List of Berlin Wall segments explained
Segments of the Berlin Wall have been given to various institutions since the fall of the wall on November 9, 1989. Segments are occasionally moved, so locations shown may not be accurate.
Africa
South Africa
- Cape Town – A piece of the Berlin Wall is displayed in St George's Mall. The piece of the wall was given to Nelson Mandela after a state visit to Berlin.[1] [2] [3]
Asia
Bangladesh
- Dhaka – a segment of the wall was temporarily put on display 23 May 2010 in the Bengal Gallery of Fine Arts in the Dhanmondi district of the city.[4]
Indonesia
Israel
- Ein Hod – at the Dada Museum in the center of the artist's village.[6]
Japan
- Yokohama – a small segment at German School of Tokyo Yokohama. It was previously owned by Japanese clothing retail group Aoki Holdings and donated for the school on May 18, 2016.[7] A second segment with graffiti by a French artist Thierry Noir at the front yard of the Global Technology Assessment Center of TÜV Rheinland Japan Ltd.[8]
- Osaka – two segments are displayed at the Toukokuji Temple.[9]
- Tokyo – a segment stands in the lobby of Nihon Bisoh Co., Ltd.[10]
- Okinawa – two segments in the Kinderhaus of Ueno German Culture Village in Okinawa.[11]
Philippines
- Manila – on 8 October 2015, a segment of the wall was installed at National Museum of the Philippines. The segment was a gift to the Philippines from the City of Berlin, but had remained unclaimed in Berlin for a decade before its installation which coincided with the 25th anniversary of German reunification. It was also intended as a celebration of influence of the 1986 Filipino People Power Revolution on the German unification movement. On 5 October 2020, the wall was transferred and displayed at the Kartilya ng Katipunan Monument.[12]
Singapore
- National University of Singapore – in October 2016, two panels of the Berlin Wall were unveiled on the university campus. The panels were gifted to Singapore's Ministry of Foreign Affairs to mark 50 years of diplomatic relations between Germany and Singapore. They were loaned to the University by the Ministry and are on display at a garden behind Tembusu College.[13]
- A segment of the Berlin Wall was formerly on display at the Bedok Reservoir Park. It has since been removed replaced by new artwork. This segment had been painted by a local artist to depict two different types of rulers.[14]
- A segment of the Berlin Wall is on display at the Internal Security Department Heritage Centre
South Korea
- Seoul – three sections of the wall are displayed along the recently restored Cheonggyecheon (청계천) stream in central Seoul and were presented in conjunction with the restoration project. The sections are adjacent to the Samilgyo (삼일교) bridge across the stream.
- Sokcho – two sections of the Berlin Wall are on display at the DMZ Museum north of Sokcho.[15]
Taiwan
Oceania
Australia
- Canberra – a section of the Berlin Wall has been placed in front of the clubhouse of the Harmonie German Club in the suburb of Narrabundah in the Australian capital. The segment weighs 3.5 tonnes, is 3.6 metres high and nearly two metres wide. It once stood in Potsdamer Platz, close to the Brandenburg Gate. It was unveiled on 3 October 1992.[17]
- Sydney – a section of the Berlin Wall was placed on display outside the Goethe Institute in the suburb of Woollahra in 2019. It had been imported to Australia in the early 1990s, but held in storage in a warehouse.[18]
New Zealand
- Christchurch – two sections of the Berlin Wall were placed in Rauora Park, near Cashel Street, in the center of the city. These segments were imported in 2017, stored for some time, and then placed in the park having been decorated with street art by Kophie Su’a-Hulsbosch (Meep) and Jessie Rawcliffe.[19]
Europe
Albania
Belgium
Bulgaria
Croatia
- Zagreb – a segment was unveiled in 2009 outside the German embassy in Zagreb.[25]
Czech Republic
Denmark
- Langeland – since 2011, a segment has been on display at the Koldkrigsmuseum Langelandsfort (Cold War Museum Langelandsfort), a former Danish Navy submarine bunker. This segment was a gift from the City of Berlin and was originally located at Potsdamer Platz.
Estonia
- Tallinn – a segment of the wall was installed outside the Museum of Occupations in November 2014. The segment was a gift to Estonia from the Senate of Berlin, and originally formed part of the wall along Potsdamer Platz.[28]
France
- Angers – a segment of the wall is on display in front of the movie theater Pathé.[29] Several were on display inside a contemporary theatre called Le Quai. It played a central role in the 2011 edition of the Les Accroche-coeurs festival.[30]
- Caen – a segment of the wall is on display inside the Mémorial pour la Paix.
- Camphin-en-Pévèle – a segment of the wall, decorated with a graffiti of the footballer Eden Hazard by French artist C215, is on display inside the Domaine de Luchin, the training ground of Lille OSC, near Lille.[31] [32] [33] [34]
- Paris – a segment is displayed in La Défense. A segment is displayed outside the Porte de Versailles metro station. The segment outside the Maison de la Radio et de la Musique was a gift on the twentieth anniversary of the wall's fall in 2009, to commemorate Radio France's work broadcasting to Berlin during the Cold War.
- Miramas – a segment of the wall is on a sculpture, in front of the Lycée Jean Cocteau of Miramas.
- Strasbourg – a segment of the wall is on display outside the European Court of Human Rights.
- Verdun – a segment of the wall is at the Centre Mondial de la Paix.
Germany
- Berlin – a section of four segments is on display with the external exhibits of the Allied Museum along with a border guard tower and the Checkpoint Charlie guard house. On 13 February 2008, a segment of the Berlin Wall was installed in the courtyard of the U.S. Embassy Berlin on 13 February 2008, "to serve as a reminder of the past and a symbol of hope for the future".[35] A growing collection of painted sections of the wall are on permanent display in Stralauer Allee 3. On Friedrichstrasse, a segment of the wall can be seen next to the Mauermuseum, 40m south of Checkpoint Charlie. On the 20th anniversary of the fall of the Wall in November 2009, two wall segments were set up in front the John F. Kennedy high school building. The two segments were cemented back-to-back, whereby the respective short foot extensions of the bases were cut off. The "West" side is painted with colorful graffiti whereas the "East" side is colored historical plain white.[36]
- Bremen – a segment of the wall is situated near the Übersee Museum Bremen, in front of the Bremen Hauptbahnhof
- Diedorf – seven segments of the wall displayed near Schmutterhalle. The segments are owned by Mathias Maresch who bought them for DM 2000,- after the fall of the Berlin Wall.
- Düsseldorf - a segment of the wall is situated in the Buergerpark near the state parliament building.
- Frankfurt – a segment of the wall is on display, possibly temporarily (as of August 2019), near the Goethe House. It is outside of the Leica store at the intersection of Am Salzhaus and Großer Hirschgraben.
- Hamburg – a segment of the wall is in front of the Elbphilharmonie at Platz der Deutschen Einheit, Hamburg.
- Hamm – a segment of the wall can be found at Harringholzstr. 37.
- Hanover – a segment of the wall is located on Weißekreuzplatz.
- Herford – a segment of the wall is located on Berliner Straße.[37]
- Kiel – a segment of the wall has been installed outside of the Landeshaus, the seat of the Landtag of Schleswig-Holstein.
- Koblenz – three segments of the Berlin Wall on permanent display on the Deutsches Eck promontory, in memorial to the division of Germany.
- Lübeck – a segment of the wall is in the garden of the Willy Brandt House.
- Munich – a segment of the wall is at the south west corner of Englischer Garten, next to the U.S. Consulate General.
- Ramstein Air Base – a segment of the wall is in front of the base Passenger Terminal on base.
- Rheindahlen – until its closure in 2013, a segment of the wall was displayed at British Forces Germany's Joint Headquarters (JHQ) compound.
- Rust – two segments of the wall stand near the entrance of Europa-Park, the largest theme park in Germany.
- Speyer – there are two Berlin Wall segments on display at the Technik Museum Speyer.
- Stuttgart – a segment of the wall is displayed at Kelley Barracks in Mohringen. A second segment is displayed outside Patch Barracks in front of the headquarters of U.S. European Command.
- Weimar – two segments are installed outside the Atrium shopping Center.
- Witten – segments of the wall signed by the Thierry Noir can be found in Witten.
Greece
- Thessaloniki – a segment of Berlin wall can be found in the garden of Goethe Institut. It was formerly located in a square of the citadel of Lagadas, given as a gift by city of Steglitz-Zehlendorf (the sixth borough of Berlin), upon the twinning of the two cities in 2012.
Hungary
- Budapest – two sections of the Berlin Wall were originally placed on Krisztina Blvd, in the Tabán district of the city. These were later moved, after someone painted them completely red, to the garden of the Maltese Charity Service in Budapest, where they still stand.[38] Another section of the Berlin Wall was erected in front of Budapest's House of Terror Museum on Thursday, November 11, 2010, in the presence of Hungarian and German politicians. The ceremony marked the 21st anniversary of the fall of the wall.[39]
Iceland
- Reykjavík – a segment of wall was gifted to the City of Reykjavík from the Neu West Berlin Art Gallery on October 3, 2015, the Day of German Unity, coinciding with the 25th anniversary of German unification in 1990. As of 2022, this segment of the Berlin Wall is on display at the end of the parking for the Höfði House, where Ronald Reagan and Mikhail Gorbachev held their Reykjavík Summit in October 1986.
Ireland
Italy
- Spilamberto – on Valentine's Day 2008, ten segments of the Berlin Wall were delivered to the town of Spilamberto, near Modena. Three of these segments are in public display in the garden of the Rocca Rangoni. By displaying the pieces the town of Spilamberto hopes to affirm its self-proclaimed identity as a town of diversity.
Latvia
Luxembourg
Norway
- Trondheim – displayed with the word "SALE" on four pieces, it is located beside Solsiden Mall and Portalen.
Poland
- Gdańsk – a complete section is displayed at the entrance to Roads to Freedom exhibition at the Solidarity Museum, adjacent to a section of the wall Lech Walesa climbed to lead the shipyard workers campaign.[40]
- Warsaw – four sections are located in the open air, on the Kopernika Street 30 as part of Solidarity monument. Another section is in the Museum of John Paul II and Primate Wyszyński in the Temple of Divine Providence.
Portugal
- Fátima – the Sanctuary of Our Lady of Fátima, in Cova da Iria, contains a segment of the Wall on the south side of the Rectory. This segment was offered by means of Virgilio Casimiro Ferreira, a Portuguese immigrant to Germany, and is incorporated into a memorial designed by the architect J. Carlos Loureiro, inaugurated on 13 August 1994.[41]
- São João da Madeira – a segment of wall is on display in the sculpture park of Oliva Creative Factory, home to the Centro de Arte Oliva. This segment of the Berlin Wall from Potsdamer Platz was acquired by collectors Norlinda and José Lima in 2018 and donated to the local municipality in 2021, 30km outside Porto.
Romania
Russia
- Moscow – in 1990 the fragment of the wall was presented by the Berlin authorities to the Saharov Museum and Public Centre. Another fragment of the Berlin Wall has been installed on the grounds of a German school.[42]
Spain
- Madrid – three sections of the Berlin Wall are installed as the centrepiece of a pond in the Parque de Berlín, in the Chamartín district. These segments were a present from the City of Berlin to the City of Madrid and were inaugurated on November 9, 1990 (first anniversary of the fall).[43] Another segment of wall can be found in Torrejón de Ardoz outside Madrid, in the Parque Europa.[44]
- Redondela, Galicia – a segment of wall stands outside the Multiusos da Xunqueira.
- Sevilla – a section of wall stands in the Isla Mágica theme park.
Sweden
- Trelleborg – a segment stands on the Astrid Lindgren Allé, outside town library.
Ukraine
- Kyiv – a segment of the wall is on display outside the German Embassy.
United Kingdom
Vatican City
- The Vatican – a section of Berlin wall is displayed in the Vatican Gardens. It was gifted to the Vatican by Marco Piccininni in August 1994 after Piccininni acquired it in an auction of wall segments in Monte Carlo in 1990.[50] The segments from the Oranienplatz show part of St Michael's Church in Mitte; the parish of which was divided by the wall. A clear view of St Michael's from the Oranienplatz was not possible between 1961 and 1990, because of the Berlin Wall. The lower half of the church, which could not be seen because of the concrete segments of the wall, was painted on the western part of the wall, as Trompe-l'œil, by the Berlin-based, Iranian artist Yadegar Asisi on the initiative of Berlin architect Bernhard Strecker, in order to demonstrate the "permeability" of the wall (Mauerdurchblick).[51] [52] [53] [54] [55] [56] [57]
North America
Canada
- Manitoba
- Nova Scotia
- Dartmouth – a piece of the Berlin Wall is on display at the World Peace Pavilion in the Halifax Regional Municipality on city waterfront. It is encased in a display case, along with other items of importance from around the world.[58]
- Lunenburg – there is a large piece of the wall situated on Falkland Street across from the Old Lunenburg Foundry.
- Truro – six large pieces of the Berlin Wall are in the possession of the town and are currently on display at Dalhousie's Agricultural Campus in Bible Hill. There are plans to move them to the nearby Diefenbunker museum in Debert in the near future.[59]
- Ontario
- Toronto – a small chunk of the Berlin Wall is embedded into the base of the Freedom Arches in Nathan Phillips Square near Toronto City Hall.[60] The arches were dedicated in 1989, to commemorate those who fought to obtain or defend freedom.
- Ottawa – a section of the Berlin Wall is on permanent display in the Canadian War Museum.
- Niagara Falls - a section of the Berlin Wall is on display at the Ripley’s Believe it or Not Museum.[61]
- Québec
Mexico
United States
- Alabama
- Arizona
- Arkansas
- Eureka Springs – a ten-foot by ten-foot section of the Berlin Wall was erected next to the Church in the Grove. On it, is painted in German "though I walk through the dark valley, I will not fear" from Psalm 23. The church acquired this piece as a tribute and celebration of the Christian faith in the face of adversity.[63]
- California
- Culver City – the Wende Museum and Archive of the Cold War features a wall segment that stands at the museum's entrance, which was painted by the French-born, Berlin-based artist Thierry Noir. The exhibition Facing the Wall: Living with the Berlin Wall, currently on display at the Wende Museum explores how the Wall became part of the urban fabric of Berlin, and the place where the realities of political ideology and personal experience came face to face.[64] The museum's Berlin Wall segment was augmented in 2010 by 10 additional sections, constituting the longest stretch outside of Berlin. They are currently on display in front of the 5900 Wilshire Boulevard building, painted and installed as part of the Wende's project organized to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the fall of the Berlin Wall.[65]
- Los Angeles – a segment of wall is displayed on the main campus of Loyola Marymount University. Other segments can be found at the Variety Building on 5900 Wilshire and the Reef Building Downtown at 1933 S Broadway as part of the LUME Street art Exhibit. At the latter, RISK (graffiti artist) decorated the segments with his signature Butterflies while the Svetlana Talabolina dedicated a section statelessness.
- Monterey – three segments are on display at the U.S. Army Defense Language Institute-Foreign Language Center.
- Mountain View – two segments of the wall are displayed outside of the Mountain View Public Library. A plaque memorializes the fall of the wall as "a tribute to American resolve." A cartoon of Elvis is painted on one segment, and the other carries the words "Wir lieben Dich" (We love you). The segments and plaque were relocated to this location after they were donated to the city by the descendants of a German-born American business man, Frank Golzen, who originally displayed them at an office park.[66]
- Orange – Chapman University's main campus displays the second largest piece of the Berlin Wall owned by an American university west of the Mississippi River.[67]
- San Bernardino – a 4 meter segment of the Berlin Wall was dedicated at the Ronald Reagan Park as part of the Reagan centenary celebrations. The wall segment has been repainted with a black and white image of President Reagan along with his quote "Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall! 6/12/1987 adorning one side.
- Santa Barbara – a section of the Berlin Wall greets visitors as they arrive at the Rancho del Cielo, reminding of Ronald Reagan's role in calling for the Wall to be torn down.
- Simi Valley – a segment of the Berlin Wall is on display in Ronald Reagan Presidential Library.
- Yorba Linda – a segment of the Berlin Wall is on display at the Richard Nixon Library & Birthplace. The Nixon Library's segment of the wall is similar in size to the segment of the wall displayed at the Reagan Library.
- Colorado
- Denver – Captain Herbert Light brought a piece of the Berlin Wall to Colorado, where it is paired with a sculpture by Veryl Goodnight called "The Day the Wall Came Down at the Mizel Museum."[68]
- Florida
- Georgia
- Atlanta – a segment of the wall stands on the campus of the Atlanta International School.
- Fort Moore – three sections of the Wall are part of the U.S. Army's collection on display at the National Infantry Museum in the "Cold War" gallery.
- Fort Eisenhower – two sections of the Berlin Wall are incorporated in a display that includes a plaque inscribed to "recognize the sacrifices that the United States military made in guaranteeing a free, stable and democratic Europe" in Freedom Park on this US Army installation near Augusta. There is also a segment of the wall at the Signal Corps Museum located within Fort Eisenhower.
- Kennesaw – a piece of the Berlin Wall was given to Kennesaw State University on loan, which is being displayed outside of the Social Science building.
- Suwannee – a piece of the Berlin Wall is on display in the town center park.[69]
- Hawaii
- Honolulu – a slab of the wall rests secretly behind the University of Hawaii Honolulu Community College book store on campus.
- Idaho
- Sandpoint – a segment of the Berlin Wall, protected by plexiglass, is located on the Hope Peninsula.[70]
- Illinois
- Eureka – In a May 9, 1982 speech at Eureka College, President Reagan challenged the Soviet Union to a new era of negotiations to reduce nuclear arms—called START. A segment of the Berlin Wall is on display in the Ronald Reagan Peace Garden on campus.
- Wheaton – a segment of the wall is located at Cantigny Park's First Division museum.
- Kansas
- Hutchinson – a section of the wall is in the Cosmosphere's Hall of Space exhibit at the Kansas Cosmosphere and Space Center.
- Fort Leavenworth – three sections are displayed in a "falling position" just east of the fort's lake near the Buffalo Soldiers Monument.
- Wichita – a section of the wall is on loan to the Museum of World Treasures[71] from the American Overseas Schools Historical Society.[72] The section was originally purchased by the Berlin Brats Alumni Association.[73]
- Kentucky
- Fort Knox – a section of the Berlin Wall containing graffiti with the words "democracy", "freedom", and the phrase "Tear the wall down" written on it can be found at the Patton Museum of Cavalry and Armor as a permanent exhibit.
- Maine
- Maryland
- Massachusetts
- Michigan
- Missouri
- New York
- Hamilton – a fragment of the wall is located on the campus of Colgate University.
- Hyde Park – two wall sections originally at Fulton, Missouri are displayed outside the Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum, standing on a base inscribed with Franklin D. Roosevelt's Four Freedoms (freedom of speech, freedom of worship, freedom from want, freedom from fear), and flanked by busts of Roosevelt and Winston Churchill.
- New York City – at least four segments of the wall are located in New York City. One can be found between Gateway Plaza and the North Cove marina in the World Financial Center near the World Trade Center site. A second segment can be found in the gardens at the United Nations headquarters,[78] among the sculptures. A third segment exists on 53rd Street between Fifth and Madison Avenues. A fourth segment was to be found at the Ripley's Believe It or Not! Museum (now closed) in Times Square. Thierry Noir and Kiddy Citny are the two painters of those five pieces of the Berlin Wall, painted in September 1985 along the Waldemarstrasse in Berlin Kreuzberg.[79] The segment of the Berlin Wall shown at the right was originally located at Waldemarstrasse in Berlin. This graffiti among others along Waldemarstreet were well documented in 1985 through ten poster photos made by photographers Liselotte and Armin Orgel-Köhne.[80]
- Rochester – Every Wall Falls Eventually is the name of a piece of the Berlin Wall on display in the food court area of the Bausch and Lomb Headquarters. It was installed there in 1995. This no longer resides in Rochester, NY because in 2013 Bausch and Lomb was purchased by Valeant Pharmaceuticals. The wall was given to a CEO in Switzerland as part of the business deal in August 2014.
- Stony Point – a section of the wall is located outside of the Stony Point Justice Court.
- Syracuse – a section of the wall stands behind the Milton J. Rubenstein Museum of Science and Technology in Armory Square.
- Nevada
- North Carolina
- Durham – a segment of Berlin Wall from Waldemarstrasse can be found at The Frontier in Research Triangle Park today displaying graffiti by Kiddy Citny dating from 1985, and is one of the two famous graffiti "hearts" made by this artist.
- Oregon
- Ohio
- Bexley – Capital University's Blackmore Library once housed the largest section of the Berlin Wall in the United States. When Blackmore Library was renovated, this section was moved outside behind Huber-Spielman Hall and sprayed with a protective layer to preserve the concrete and keep it from eroding. The segment was moved once again to its current location outside the entrance of Blackmore Library.
- Cincinnati – a section of the Berlin Wall is on display outside of the National Underground Railroad Freedom Center in downtown. This section is said to be a gift from the city of Berlin, Germany and depicts in red paint what appears to be half of a woman's face.
- Pennsylvania
- Chalk Hill – two segments of the wall are on the property of the Frank Lloyd Wright designed I.N. Hagan house. Lord Peter Palumbo, after purchasing the house in 1986, put one section of the wall in the sculpture meadow, and the other along the drive leading up to the house.
- Seven Springs – one section is at Seven Springs Resort in Pennsylvania.
- Warminster – a section of wall is on display at Vereinigung Erzgebirge, Warminster's local German-American club in 1991. It was the first segment that was sent to America after the fall of the wall and was presented in the 1990 Steuben parade in Philadelphia.[83]
- South Carolina
- South Dakota
- Mount Rushmore – a small section of the wall is contained in the "Honoring Native American Veterans" exhibit in one of the visitor centers.
- Rapid City – a section of the Berlin Wall is located near the downtown area.
- Texas
- Virginia
- Washington
- Redmond – the Microsoft Art Collection in Redmond, Washington contains a section of the wall donated by Daimler-Benz AG.[87]
- Seattle – a piece of the wall rests in the Center House at Seattle Center. A section of the wall is also on display in the Sculpture Garden at History House of Greater Seattle, a museum located in the Fremont neighborhood.
- District of Columbia
- Johns Hopkins University – a segment of the wall was given to the university by the Senate of Berlin in 1997. It was given to the Nitze School and the American Institute for Contemporary German Studies and stands in tribute to the success of the German-American partnership and as a symbol of the peaceful end of the Cold War. It is on display outside of the School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS) building entrance just south of Dupont Circle on Massachusetts Avenue, N.W.[88]
- Ronald Reagan Building and International Trade Center – a section of wall is displayed in the lobby at 1300 Pennsylvania Avenue.
- Newseum – until it closed in 2019 the largest section of the Berlin Wall outside of Germany could be found in the Newseum's Berlin Wall gallery.[89] This had previously been displayed at Freedom Park in Rosslyn, Virginia[90] The exhibit included eight sections of the wall and an East German guard tower from Checkpoint Charlie.
Central America
Guatemala
- Guatemala City – three fragments of the Berlin Wall are displayed at the Berlin Square, at the end of Las Américas Avenue.[91]
Costa Rica
South America
Uruguay
- Nuevo Berlín - a 5kg segment of the wall was donated to the city of Nuevo Berlín by the Uruguayan-German Chamber of Commerce in 1991.[93] [94]
Argentina
- Buenos Aires – a segment can be found in the gardens of the San Martin Palace. It was a gift of German government to Argentina in November 1999 on the tenth anniversary of the fall of the wall.[95] A number of segments can also be found in the lobby of the office of the Argentine newspaper Perfil.[96] Editorial Perfil, the publishers, claims that these segments were obtained in exchange for funds to build a school in Germany.[96]
Unknown locations
Eight 4 meter tall pieces of the wall, measuring ten meters in length, with the logo of the Toronto punk band Bunchofuckingoofs were put up for auction at Sotheby's in 2007 after an exhibition in Basel, Switzerland and then New York City. Their current location is unknown.[97]
Notes and References
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- Web site: May 4, 2022. Le fragment du mur de Berlin situé à Angers se raconte. fr. The fragment of the Berlin wall in Angers has a story. August 20, 2024.
- Web site: Yannick Sourisseau. July 4, 2011. Le mur de Berlin est arrivé à Angers. Berlin Wall comes to Angers. Angers Mag. fr. May 25, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150608081121/http://www.angersmag.info/Le-mur-de-Berlin-est-arrive-a-Angers_a2987.html. June 8, 2015. dead. mdy-all.
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- De Berlin à Luchin . 9 November 2019 . LOSC . A piece of the wall is located at our Domaine de Luchin HQ and is decorated with the portrait of one Eden Hazard. . Facebook.
- Web site: Archive: Selected Events First Quarter 2008 – Germany – United States Diplomatic Mission . usembassy.gov . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100527185703/http://germany.usembassy.gov/events/2008/q1/ . 2010-05-27 .
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