List of British Jewish politicians explained

This is a list of Jews who served as politicians in the United Kingdom and its predecessor states or who were born in the United Kingdom and had notable political careers abroad.

Jewish Leaders

Pre–1900

Benjamin Disraeli (1868–1881) - Leader of the Conservative Party and Prime Minister of the United Kingdom

1900–1974

Herbert Samuel, 1st Viscount Samuel (1931–1935) - Leader of the Liberal Party (UK)

1974–2000

Michael Howard (2003–2005) - Leader of the Conservative Party (UK)

2000–2020

Ed Miliband (2010–2015) - Leader of the Labour Party (UK)

2020-

Zack Polanski (2021-) Deputy Leader of the Green Party (England and Wales)

British MPs

A law in place until the 1850s stated that no member of the Jewish religion could be elected to Parliament. Some Christian denominations were similarly prohibited. If elected, a member would be excluded if he refused to swear an oath of abjuration with a strong Christian wording.

British Members of Parliament listed chronologically by first election date (in brackets)

Pre–1900

• Lord George Gordon (1774–1780) Converted to Judaism
• Sampson Eardley (1770–1802) Father was Jewish. Eardley was baptised. Tory MP
• Manasseh Masseh Lopes (1802–1806, 1807–1808, 1812–1819 & 1820–1829) Lopes converted to Christianity in 1802, and later the same year he entered Parliament as a Tory MP
• Ralph Lopes (1814–1819, 1831–1837, 1841–1847 & 1849–1854) Conservative MP.
• Ralph Bernal (1818–1841 & 1842–1852) His father was Jewish, but Bernal was baptised. Whig MP
• David Ricardo (1819–1823) Ricardo converted to Christianity in 1793. Whig MP
• David Ricardo (the younger) (1832–1833) His father had been Jewish, but Ricardo was baptised. Liberal MP
• Benjamin Disraeli (1837–1876) http://www.britannia.com/bios/disraeli.html, Conservative MP and Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. Born Jewish but baptised at an early age.
• John Lewis Ricardo (1841–1862) Liberal MP
• Ralph Bernal Osborne (1841–1874) His grandfather was Jewish, but Bernal Osborne was baptised. Liberal MP
• Lionel de Rothschild (1847–1868 & 1869–1874) https://web.archive.org/web/20120205021115/http://www.rothschildarchive.org/tools/forprint.asp?doc=%2Fib%2Farticles%2FBW4aTimeline, Liberal MP.
• David Salomons (1851–1852 & 1859–1873) Liberal MP.
• Massey Lopes (1857–1885) Conservative MP
• Mayer Amschel de Rothschild (1859–1874) Liberal MP
• Francis Henry Goldsmid (1860–1878) Liberal MP
• Albert Grant (1865–1868 & 1874) Conservative MP
• Frederick Goldsmid (1865–1866) Liberal MP
• Nathan Rothschild (1865–1885) Liberal MP
• Joseph d'Aguilar Samuda (1865–1880) Liberal MP
• Julian Goldsmid (1866–1896) Liberal and later Liberal Unionist MP
• George Jessel (1868–1873) Liberal MP
• Henry Lopes (1868–1876) Conservative MP
• John Simon(1868–1888) Liberal MP
• Farrer Herschell (1874–1885) Liberal MP
• Saul Isaac (1874–1880) Conservative MP
• Henry Drummond Wolff (1874–1885) Conservative MP
• Arthur Cohen (1880–1888) Liberal MP
• Henry de Worms (1880–1895) Conservative MP
• Harry Levy-Lawson (1885–1892, 1893–1895, 1905–1906 & 1910–1916) Liberal and later Liberal Unionist MP
• Lionel Louis Cohen (1885–1887) Conservative MP
• Lewis Henry Isaacs (1885–1892) Conservative MP
• James Alfred Jacoby (1885-1909) Liberal MP
• Samuel Montagu (1885–1900) Liberal MP
• Ferdinand de Rothschild (1885–1898) Liberal and later Liberal Unionist Party MP
• Herbert Jessel (1896–1906 & 1910–1918) Liberal Unionist and later Conservative MP
• Sydney Stern (1891–1895) Liberal MP
• Herbert Leon (1891–1895) Liberal MP^[1]
• Benjamin Cohen (1892–1906) Conservative MP
• Coningsby Disraeli (1892–1906) Conservative MP
• Henry Lopes (1892–1900) Conservative MP
• Gustav Wilhelm Wolff (1892–1910) Conservative MP
• Harry Samuel (1895–1906 & 1910–1922) Conservative MP
• Arthur Strauss (1895–1900 & 1910–1918) Liberal Unionist Party and later Conservative MP
• Walter Rothschild (1899–1910) Liberal Unionist and later Conservative MP
• Edward Sassoon (1899–1912) Liberal Unionist MP

1900–1939

• Stuart Samuel (1900–1916) Liberal MP
• Herbert Samuel (1902–1918 & 1929–1935) Liberal MP and Leader of the Liberal Party
• Rufus Isaacs (1904–1913) Liberal MP
• Charles Henry (1906–1919) Liberal MP
• Arthur Lever (1906–1910 & 1922–1923) Liberal MP
• Maurice Levy (1906–1918) Liberal MP
• Philip Magnus (1906–1922) Conservative MP
• Alfred Mond (1906–1928) Liberal and then Conservative MP
• Edwin Samuel Montagu (1906–1922) Liberal MP
• Horatio Myer (1906–1910) Liberal MP
• Harry Primrose (1906–1910) Liberal MP
• Herbert Raphael (1906–1918) Liberal MP
• Bertram Straus (1906–1910) Liberal MP
• Edward Strauss (1906–1910, 1910–1923, 1927–1929 & 1931–1939) Liberal and then Liberal National MP
• Felix Cassel (1910–1916) Conservative MP
• Sydney Goldman (1910–1918) Conservative MP
• Frank Goldsmith (1910–1918) Conservative MP
• Trebitsch Lincoln (1910) Liberal MP
• Neil Primrose (1910–1917) Liberal MP
• Lionel Nathan de Rothschild (1910–1923) Conservative MP
• Maurice de Forest (1911–1918) – Liberal MP
• Leo Amery (1911–1945) Conservative MP
• Samuel Samuel (1913–1934) Conservative MP
• Percy Alfred Harris (1916–1918 & 1922–1945) Liberal MP
• Brunel Cohen (1918-1931), Conservative MP
• Gerald Hurst (1918–1923 & 1924–1935) Conservative MP
• Arthur Samuel (1918–1937) Conservative MP
• Walter de Frece (1920–1931) Conservative MP
• Robert Gee (1921–1922 & 1924–1927) – Conservative MP
• Maurice Alexander (1922–1923) Liberal MP
• Alfred Butt (1922–1936), Conservative MP
• Manny Shinwell (1922–1924, 1928–1931 & 1935–1970) Labour MP
• Leonard Benjamin Franklin (1923–1924) Liberal MP
• Ernest Spero (1923–1924 & 1929–1930) Liberal and then Labour MP
• Leslie Haden-Guest (1923–1927 & 1937–1950) Labour MP
• Leslie Hore-Belisha (1923–1945), Liberal and then Liberal National MP
• Henry Mond (1923–1924 & 1929–1931) Liberal and then Conservative MP
• Harry Day (1924–1931 & 1935–1939) Labour MP
• Samuel Finburgh (1924-1929) Conservative MP
• Frank Meyer (1924–1929) Conservative MP
• Isidore Salmon (1924–1941) Conservative MP
• Henry Slesser (1924–1929) Labour MP
• Michael Marcus (1929–1931) Labour MP
• Harry Louis Nathan (1929–1935 & 1937–1940), Liberal and then Labour MP
• Marion Phillips (1929–1931) Labour MP
• James de Rothschild (1929–1945) Liberal MP
• George Strauss (1929–1931 & 1934–1979) Labour MP
• Alfred Beit (1931–1945) Conservative MP
• Alfred Chotzner (1931–1934) Conservative MP
• Louis Gluckstein (1931–1945) Conservative MP
• Barnett Janner (1931–1935 & 1945–1970) Liberal and then Labour MP^[2]
• Dudley Joel (1931–1941) Conservative MP^[3]
• Thomas Levy (1931–1945) Conservative MP
• Abraham Lyons (1931–1945) Conservative MP
• Marcus Samuel (1934–1942) Conservative MP
• Henry Strauss (1935–1945 & 1946–1955) Conservative MP
• Sydney Silverman (1935–1968) Labour MP 1935^[4]
• Daniel Frankel (1935–1945) Labour MP
• Lewis Silkin (1936–1950) Labour MP^[5]
• Daniel Lipson (1937–1950) Independent Conservative MP

1940–1973

• John Mack (1942–1951) Labour MP
• Herschel Lewis Austin (1945–1950) Labour MP
• Louis Comyns (1945–1950) Labour MP
• John Diamond (1945–1951 & 1957–1970) Labour MP^[6]
• Maurice Edelman (1945–1976) Labour MP^[7]
• Mont Follick, (1945–1955) Labour MP
• Harold Lever (1945–1979) Labour MP^[8]
• George Jeger (1945–1971) Labour MP
• Santo Jeger (1945–1953) Labour MP
• Benn Levy (1945–1950) Labour MP
• Marcus Lipton (1945–1978) Labour MP
• Ian Mikardo (1945–1959 & 1964–1987) Labour MP^[9]
• Maurice Orbach (1945–1959 & 1964–1979) Labour MP
• Phil Piratin (1945–1950) Communist Party of Great Britain MP^[10]
• Samuel Segal (1945–1950) Labour MP
• Julius Silverman (1945–1983) Labour MP
• Barnett Stross (1945–1966) Labour MP
• David Weitzman (1945–1979) Labour MP
• Austen Albu, (1948–1974) Labour MP
• Julian Amery (1950–1992) Conservative MP
• Leslie Lever (1950–1970) Labour MP
• Gerald Nabarro (1950–1973) Conservative MP^[11]
• Frank Allaun (1955–1983) Labour MP
• Henry d'Avigdor-Goldsmid (1955–1974) Conservative MP^[12]
• Keith Joseph (1956–1987) Conservative MP^[13]
• Philip Goodhart (1957–1992) Conservative MP^[14]
• Leo Abse (1958–1987) Labour MP^[15]
• Michael Cliffe (1958–1964) Labour MP
• Myer Galpern (1959–1979) Labour MP
• David Ginsburg (1959–1983) Labour and later Social Democratic Party MP
• John Mendelson (1959–1978) Labour MP
• John Silkin (1963–1987) Labour MP^[16]
• Joel Barnett (1964–1983), Labour MP^[17]
• Edmund Dell (1964–1979) Labour MP^[18]
• Jack Dunnett (1964–1983), Labour MP^[19]
• Reginald Freeson (1964–1987), Labour MP^[20]
• David Kerr (1964–1970) Labour MP
• Robert Maxwell (1964–1970), Labour MP
• Maurice Miller (1964–1987) Labour MP
• Paul Rose (1964–79) Labour MP
• Samuel Silkin (1964–1983) Labour MP^[21]
• Robert Sheldon (1964–2001), Labour MP
• Renée Short (1964–1987) Labour MP
• Stanley Henig (1966-1970) Labour MP
• Edward Lyons (1966–1983) Labour and later Social Democratic Party MP
• Eric Moonman (1966–1970 & 1974–1979) Labour MP
• Robert Adley^[11] (1970–1993) Conservative MP
• Jack d'Avigdor-Goldsmid^[22] (1970–1974) Conservative MP
• Sally Oppenheim-Barnes (1970–1987) Conservative MP^[23]
• Stanley Clinton-Davis (1970–1983) Labour MP
• Michael Fidler^[24] (1970–1974) Conservative MP
• Geoffrey Finsberg (1970–1992) Conservative MP
• Greville Janner (1970–1997)^[25] Labour MP
• Toby Jessel^[26] (1970–1997) Conservative MP
• Gerald Kaufman (1970–2017),^[27] Labour MP
• Anthony Meyer (1970–1997), Conservative MP^[28]
• Harold Soref (1970–1974) Conservative MP
• Christopher Tugendhat (1970–1977) Conservative MP
• Neville Sandelson (1971–1983) Labour and later Social Democratic Party MP
• Clement Freud (1973–1987)^[29] Liberal MP
• Tim Sainsbury (1973–1997) Conservative MP

1974–2000

• Leon Brittan (1974–1988),^[30] Conservative MP
• Ivan Lawrence (1974–1997), Conservative MP
• Nigel Lawson (1974–1992), Conservative MP^[17]
• Millie Miller (1974–1977),^[31] Labour MP
• Malcolm Rifkind (1974–1997 & 2005–2015),^[32] Conservative MP
• Anthony Steen (1974–2010), Conservative MP
• Alf Dubs (1979–1987),^[33] Labour MP
• Sheila Faith (1979–1983), Conservative MP
• David Winnick (1979–2017), Labour MP
• Mark Wolfson (1979–1997), Conservative MP
• Martin Brandon-Bravo (1983–1992), Conservative MP ^[34]
• Alex Carlile (1983–1997), Liberal and later Liberal Democrat MP
• Harry Cohen (1983–2010),^[35] Labour MP
• Edwina Currie (1983–1997),^[36] Conservative MP
• Michael Howard (1983–2010),^[37] Conservative MP and Leader of the Conservative Party
• Phillip Oppenheim (1983–1997), Conservative MP
• David Sumberg (1983–1997), Conservative MP
• Mildred Gordon (1987-1997) Labour MP
• Irvine Patnick (1987–1997), Conservative MP
• Gerry Steinberg (1987–2005), Labour MP
• Michael Fabricant (1992–2024), Conservative MP
• Peter Mandelson (1992–2004), Labour MP
• Barbara Roche (1992–2005),^[38] Labour MP
• Margaret Hodge (1994–2024),^[39] Labour MP
• John Bercow (1997–2019),^[40] Conservative MP and Speaker of the House of Commons
• Peter Bradley (1997–2005), Labour MP
• Ivor Caplin (1997–2005), Labour MP
• Louise Ellman (1997–2019),^[41] Labour and later Independent MP
• Fabian Hamilton (1997–present),^[42] Labour MP
• Evan Harris (1997–2010),^[43] Liberal Democrat MP
• Oona King (1997–2005),^[44] Labour MP
• Oliver Letwin (1997–2019),^[45] Conservative MP
• Julian Lewis (1997–present),^[46] Conservative MP
• Ivan Lewis (1997–2019),^[47] Labour MP and later independent MP
• Gillian Merron (1997–2010),^[48] Labour MP

2000–present

• Jonathan Djanogly (2001–2024), Conservative MP
• Paul Goodman (2001–2010) Conservative MP
• George Osborne (2001–2017), Conservative MP^{[49] [50]}
• Ed Miliband (2005–present), Labour MP and former Leader of the Labour Party
• David Miliband (2001–2013), Labour MP
• Susan Kramer (2005–2010), Liberal Democrat MP
• Lynne Featherstone (2005–2015), Liberal Democrat MP^[51]
• Brooks Newmark (2005–2015), Conservative MP
• Grant Shapps (2005–2024), Conservative MP
• Lee Scott (2005–2015),^[52] Conservative MP
• Ed Vaizey (2005–2019), Conservative MP
• Luciana Berger (2010–2019),^[53] Labour Co-operative MP and later Liberal Democrat MP
• Michael Ellis (2010–2024), Conservative MP
• Zac Goldsmith (2010–2016 & 2017–2019), Conservative MP
• Robert Halfon (2010–2024), Conservative MP
• Richard Harrington (2010–2019), Conservative MP
• Julian Huppert (2010–2015), Liberal Democrat MP
• Andrew Percy (2010–2024), Conservative MP
• Lucy Frazer (2015–2024), Conservative MP
• Ruth Smeeth (2015–2019), Labour MP
• Tom Tugendhat (2015–present), Conservative MP
• Alex Sobel (2017–present), Labour MP ^[54]
• Ian Levy (2019–2024), Conservative MP
• Charlotte Nichols (2019–present), Labour MP^[55]
• Damien Egan (2024-present), Labour MP^[56]
• Ben Coleman (2024-present), Labour MP^[57]
• David Pinto-Duschinsky (2024-present), Labour MP^[58]
• Georgia Gould (2024-present), Labour MP^[59]
• Matthew Patrick (2024-present), Labour MP^[60]
• Peter Prinsley (2024-present), Labour MP^[61]
• Sarah Sackman (2024-present), Labour MP^[62]
• Josh Simons (2024-present), Labour MP^[63]

Peers

There have also been many Jewish members of the House of Lords some of whom are listed below.

• David Alliance, Baron Alliance Liberal Democrats
• Irwin Bellow, Baron Bellwin Conservative
• Jeremy Beecham, Baron Beecham Labour
• Max Beloff, Baron Beloff Conservative
• Alexander Bernstein, Baron Bernstein of Craigweil Labour
• Sidney Bernstein, Baron Bernstein Labour
• Alma Birk, Baroness Birk,^[64] Labour
• John Browne, Baron Browne of Madingley Crossbench
• Ruth Deech, Baroness Deech Crossbench
• Bernard Delfont, Baron Delfont Labour
• Joseph Duveen, 1st Baron Duveen Crossbench
• Andrew Feldman, Baron Feldman of Elstree, Conservative
• Basil Feldman, Baron Feldman Conservative,
• Lynne Featherstone, Baroness Featherstone Liberal Democrats
• Daniel Finkelstein, Baron Finkelstein Conservative
• Samuel Fisher, Baron Fisher of Camden Labour
• David Freud, Baron Freud, Conservative
• Henry Cohen, 1st Baron Cohen of Birkenhead Crossbench
• Dora Gaitskell, Baroness Gaitskell Labour
• Anna Gaitskell, Baroness Gaitskell,^[64] Labour
• Robert Gavron, Baron Gavron, Labour
• Maurice Glasman, Baron Glasman Labour
• David Gold, Baron Gold Conservative
• Peter Goldsmith, Baron Goldsmith,^{[65] [66]} Labour
• Arnold Goodman, Baron Goodman,^[67] Labour
• Anthony Grabiner, Baron Grabiner Labour
• Desmond Hirshfield, Baron Hirshfield Labour
• Gerald Isaacs, 2nd Marquess of Reading Conservative
• Sydney Jacobson, Baron Jacobson, Crossbench^[68]
• Immanuel Jakobovits, Baron Jakobovits Crossbench
• Peter Levene, Baron Levene of Portsoken Crossbench
• Michael Levy, Baron Levy^[69] Labour
• Edward Levy-Lawson, 1st Baron Burnham, Crossbench
• Richard Kahn, Baron Kahn, Crossbench
• Jonathan Kestenbaum, Baron Kestenbaum, Labour
• Stormont Mancroft, 2nd Baron Mancroft, Conservative
• Benjamin Mancroft, 3rd Baron Mancroft, Conservative
• Peter Mandelson, Baron Mandelson, Labour
• Peter Mond, 4th Baron Melchett, Labour
• Victor Mishcon, Baron Mishcon, Labour
• Roger Nathan, 2nd Baron Nathan, Crossbench
• Julia Neuberger, Baroness Neuberger, Crossbench
• David Neuberger, Baron Neuberger of Abbotsbury, Crossbench
• David Pannick, Baron Pannick Crossbench
• Maurice Peston, Baron Peston of Mile End,^[70] Labour
• Beatrice Plummer, Baroness Plummer,^[64] Labour
• Stuart Polak, Baron Polak Conservative
• Gail Rebuck, Baroness Rebuck Labour
• Victor Rothschild, 3rd Baron Rothschild Labour
• Jonathan Sacks, Baron Sacks, Crossbench
• Alan Sainsbury, Baron Sainsbury, SDP
• David Sainsbury, Baron Sainsbury of Turville Labour
• John Sainsbury, Baron Sainsbury of Preston Candover Conservative
• Marcus Samuel, 1st Viscount Bearsted Conservative
• Walter Samuel, 2nd Viscount Bearsted Conservative
• Beatrice Serota, Baroness Serota,^[64] Labour
• Herbert Stern, 1st Baron Michelham Conservative
• Leonard Steinberg, Baron Steinberg Conservative
• Alan Sugar, Baron Sugar, Crossbench
• David Triesman, Baron Triesman Labour
• Leslie Turnberg, Baron Turnberg, Labour
• George Weidenfeld, Baron Weidenfeld SDP
• Leonard Wolfson, Baron Wolfson^[17] Conservative
• Harry Woolf, Baron Woolf,^[71] Crossbench
• David Young, Baron Young of Graffham, Conservative

People with careers abroad

• Julius Vogel, first Jewish Prime Minister of New Zealand.^[72]

See also

• History of the Jews in England
• History of the Jews in Ireland
• History of the Jews in Scotland
• History of the Jews in Wales
• List of British Jews
• List of Britons
• List of Jewish Fellows of the Royal Society
• List of Scottish Jews – political figures
• Lists of Jews

Bibliography

• JYB = Jewish Year Book (annual)

Notes and References

1. https://www.jewsfww.uk/sir-herbert-samuel-leon-mp-1897.php British Jews in the First World War
2. Concise Dictionary of National Biography: "Jewish leader"
3. Jewish Chronicle July 25, 1941, p.12, "Jews in the Navy"
4. Concise Dictionary of National Biography: "of Jewish parentage"
5. [Encyclopaedia Judaica]
6. The Independent (London), 06/04/04
7. Concise Dictionary of National Biography: "son of Jews who had emigrated from eastern Europe"
8. Web site: FindArticles.com CBSi.
9. http://ian-mikardo.biography.ms/
10. Web site: Friend or foe? The impact of the war on race relations in the UK. 2013-09-28. https://web.archive.org/web/20070621073857/http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/L/lostgeneration/worldwide/race1.html. 2007-06-21. live.
11. https://www.theguardian.com/religion/Story/0,,200475,00.html Guardian, Saturday October 23, 1999
12. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography: "Harry, as he was always called, united both in blood as well as name the vitality, attitudes, and temperaments of two Jewish banking dynasties"
13. JYB 1988 p192, 227
14. Flade, Roland. The Lehmans: From Rimpar to the New World: A Family History, 2nd Enlarged Ed., 1999; reviewed by the American Jewish Historical Society. Accessed 14 Nov 2006.
15. Web site: HOW 'GREENERS' CAME TO THE VALLEY. Michael Wallach. 2018-03-12.
16. JYB 1986 p186, 269
17. JYB 2005 p212
18. Web site: Edmund Dell. TheGuardian.com. 4 November 1999.
19. Web site: JCR-UK: Nottingham Jewish Community, Nottinghamshire, England . www.jewishgen.org.
20. JYB 2005 p212, 241-2.
21. JYB 1986 p185, 269-70.
22. http://ajcarchives.org/AJC_DATA/Files/1989_9_WestEurope.pdf American Jewish Year Book, 1989
23. JYB 2005 p. 212, 282–3.
24. Obituary, Jewish Chronicle, September 8, 1989, p.18.
25. News: Jewish parliamentarians visit Sharon. Jeremy Last. 2006-01-12. 2018-03-12. https://web.archive.org/web/20171111114939/http://www.ejpress.org/article/news/eu-israel_affairs/5137. 2017-11-11. dead.
26. Web site: Sir George Jessel. Jewish Virtual Library. 23 December 2012.
27. News: UK MP calls Israel 'pariah'. BBC News. 2002-03-15. 2018-03-12.
28. Spectator, 2/12/1989 p5: "Sir Anthony... is a representative of the enlightened haute juiverie"
29. Web site: Hampstead Theatre : What's on : An evening with Sir Clement Freud. 2007-01-03. https://web.archive.org/web/20061031233120/http://www.hampsteadtheatre.com/prod-productions_details.asp?pid=35. 2006-10-31. dead.
30. Web site: Do As They Say, Not As They Do. 2013-08-18. https://web.archive.org/web/20030404074321/http://jrep.com/Columnists/Article-93.html. 2003-04-04. dead.
31. Jewish Chronicle, October 18, 1974, p.5: List of Jewish MPs.
32. Web site: Archived copy. 2006-12-28. https://web.archive.org/web/20050217154825/http://www.juf.org/news_public_affairs/article.asp?key=4569. 2005-02-17. dead.
33. Web site: Archived copy. 2006-12-28. https://web.archive.org/web/20110609163706/http://www.recomnetwork.org/articles/02/09/19/208227.shtml. 2011-06-09. dead.
34. https://www.jewishgen.org/jcr-uk/community/Nottingham.htm
35. Web site: Jews for Justice for Palestinians . 2008-06-27 . https://web.archive.org/web/20061208064256/http://www.jfjfp.org/signatories.htm . 2006-12-08 . dead .
36. News: Currie interview in full. BBC News. 2002-10-02. 2018-03-12.
37. News: The trailblazer. Jonathan Freedland. The Guardian. 2003-10-31. 2018-03-12.
38. Web site: Turncoats - Barbara Roche | Red box | guardian.co.uk Politics.
39. Web site: Faith schools warned: Open gates to all or be shut down. 15 October 2005.
40. [The Spectator]
41. Web site: EJP | News | Anti-Semitic poem in children's school book . 2006-12-28 . https://web.archive.org/web/20070106194823/http://www.ejpress.org/article/news/3663 . 2007-01-06 . dead .
42. Web site: Leeds North East. 2006-12-28. https://web.archive.org/web/20060115061649/http://www.obv.org.uk/elec2001/areaprof/leedsne.html. 2006-01-15. dead.
43. Web site: Home Office: Media discrimination. 2013-09-28. https://web.archive.org/web/20010310094132/http://jewish-telegraph.com/nat_2.html. 2001-03-10. live.
44. Web site: Alleyne . Richard . Jewish MP pelted with eggs at war memorial . The Telegraph . 2005-04-11 . https://web.archive.org/web/20051211163931/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=%2Fnews%2F2005%2F04%2F11%2Fnelec211.xml&sSheet=%2Fnews%2F2005%2F04%2F11%2Fixnewstop.html . 2005-12-11.
45. News: Blair moves to woo Jewish voters. BBC News. 2005-02-15. 2018-03-12.
46. Web site: Archived copy. 2010-05-18. https://web.archive.org/web/20110613164220/http://www.julianlewis.net/speech_detail.php?id=109. 2011-06-13. dead.
47. Web site: Prestwich - Latest news updates, pictures, video, reaction - Manchester Evening News.
48. Web site: The Jewish Chronicle.
49. News: Former Chancellor George Osborne discovers he is Jewish . Jewish News . 14 May 2018 . live . 13 May 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180724030245/http://jewishnews.timesofisrael.com/former-chancellor-george-osborne-discovers-he-is-jewish/ . 24 July 2018 .
50. News: Mendick . Robert . George Osborne speaks of his delight after discovering he is Jewish . The Daily Telegraph . 14 May 2018 . live . 12 May 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180512214322/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/05/11/george-osborne-reveals-delight-discovering-jewish/ . 12 May 2018 .
51. Evening Standard (London); 11/04/05; ANDREW GILLIGAN; p. 16
52. The Jewish Chronicle, 7 December 2006, p.5: "The Jewish Conservative MP for Ilford North"
53. News: Luciana Berger MP abuse: Philip Hayes fined for anti-Semitic remarks. BBC News. 2013-01-09. 2018-03-12.
54. News: General election round-up: Jewish candidates win seats across the country.
55. https://religionmediacentre.org.uk/news/religion-news-10-july-2024/
56. https://religionmediacentre.org.uk/news/religion-news-10-july-2024/
57. https://religionmediacentre.org.uk/news/religion-news-10-july-2024/
58. https://religionmediacentre.org.uk/news/religion-news-10-july-2024/
59. https://religionmediacentre.org.uk/news/religion-news-10-july-2024/
60. https://religionmediacentre.org.uk/news/religion-news-10-july-2024/
61. https://religionmediacentre.org.uk/news/religion-news-10-july-2024/
62. https://religionmediacentre.org.uk/news/religion-news-10-july-2024/
63. https://religionmediacentre.org.uk/news/religion-news-10-july-2024/
64. Encyclopaedia Judaica, art. Politics: "Four women were among the first ten Jews to be made life peers: Dora Gaitskell, Beatrice Serota, Alma Birk and Beatrice Plummer"
65. http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?pagename=JPost/JPArticle/Printer&cid=1100147299159&p=1006953080001
66. http://icliverpool.icnetwork.co.uk/0100news/0100regionalnews/page.cfm?objectid=11674035&method=full&siteid=50061
67. Web site: Archived copy. 2010-03-12. https://web.archive.org/web/20091105192153/http://www.liberaljudaism.org/education_anglo_jewry.htm. 2009-11-05.
68. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography: "the only son and elder child of Samuel and Anna Jacobson, a Jewish couple"
69. JYB 2005 p212, 270
70. http://www.thejc.com/articles/robert-peston-the-bbc-reporter-who-means-business
71. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/2995692.stm
72. http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/vogel-sir-julius-4780 Australian Dictionary of Biography