List of Araceae genera explained

This is a list of genera in the plant family Araceae. As currently circumscribed, the family contains over 3700 species into approximately a hundred genera. The family's taxonomy remains in flux, and a full taxonomic treatment integrating the mass of phylogenetic data that has become available in the last 10 years remain to be produced. The classification presented here is informed by the review of Mayo et al. (2013).^[1]

Genera

Genus Authority	Year ^[2]	Classification	Type species	of species	Distribution
Gymnostachys	1810		Gymnostachys anceps		Eastern Australia
Lysichiton^[3]	1857		Lysichiton camtschatcensis		Temperate East Asia to Western United States
Orontium	1753		Orontium aquaticum		Eastern United States to Texas
Symplocarpus ^[4]	1817		Symplocarpus foetidus		Temperate East Asia and North America
Lemna	1753		Lemna minor	c. 13	Cosmopolitan
Spirodela	1839		Spirodela polyrrhiza		Cosmopolitan
Wolffia	1844		Wolffia michelii^[5]	ca. 10	Cosmopolitan
Wolffiella	1895 ("1896")		Wolffiella oblonga	ca. 10	New World, Africa, Arabian Peninsula
Anthurium	1829		Anthurium acaule	over 1000	Central and South America, Caribbean
Pothoidium	1857		Pothoidium lobbianum		Taiwan, Moluccas, Sulawesi, Philippines
Pothos	1753		Pothos scandens	55+	Tropical Asia and Pacific
Alloschemone	1858		Alloschemone poeppigiana^[6]		Bolivia and Northern Brazil
Amydrium	1863		Amydrium humile		Indochina to New Guinea
Anadendrum	1857		Anadendrum montanum		Southern China to Malesia
Epipremnum	1857		Epipremnum mirabile	ca. 15	Tropical and subtropical Asia to Pacific Islands
Heteropsis	1841		Heteropsis salicifolia		Costa Rica to tropical South America
Holochlamys	1883 ("1882")		Holochlamys beccarii		New Guinea
Monstera	1763		Monstera adansonii^[7]	ca. 60	Continental Neotropics
Rhaphidophora	1842		Rhaphidophora pertusa	ca. 100	Africa to Australasia
Rhodospatha	1845		Rhodospatha latifolia		Continental Neotropics
Scindapsus	1832		Scindapsus officinalis		Subtropical Asia to northern Australia
Spathiphyllum	1832		Spathiphyllum lanceifolium		Malesia, Central and South America
Stenospermation	1858		Stenospermation mathewsii	50+	Continental Neotropics
Anaphyllopsis	1989 ("1988")		Anaphyllopsis americana		Tropical South America
Anaphyllum	1857^[8]		Anaphyllum wightii		India
Cyrtosperma	1851		Cyrtosperma lasioides^[9]	ca. 12	Malesia and Pacific islands
Dracontioides	1911		Dracontioides desciscens		Eastern Brazil
Dracontium	1753		Dracontium polyphyllum		Neotropical
Lasia	1790		Lasia aculeata^[10]		Tropical Asia to New Guinea
Lasimorpha	1857		Lasimorpha senegalensis		Western and West-Central Africa
Podolasia	1882		Podolasia stipitata		Malay Archipelago
Pycnospatha	1941		Pycnospatha palmata		Indochina
Urospatha	1853 ("1857")^[11]		Urospatha sagittifolia	10+	Central and Southern America
Gonatopus	1879		Gonatopus boivinii		Africa
Zamioculcas			Zamioculcas loddigesii^[12]		Tropical Eastern and Southern Africa.
Aglaodorum	1858		Aglaodorum griffithii		Sundaland, southern Indochina
Aglaonema	1829		Aglaonema oblongifolium^[13]	ca. 40	Southeast Asia
Alocasia	1839		Alocasia cucullata		tropical Asia to Australia
Amorphophallus	1834		Amorphophallus campanulatus^[14]	ca. 200	Paleotropical
Ambrosina	1763		Ambrosina bassii		Tunisia, Algeria, Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily
Anchomanes	1853		Anchomanes hookeri^[15]	7 or 8	Tropical Africa
Anubias	1857		Anubias afzelii		West Africa
Apoballis	2010		Apoballis neglecta^[16]		Thailand to Malesia
Aridarum	1913		Aridarum montanum		Borneo
Ariopsis	1839		Ariopsis peltata		Western Ghats, southeastern Himalaya
Arisaema	1831		Unclear^[17]	ca. 150	Eastern and Central Africa, Asia and eastern North America
Arisarum	1754		Arisarum vulgare		Mediterranean area East to Caucasus
Arophyton	1928		Arophyton tripartitum		Northern Madagascar
Arum	1753		Arum maculatum	ca. 25	Western Palearctic
Asterostigma	1845		Asterostigma langsdorffianum^[18]		Northern South America
Bakoa	2008		Bakoa lucens		Borneo
Biarum	1832		Biarum tenuifolium	ca. 23	Mediterranean
Bognera	1984		Bognera recondita		Brazil
Bucephalandra	1858		Bucephalandra motleyana	^[19]	Borneo
Caladium	1801 ("1800")		Caladium bicolor		Tropical South America
Calla	1753		Calla palustris		Temperate Northern Hemisphere
Callopsis	1895		Callopsis volkensii		Tanzania and Kenya
Carlephyton	1919		Carlephyton madagascariense		Madagascar
Cercestis	1857		Cercestis afzelii		Tropical Africa
Chlorospatha	1878		Chlorospatha kolbii	ca. 16	Costa Rica to Peru
Colletogyne	1939		Colletogyne perrieri		Madagascar
Colocasia	1832		Colocasia antiquorum	at least 25	tropical Polynesia and Southeast Asia
Croatiella ^[20]	2005		Croatiella integrifolia		Eastern Ecuador
Cryptocoryne	1830		Cryptocoryne spiralis	50 to 60	Tropical Asia and New Guinea
Culcasia	1803^[21] ("1805")		Culcasia scandens	ca. 30	Africa
Dieffenbachia	1829		Dieffenbachia seguine		Neotropical
Dracunculus	1754		Dracunculus vulgaris		Circummediterranean
Eminium	1856^[22]		Eminium spiculatum		Turkey and Middle East to Central Asia
Filarum	1968		Filarum manserichense		Peru
Furtadoa	1981		Furtadoa sumatrensis		Sumatra and Malaysia
Gearum	1882		Gearum brasiliense	1 or 2	Western Brazil
Gorgonidium	1864 ("1863-1864")		Gorgonidium mirabile		Peru to Argentina
Hapaline ^[23]	1858		Hapaline benthamiana		Southeast Asia to Malesia
Helicodiceros ^[24]	--Can also be considered as an appendix to the yearly Index seminum in Horto botanico berolinensi But I can't find an online copy to determine how best to format it-->	1855^[25]		Helicodiceros muscivorus		Balearic islands, Corsica, Sardinia
Vesta	2018		Vesta longifolia		Peninsular Malaysia and Borneo
Homalomena	1832		Homalomena cordata	80+	Tropical Asia, Malesia, Papuasia, parts of the Neotropics
Incarum	2005		Incarum pavonii		Central Andes
Jasarum	1977 ("1975")		Jasarum steyermarkii		Guyana and Venezuela
Lagenandra	1852		Lagenandra toxicaria		India, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka
Lorenzia	2012		Lorenzia umbrosa		Amapá, Brazil
Mangonia	1857		Mangonia tweedieana		southern Brazil to Uruguay
Montrichardia	1854		Montrichardia aculeatum^[26]	2+1 fossil	Neotropical
Nephthytis	1857		Nephthytis afzellii		tropical western Africa
Ooia	2010		Ooia grabowskii		Borneo
Peltandra ^[27]	1819		Peltandra undulata^[28]		Eastern North America and Cuba
Philodendron	1829		Philodendron grandifolium	at least 350	Tropical Americas
Philonotion	1829		Philonotion spruceanum		Neotropics
Phyllotaenium	1872		Phyllotaenium lindenii		Colombia and Panama
Phymatarum	1965		Phymatarum borneense		Borneo
Pinellia	1839		Pinellia tuberifera^[29]		East Asia
Piptospatha	1879		Piptospatha insignis		Thailand to Borneo
Pistia	1753		Pistia stratiotes		Likely pantropical
Protarum	1901		Protarum sechellarum		Seychelles
Pseudohydrosme	1892 ("1893")		Pseudrohydrosme gabunensis		Gabon
Pursegloveia	2018				Borneo
Remusatia	1832		Remusatia vivipara		Tropical and Subtropical Old World
Sauromatum	1832		Sauromatum guttatum^[30]		Tropical Eurasia to North China
Scaphispatha	1860		Scaphispatha gracilis		Bolivia and Brazil
Schismatoglottis	1846^[31]		Schismatoglottis calyptrata	100-120	Subtropical Asia to Pacific islands
Schottarum	2008		Schottarum sarikeense		Borneo
Schottariella	2009		Schottariella mirifica		Borneo
Spathantheum	1859		Spathantheum orbignyanum		Andes from Peru to Northern Argentina
Spathicarpa	1831		Spathicarpa hastifolia		Southern tropical America
Steudnera	1862		Steudnera colocasiifolia		Assam, Indochina, South China
Stylochaeton	1834		Stylochaeton hypogeum	ca. 20	Africa
Synandrospadix	1883		Synandrospadix vermitoxicus		Peru to northern Argentina
Syngonium	1829		Syngonium auritum	ca. 35	Neotropical
Taccarum ^[32]	1858 ("1857")		Taccarum weddellianum		South America
Theriophonum	1837 ("1835")		Theriophonum crenatum^[33]
Typhonium	1829		Typhonium trilobatum	ca. 50	Mongolia to Australia
Typhonodorum ^[34]	1857		Typhonodorum lindleyanum		Madagascar, Zanzibar, Mauritius and Comoros
Ulearum	1905 ("1906")		Ulearum sagittatum		Peru, northern Brazil
Vivaria ^[35]	2022		Vivaria calvasensis		Ecuador
Xanthosoma	1832		Xanthosoma sagittifolium	ca. 50	Neotropical
Zantedeschia	1826		Zantedeschia aethiopica		Southern Africa
Zomicarpa	1856		Zomicarpa pythonium		North-eastern Brazil
Zomicarpella	1881		Zomicarpella maculata		Colombia
Adelonema	1860				tropical Central and South America
Bakoaella	2018				Borneo
Bidayuha	2018		Bidayuha crassispatha		Borneo
Boycea	2022		Boycea bintuluensis		Borneo
Burttianthus	2018				Borneo
Colobogynium	1865		Colobogynium variegatum		Borneo and Sumatra
Englerarum	2013		Englerarum montanum		Indochina and south-central China
Fenestratarum	2014				Borneo
Galantharum	2015		Galantharum kishii		Borneo
Gamogyne	1882				Borneo
Gosong	2018		Gosong brevipedunculata		Borneo
Hera	2018		Hera hebe		Borneo
Heteroaridarum	1976				Borneo
Hottarum	1978		Hottarum truncatum		Borneo
Idimanthus	2018		Idimanthus amorphophalloides		southeastern Brazil
Josefia	2023		Josefia intricata		Borneo
Kiewia	2018				Peninsular Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, and Sumatra
Lazarum	1992				southern New Guinea and northern and eastern Australia
Leucocasia	1857		Leucocasia gigantea		Borneo
Nabalu	2018		Nabalu corneri		Borneo
Naiadia	2018		Naiadia zygoseta		Borneo
Pichinia	2010		Pichinia disticha		Borneo
Rhynchopyle	1880				Borneo
Tawaia	2018		Tawaia sabahensis		Borneo
Toga	2018				Borneo
Vietnamocasia	2017		Vietnamocasia dauae		Vietnam

Taxonomy

Bogner & Nicolson (1991)

The following is Bogner & Nicolson's (1991)^[36] classification of Araceae as cited in Mayo et al. (1997).^[37]

Araceae

• Subfamily Gymnostachydoideae
  • Gymnostachys
• Subfamily Pothoideae
  • Pothos
  • Pedicellarum
  • Pothoidium
• Subfamily Monsteroideae
  • Tribe Anadendreae
    • Anadendrum
  • Tribe Monstereae
    • Amydrium
    • Rhaphidophora
    • Epipremnum
    • Scindapsus
    • Alloschemone
    • Stenospermation
    • Rhodospatha
    • Monstera
  • Tribe Heteropsideae
    • Heteropsis
  • Tribe Spathiphylleae
    • Spathiphyllum
    • Holochlamys
• Subfamily Calloideae
  • Calla
• Subfamily Lasioideae
  • Tribe Orontieae
    • Lysichiton
    • Symplocarpus
    • Orontium
  • Tribe Anthurieae
    • Anthurium
  • Tribe Lasieae
    • Subtribe Dracontiinae
      • Cyrtosperma
      • Lasimorpha
      • Lasia
      • Anaphyllum
      • Anaphyllopsis
      • Podolasia
      • Urospatha
      • Dracontioides
      • Dracontium
    • Subtribe Pycnospathinae
      • Pycnospatha
  • Tribe Zamioculcadeae
    • Zamioculcas
    • Gonatopus
  • Tribe Callopsideae
    • Callopsis
  • Tribe Nephthytideae
    • Pseudohydrosme
    • Anchomanes
    • Nephthytis
    • Cercestis
  • Tribe Culcasieae
    • Culcasia
  • Tribe Montrichardieae
    • Montrichardia
• Subfamily Philodendroideae
  • Tribe Philodendreae
    • Subtribe Homalomeninae
      • Furtadoa
      • Homalomena
    • Subtribe Schismatoglottidinae
      • Schismatoglottis
      • Piptospatha
      • Hottarum
      • Bucephalandra
      • Phymatarum
      • Aridarum
      • Heteroaridarum
    • Subtribe Philodendrinae
      • Philodendron
  • Tribe Anubiadeae
    • Anubias
    • Bognera
  • Tribe Aglaonemateae
    • Aglaonema
    • Aglaodorum
  • Tribe Dieffenbachieae
    • Dieffenbachia
  • Tribe Zantedeschieae
    • Zantedeschia
  • Tribe Typhonodoreae
    • Typhonodorum
  • Tribe Peltandreae
    • Peltandra
• Subfamily Colocasioideae
  • Tribe Caladieae
    • Xanthosoma
    • Chlorospatha
    • Caladium
    • Scaphispatha
    • Jasarum
  • Tribe Steudnereae
    • Subtribe Steudnerinae
      • Steudnera
      • Remusatia
      • Gonatanthus
    • Subtribe Hapalininae
      • Hapaline
  • Tribe Protareae
    • Protarum
  • Tribe Colocasieae
    • Colocasia
    • Alocasia
  • Tribe Syngonieae
    • Syngonium
  • Tribe Ariopsideae
    • Ariopsis
• Subfamily Aroideae
  • Tribe Stylochaetoneae
    • Stylochaeton
  • Tribe Arophyteae
    • Carlephyton
    • Colletogyne
    • Arophyton
  • Tribe Spathicarpeae
    • Mangonia
    • Taccarum
    • Asterostigma
    • Gorgonidium
    • Synandrospadix
    • Gearum
    • Spathantheum
    • Spathicarpa
  • Tribe Zomicarpeae
    • Zomicarpa
    • Filarum
    • Zomicarpella
    • Ulearum
  • Tribe Thomsonieae
    • Amorphophallus
    • Pseudodracontium
  • Tribe Areae
    • Subtribe Arinae
      • Arum
      • Dracunculus
      • Helicodiceros
      • Theriophonum
      • Typhonium
      • Sauromatum
      • Eminium
      • Biarum
    • Subtribe Arisarinae
      • Arisarum
    • Subtribe Arisaematinae
      • Arisaema
    • Subtribe Atherurinae
      • Pinellia
    • Subtribe Ambrosininae
      • Ambrosina
    • Subtribe Cryptocoryninae
      • Lagenandra
      • Cryptocoryne
• Subfamily Pistioideae
  • Pistia

Further reading

• Book: Mayo . S. J. . Bogner . J. . Boyce . P. C.. The genera of Araceae . Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . London . 1997 . 1-900347-22-9 . 60140655.

External links

• The Genera of Araceae as listed by the International Aroid Society
• Boyce, P. C. & Croat, T. B. (2011 onwards). The Überlist of Araceae, Totals for Published and Estimated Number of Species in Aroid Genera. International Aroid Society.

Notes and References

1. Book: Mayo . Simon J. . Bogner . Josef . Cusimano . Nathalie . Recent Progress in the Phylogenetics and Classification of the Araceae . Paul Wilkin and Simon J. Mayo . 2013 . Early Events in Monocot Evolution . Systematics Association Special Volume Series . Cambridge University Press . 978-1-107-01276-9 . 208–242.
2. A second date given in parentheses indicate the printed date on the work, when that date differs from the actual date of publication. This may occur because the work was distributed at a different date, or because a book was printed in multiple issues bound together at a later date.
3. Although Schott's original publication used both Lysichiton and Lysichitum his later publications used only the former name.
4. Since Barton himself credits Nuttall in following Salisbury's (1812, Trans. Hortic. Soc. Lond. 1:267) invalid name, some attribute authorship to that author instead (either in Barton or in Gen. N. Amer. Pl. 1:105, 1818)
5. Schleiden's species is an illegitimate renaming of Linnaeus' Lemna arrhiza and is properly called Wolffia arrhiza (L.) Horkel ex Wimm.
6. An illegitimate new name for Eduard Poeppig's Scindapsus occidentalis. The species' correct name is Alloschemone occidentalis (Poepp.) Engl. & K.Krause.
7. Although Adanson originally called the species Dracontium pertusum, the combination Monstera pertusa was assigned by Schott (1830, Wiener Z. Kunst 4:1028), the first author to accept Adanson's genus and create combinations in it, to Pothos pertusum Roxb. (currently known as Rhaphidophora pertusa (Roxb.) Schott).
8. Some sources cite Gen. Aroid.:pl. 83 (1858), but there is no reason to believe that the May issue of Bonplandia, which Schott himself cite as the place of publication in Genera Aroidearum Exposita was published with that much delay.
9. Treated now as Cyrtosperma merkusii (Hassk.) Schott.
10. The species is now known at Lasia spinosa (L.) Thwaites.
11. The year when the work was completed.
12. The species, which is an illegitimate renaming of Loddiges' Calladium zamiifolium, is correctly known as Zamioculcas zamiifolia (G.Lodd.) Schott.
13. The correct name is Aglaonema nitida (Jack) Kunth. Schott's original type species may have been meant to be a renaming of William Roxburgh's Calla oblongifolia (=Aglaonema marantifolia Blume), but Schott mistakenly cited only Heinrich Friedrich Link's Arum integrifolium as a synonym, rendering the type species' new name illegitimate; he would later (1832, Melet. Bot. 1:20) rename it Aglaonema integrifolium. (Nicolson, 1969, Smithsonian Contr. Bot. 1:5)
14. The species' name is illegitimate as it is based on the same type as Amorphophallus paeoniifolius (Dennst.) Nicolson, which is the correct name.
15. This species is now treated as a synonym of Anchomanes difformis (Blume) Engl.
16. Properly treated as Apoballis rupestris (Zoll. & Moritzi ex Zoll.) S.Y.Wong & P.C.Boyce.
17. If the designation by Pfeiffer (1872, Nomencl. Bot. 1:265) is valid, the type is Arisaema speciosum, otherwise, the designation by Britton and Brown (1913, Ill. Fl. N.U.S., ed. 2. 1:442) of has priority.
18. Although the original description included only this species, which is listed as type in Index Nominum Genericorum, the name is not included in any standard databases for unknown reasons.
19. This number does not account for many more species that remain undescribed or untransferred from original placement in the discredited Microcasia (Boyce & Yeng 2013; Webbia 67(2):139-146).
20. Gonçalves . Eduardo G. . 2005 . Two new Andean genera for the tribe Spathicarpeae (Araceae) . Willdenowia . 35 . 2 . 319–326 . 10.3372/wi.35.35214. free .
21. A first part comprising 10 pages and 6 plates was issued in quarto format in 1803, but this edition was abandoned, and the more common folio edition began publication 2 years later.
22. IPNI and ING gives a part of Schott's Aroideae issued in 1855 as the place of publication, but the premier monograph gives the 1856 publication, which is the only one that could be verified.
23. Schott originally published the genus the year before(Oesterr. Bot. Wochenbl. 7:85) as Hapale, but then chose to alter the name as it was homonymous with a now disused genus of marmosets. This new name was later conserved (Brummitt 1984; Taxon 33(4):707) over the original form.
24. Book: 1855 . Appendix generum et specierum novarum et minus cognitarum, quae in horto regio botanico Berolinensi coluntur . Berlin . C. Feisteri . 2. <
25. Multiple sources give the year of publication as 1853 (Oesterr. Bot. Wochenbl. 3:369), but Schott merely notes after describing his Dracunculus crinita that "a genus Helicodiceros will probably be justified" ("Eine Gattung «Helicodiceros» dürfte hierdurch begründet werden."), which fails to satisfy the requirement of the ICN's article 36.1 (see also Rickett and Stafleu, 1959, Taxon 8(7):231).
26. The species' correct name is Montrichardia arborescens (L.) Schott
27. Rafinesque . C.S. . 1819 . Prodrome des nouveaux genres de plantes observés en 1817 et 1818 dans l'intérieur des États-Unis d'Amérique . Prodromus of new genera of plants observed in 1817 and 1818 in the interior of the United States of America . Journal de Physique, de Chimie, d'Histoire Naturelle et des Arts . 89 . 2 . 96–107 .
28. Treated as a synonym of Peltandra virginica (L.) Schott
29. Tenore's name was an unnecessary renaming of Thunberg's earlier Arum ternatum. The correct name for the species is Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Makino.
30. Now known as Sauromatum venosum (Dryand. ex Aiton) Kunth.
31. Due to confusion with a later, similarly titled work by Zollinger which has the same standardised abbreviation, some sources erroneously give 1854 as the date of publication.
32. Properly attributed to Brongniart in Schott (who says he is quoting Brongniart's description from a letter without adding any details of his own: "Wir bringen nachstehend den uns vom Autor überlassenen Gattungskarakter dar, indem wir uns nicht erlauben, demselben Eigenes anzufügen."), not Brongniart ex Schott, and not cited to Gen. Aroid.:pl. 65 (1858).
33. Now known as Theriophonum minutum (Willd.) Baill.
34. Schott . H. . 1857 . Aroideae . Österreichisches Botanisches Wochenblatt . 7 . 9 . 69–70 . 10.1007/BF02059776 . 2018-02-20 . 2020-02-21 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200221171507/https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/29952881 . live .
35. Cabrera . Omar . Tinitana . Fani . Cumbicus . Nixon . Herrera . Paulo . Prina . Aníbal . 2022-10-19 . Vivaria calvasensis—A new genus and species of Araceae (Araceae: Aroidea: Spathicarpeae) from southern Ecuador . PLOS ONE . en . 17 . 10 . e0273867 . 10.1371/journal.pone.0273867 . free . 36260603 . 9581365 . 2022PLoSO..1773867C . 1932-6203 .
36. Bogner . Josef . Nicolson . Dan H. . A Revised Classification of Araceae with Dichotomous Keys . Willdenowia . Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum, Berlin-Dahlem . 21 . 1/2 . 1991 . 0511-9618 . 3996587 . 35–50 . 2022-12-16 . 2024-05-13 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240513171613/https://www.jstor.org/stable/3996587 . live .
37. Book: Mayo . S. J. . Bogner . J. . Boyce . P. C.. The genera of Araceae . Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . London . 1997 . 1-900347-22-9 . 60140655.