: Bernard Katz . Jewish Virtual Library . 2016-01-22.
75. Web site: Jewish Recipients of the Lasker Award in Basic Medical Research . Jinfo.org . 2016-01-22.
76. Web site: dictionary of medical eponyms . Whonamedit.com . 1981-11-22 . 2016-01-22.
77. Jewish Chronicle, 8 January 1999, p.6: "Three Jewish knights feature among the New Year honours: ... Nichola Serota ... John Krebs ... Victor Blank."
78. "Driving force of city university's growth": Western Daily Press 19 July 2006: "the family is Jewish".
79. JYB 2005 213
80. Web site: Cesar Milstein . Jewish Virtual Library . 2016-01-22.
81. JYB 2000 p211
82. Web site: Belief - Steven Rose . 16 November 2006 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20050411031428/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/programmes/belief/scripts/steven_rose.shtml . 11 April 2005 .
83. Web site: AJN - Dame Miriam Louisa Rothschild . 16 November 2006 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20051227051538/http://www.ajn.com.au/pages/archives/obituaries/06g-obit.html . 27 December 2005 .
84. JYB 1990 p199, 202, 259
85. Web site: Oliver Sacks . Christianity Today . 2002-06-01 . 2016-01-22.
86. Web site: Welcome to nginx! . www.royalsoc.ac.uk . 2 February 2022 . https://archive.today/20121223065549/http://www.royalsoc.ac.uk/DServe/dserve.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqCmd=show.tcl&dsqDb=Persons&dsqPos=3&dsqSearch=((text)='samuda') . 23 December 2012 . dead.
87. Web site: Helping Hand . 16 November 2006 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20060903155300/http://www.fortunecity.com/emachines/e11/86/helphand.html . 3 September 2006 .
88. Web site: Science Line - Biology & Medicine - Careers Information - Professor Lewis Wolpert . 16 November 2006 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20050906064332/http://www.sciencenet.org.uk/careers/bio/wolpert.html . 6 September 2005 .
89. JYB 1965 p214
90. article in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
91. Death notices in Jewish Chronicle, 15 November 1996 p 31; confirms Sidney Hart was his uncle
92. Web site: JINFO . Jewish Mathematicians . Jinfo.org . 1965-10-08 . 2016-01-22.
93. Web site: Brodetsky biography . History.mcs.st-and.ac.uk . 2016-01-22.
94. Web site: Rita Bronowski - San Diego Jewish Journal . 16 November 2006 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20060527022922/http://www.sdjewishjournal.com/stories/article5.html . 27 May 2006 .
95. Web site: Times obituary . Groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk . 2016-01-22.
96. Web site: Jewish-books.net - Jewish books Resources and Information . 16 November 2006 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20090225001719/http://jewish-books.net/findBy_AuthName/find_A.Philip_Dawid.html . 25 February 2009 .
97. Web site: Jewish Mathematicians . Jinfo.org . 1965-10-08 . 2016-01-22.
98. Web site: Albrecht Fröhlich . 16 November 2006 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20061024133211/http://www.pubs.royalsoc.ac.uk/media/bio_mems/Frohlich%20press.pdf . 24 October 2006 .
99. Obituary, Jewish Chronicle, 6 Oct. 1978, p.32
100. Obituary in LSE Magazine, Vol 19 no.2 Winter 2007, p.45
101. Web site: Goldstein biography . Groups.dcs.st-andrews.ac.uk . 2016-01-22.
102. Web site: Gompertz summary . Groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk . 2016-01-22.
103. Web site: http://www.ehrcweb.org/jobs/Press-Eugene-Grebenik-17668.htm . 28 January 2007 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20070928152519/http://www.ehrcweb.org/jobs/Press-Eugene-Grebenik-17668.htm . 28 September 2007 .
104. Web site: Contemporary Jewish Demography . 16 November 2006 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20041222130930/http://www.jafi.org.il/education/100/concepts/demography/demjpop.html . 22 December 2004 .
105. JYB 1977, p207
106. Jewish parents: Stephan Körner (JYB 2005 p215) and Edith Körner
107. Web site: JDA - TV Starlett . 16 November 2006 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20061026141341/http://www.jewishdeaf.org.uk/latestnews/tvstarlett.htm . 26 October 2006 .
108. Levi, Leone . 16 . 511.
109. Web site: What's On: Music, Film, & Things To Do in Liverpool - Liverpool Echo . Icliverpool.icnetwork.co.uk . 2016-01-22 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120717011519/http://icliverpool.icnetwork.co.uk/entertainment/previewsandreviews/content_objectid%3D13939784_method%3Dfull_siteid%3D50061_page%3D5_headline%3D-A-brush-withour-darkest-hour-name_page.html . 17 July 2012 .
110. Web site: Mordell summary . Groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk . 2016-01-22.
111. Web site: Rado_Richard summary . Groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk . 2016-01-22.
112. Web site: Jewish Recipients of the Fields Medal . Jinfo.org . 1942-08-14 . 2016-01-22.
113. Web site: Jews for Justice for Palestinians . Jfjfp.org . 2016-01-22 . https://web.archive.org/web/20061208064256/http://www.jfjfp.org/signatories.htm#S . 8 December 2006 . dead.
114. JYB 2007 p. 198
115. Web site: Sylvester summary . Groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk . 2016-01-22.
116. JYB 2007 p198
117. Web site: Jewish Computer & Information Scientists . Jinfo.org . 2016-01-22.
118. Web site: http://jewish-books.net/findBy_AuthName/find_David_Levy_chess.htm . 16 November 2006 .
119. Web site: Leo Marks . Mishalov.com . 2016-01-22.
120. Web site: News - Latest breaking UK news . https://web.archive.org/web/20020618053808/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=%2Fnews%2F2002%2F05%2F06%2Fdb0601.xml . dead . 18 June 2002 . The Telegraph . 2015-01-21 . 2016-01-22 .
121. Web site: Publications | American Jewish Historical Society . Ajhs.org . 2016-01-22 . 5 February 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120205120656/http://www.ajhs.org/about/Newsletter/2003_spring/AJHS_newsletter_spring_03.pdf?bcsi_scan_22F071C7F07ABBC7=0&bcsi_scan_filename=AJHS_newsletter_spring_03.pdf . dead .
122. Web site: Jewish Arts Festival 2003 . https://web.archive.org/web/20030425151954/http://www.jewishartsfest.org/index.cfm?page=single.cfm&sectionid=226 . 2003-04-25 . 2003-04-25 . 2016-01-22.
123. Web site: JINFO . Jewish Economists . Jinfo.org . 2009-12-06 . 2016-01-22.
124. Web site: Making Sense of Jewish Stereotypes . 21 March 2007 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20070310070921/http://www.fff.org/freedom/0400f.asp . 10 March 2007 .
125. Hayek's Challenge: An Intellectual Biography of F. A. Hayek - Pg 145
126. The New Standard Jewish Encyclopedia, ed Geoffrey Wigoder, 5th ed 1977, p 1182–3
127. JYB 1990 p202
128. Web site: David Ricardo . 21 March 2007 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20070315092648/http://cepa.newschool.edu/het/profiles/ricardo.htm . 15 March 2007 .
129. Web site: Alfred Sherman . Obituary: Arthur Seldon | Business | The Guardian . Politics.guardian.co.uk . 13 October 2005 . 2016-01-22.
130. The Economist, 11 March 2006 p95: "born a Jew"
131. JYB 2005 p315
132. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
133. Web site: dictionary of medical eponyms . Whonamedit.com . 2016-01-22.
134. Web site: Madeleine Bunting . Profile: Zygmunt Bauman | Books | The Guardian . Books.guardian.co.uk . 5 April 2003 . 2016-01-22.
135. http://taylorandfrancis.metapress.com/index/DR7JQQP6UTXFG2CK.pdf
136. JYB 2005 p223
137. http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/4987-davids-arthur-lumley
138. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography: "Elias, as a Jew, sought refuge first in Paris (1933–5), and then in London (from 1935), eventually becoming a British citizen in 1952"
139. Web site: Alfred de Grazia . 12. POLITICAL SCIENCE . Grazian-archive.com . 2006-09-29 . 2016-01-22.
140. Jewish Chronicle obituary, 25 June 1993, p.15
141. [Encyclopaedia Judaica]
142. JYB 1980 p183
143. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography: "An unbaptized Jew"
144. Web site: http://www.webster.edu/~woolflm/annafreud.html . 16 November 2006 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20061109170432/http://www.webster.edu/~woolflm/annafreud.html . 9 November 2006 .
145. Web site: An interview with Norman Geras . Eis.bris.ac.uk . 2001-09-11 . 2016-01-22.
146. "You are a Jewish, Zimbabwean, Mancunian philosopher... I have lived in Manchester more than half my life and am very much at home here."
147. Web site: HTML Translation of SGML/EAD Document by Tim Green . https://archive.today/20121223061027/http://library-2.lse.ac.uk/archives/handlists/Ginsberg/m.html . 23 December 2012 . dead.
148. JYB 1975 p213
149. Book: Rubinstein . William D. . Jolles . Michael A. . Rubinstein . Hilary L. . The Palgrave Dictionary of Anglo-Jewish History . 2011 . Palgrave Macmillan . 336–7.
150. Concise Dictionary of National Biography: "of Jewish parentage"
151. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography: "the only child of prosperous Jewish parents"
152. Web site: Ben Pimlott . Obituary: Professor Paul Hirst | Education . The Guardian. 20 June 2003 . 2016-01-22.
153. Web site: Jewish Sociologists . Jinfo.org . 2016-01-22.
154. Web site: Melanie Klein . 16 November 2006 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20060907110602/http://www.webster.edu/~woolflm/klein2.html . 7 September 2006 .
155. Web site: The Ashley Montagu Resolution . Montagunocircpetition.org . 2016-01-22 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20160105184215/http://montagunocircpetition.org/montagu-bio.pg . 5 January 2016 .