List of ancient Egyptian royal consorts explained

This is a list of known royal consorts of ancient Egypt from c.3100 BC to 30 BC. Reign dates follow those included on the list of Pharaohs page. Some information is debatable and interpretations of available evidence can vary between Egyptologists.

Background

The Pharaoh's wives played an important role both in public and private life, and would be a source of political and religious power.^[1] Pharaohs usually had many different wives, so that a successor could be guaranteed to succeed him. If a queen succeeded in producing an heir that inherited the throne, she would reach a position of great honour as King's Mother and may be able to rule Egypt on behalf of her son as regent if he was underage.^[1] While there are many known cases of kings marrying their sisters, there were also wives of non-royal birth, such as Tiye and Nefertiti.^[2] Kings such as Amenhotep III and Ramesses II are known to have married some of their daughters, though it is possible these marriages were symbolic and ceremonial rather than incestuous.^[3] Apart from the chief consort, the Pharaoh would have many wives in the harem, who could be foreign-born princesses or lower-ranking Egyptian women who had little impact on politics.^[4]

While women did occasionally rule as Pharaohs, they generally did not rule while married except during the Ptolemaic period. Thus, male consorts never existed during the time of the native Egyptian royal dynasties, and only Berenice IV and Cleopatra VII are listed as having male consorts who did not rule as Pharaohs.

List of female rulers and co-rulers

Most Queens included on this page did not rule as Pharaohs. However, some did rule in their own right following the deaths of their husbands. Four Queens from the Native Egyptian dynasties are known for certain to have ruled as Female Pharaohs:

1. Sobekneferu (c. 1806-1802 BC) (Possibly wife of Amenemhat IV)
2. Hatshepsut (c. 1479-1458 BC) (Wife of Thutmose II)
3. Neferneferuaten (c. 1334-1332 BC) (Wife of either Akhenaten or Smenkhare depending on her identity)
4. Twosret (c. 1191-1189 BC) (Wife of Seti II)

There has also been some debate on whether certain Queen regents such as Neithotep, Merneith, Khentkaus I and Khentkaus II did rule as Female Pharaohs or not. However, there is yet to be any concrete evidence that they did. The legendary Queen Nitocris was supposedly a Pharaoh at the end of the Sixth Dynasty, but no archeological evidence supports her existence.

The Ptolemaic Dynasty implemented a policy of co-rule between spouses starting with Ptolemy II and Arsinoe II. Therefore, most Queens from this dynasty are not listed as consorts as they were co-rulers of Egypt while married to their husbands. The following is a list of Female rulers and co-rulers of the Ptolemaic Dynasty:

1. Arsinoe II (c. 277-270 BC) ruled alongside her brother-husband Ptolemy II.
2. Berenice II (c. 244-222 BC) ruled alongside her husband Ptolemy III.
3. Arsinoe III (220-204 BC) ruled alongside her brother-husband Ptolemy IV.
4. Cleopatra I (193-176 BC) ruled alongside her husband Ptolemy V and as a regent on behalf of her son Ptolemy VI.
5. Cleopatra II (175-164, 163–127, 124-116 BC) ruled alongside her brother-husband Ptolemy VI, her younger brother (later husband) Ptolemy VIII, her son Ptolemy VII, her daughter Cleopatra III and briefly her grandson Ptolemy IX. She was the sole ruler of Egypt from 131 to 127 BC, the first woman to do so since Twosret over a millennia before.
6. Cleopatra III (142-131, 127-101 BC) ruled alongside her uncle-husband Ptolemy VIII, her mother Cleopatra II, her eldest son Ptolemy IX, her daughter Cleopatra IV and her second eldest son Ptolemy X.
7. Cleopatra IV (116-115 BC) briefly ruled alongside her brother-husband Ptolemy IX and mother Cleopatra III before being pushed out by her mother.
8. Berenice III (101-88, 81-80 BC) ruled alongside her uncle-husband Ptolemy X, her father Ptolemy IX and her brother-husband Ptolemy XI. She briefly ruled by herself from 81 BC to 80 BC before she was murdered on the orders of Ptolemy XI.
9. Cleopatra V (79-68 BC) ruled alongside her husband Ptolemy XII.
10. Cleopatra VI (58-57 BC) ruled alongside her sister Berenice IV. However, some historians theorise she may actually be the same person as Cleopatra V.
11. Berenice IV (58-55 BC) briefly ruled alongside her sister (or possibly mother) Cleopatra VI, but otherwise spent most of her reign as the sole ruler of Egypt.
12. Cleopatra VII (51-30 BC) ruled alongside her father Ptolemy XII, her brother-husband Ptolemy XIII, her second brother-husband Ptolemy XIV and her son Ptolemy XV.
13. Arsinoe IV (48-47 BC) ruled alongside her brother Ptolemy XIII in opposition to their sister Cleopatra VII.

List of regents

Occasionally when the new Pharaoh was too young to rule, his mother or step-mother would rule temporarily as a regent on his behalf. Because they did not hold the title of 'King' during their time in power, they are generally not included on Lists of Pharaohs. The following Queens are likely to have ruled as regents:

1. Neithhotep possibly ruled on behalf of her son Hor-Aha (c. 3050 BC)
2. Merneith ruled on behalf of her son Den (c. 2970 BC)
3. Nimaathap possibly ruled on behalf of her son Djoser (c. 2670 BC)
4. Khentkaus I likely ruled as a regent, but her son or sons are unknown.
5. Khentkaus II possibly ruled as a regent for one of her sons (Neferefre or Nyuserre Ini).
6. Iput I possibly ruled as a regent for her son Pepi I (c. 2332 BC)
7. Ankhesenpepi II ruled as a regent for her son Pepi II (c. 2278 BC)
8. Ahhotep I ruled as a regent for her son Ahmose I (c. 1550 BC)
9. Ahmose-Nefertari ruled as a regent for her son Amenhotep I (c. 1541 BC)
10. Hatshepsut initially ruled as a regent for her step-son Thutmose III (c. 1479 BC) before becoming Pharaoh and co-ruler.
11. Mutemwiya ruled as a regent for her son Amenhotep III (c. 1388 BC)
12. Twosret ruled as a regent for her step-son Siptah (c. 1197 BC)

Predynastic Period

Dynasty "Zero" (Before c. 3100 BC)

Early Dynastic Period

First Dynasty (c. 3100 - 2890 BC)

Picture	Name	Spouse	Father	Mother	Sons	Daughters	Burial Place	Notes
	Neithhotep	Narmer^[6]	Local Naqada Royalty(?)		Hor-Aha	-	Tomb of Neithhotep, Naqada	Possibly ruled as regent for her son Hor-Aha.^[7]
	Benerib	Hor-Aha	-	-	-	-	Umm el-Qa'ab Tomb B14^[8]	-
	Khenthap		-	-	Djer	-	-	Only known from the Palermo Stone, no known contemporary sources mention her.
	Herneith	Djer^[9] ^[10]	-	-	Djet (?)^[11]	-	Saqqara Tomb S3507(?)	-
	Nakhtneith		-	-	-	-	Umm el-Qa'ab Tomb O Complex	-
	Penebui		-	-	-	-	-	May have died due to decapitation but this is disputed.
	Merneith	Djet	Djer(?)	-	Den	-	Umm el-Qa'ab Tomb Y	Ruled as Regent for her son Den.^[12]
	Seshemetka	Den(?)^[13]	-	-	-	-	-	May have been a wife of Djer.
	Semat		-	-	-	-	-	-
	Serethor		-	-	-	-	-	-
	Betrest	Anedjib(?)	-	-	Semerkhet	-	-	May have been a wife of Den.^[14]

Second Dynasty (c. 2890 - 2686 BC)

Picture	Name	Spouse	Father	Mother	Sons	Daughters	Burial Place	Notes
	Menka	Unknown, Khasekhemwy (?)^[15]	-	-	-	-	-	Attested by a basalt relief fragment similar in appearance to one attributed to Khasekhemwy.
	Nimaathap	Khasekhemwy	-	-	Djoser Sekhemkhet (?) Sanakht (?)	-	Beit Khallaf (Tomb K1) (?)	May have ruled as regent for her son Djoser.^[16]

Old Kingdom

Third Dynasty (c. 2686 - 2613 BC)

Picture	Name	Spouse	Father	Mother	Sons	Daughters	Burial Place	Notes
	Hetephernebti	Djoser^[17]	Khasekhemwy (?)^[18]	-	-	Inetkaes	Saqqara (?)	-
	Djeseretnebti	Sekhemkhet (?)^[19]	-	-	-	-	-	Her status as queen is a matter of debate due to lack of royal titles found beside the name.
	Djefatnebti	Huni (?)^[20] ^[21]	-	-	-	-	-	-
	Meresankh I		-	-	Sneferu^[22]	Hetepheres I (?)	-	-

Fourth Dynasty (c. 2613 - 2494 BC)

Picture	Name	Spouse	Father	Mother	Sons	Daughters	Burial Place	Notes
	Hetepheres I	Sneferu	Huni	Meresankh I (?)	Khufu	-	Tomb G 7000X, Giza	-
	Meritites I	Khufu^[23]	Sneferu	-	Kawab^[24] Djedefre (?)	Hetepheres II	Pyramid G1-b	-
	Henutsen		Sneferu (?)	-	Khafra (?), Khufukhaf I, Minkhaf I	-	Pyramid G1-c	-
	Khentetka	Djedefre	-	-	-	-	-	-
	Meresankh II	1) Prince Horbaef 2) Djedefre or Khafra	Khufu (?)	Meritites I (?)	With Horbaef: Djaty Nebty-tepites	With Horbaef: Nefertkau III	-	-
	Hetepheres II	1) Prince Kawab 2) Djedefre 3) Khafra (?)	Khufu	Meritites I	With Kawab: Duaenhor Kaemsekhem Mindjedef	With Kawab: Meresankh III With Djedefre: Neferhetepes	Giza Tomb G7530-7540	-
	Meresankh III	Khafra^[25]	Kawab	Hetepheres II	Nebemakhet Duaenre Niuserre Khenterka	Shepsetkau		-
	Khamerernebty I		Khufu (?)	-	Menkaure^[26]	Khamerernebty II^[27]	-	-
	Persenet			-	Nikaure^[28]	-	Giza Tomb LG88^[29]	-
	Hekenuhedjet		-	-	Sekhemkare	-	-	-
	Khamerernebty II	Menkaure	Khafre	Khamerernebty I	Khuenre	-	Giza Tomb G3a or Tomb G3b (?)^[30]	-
	Rekhetre	Menkaure (?)		-	-	-	Giza Tomb G8530^[31]	-
	Bunefer	Shepseskaf (?)^[32]	-	-	-	-	Giza Tomb G8408	Unclear whether she was a wife or daughter of Shepseskaf^[33]

Fifth Dynasty (c. 2494 - 2345 BC)

Picture	Name	Spouse	Father	Mother	Sons	Daughters	Burial Place	Notes
	Khentkaus I	Userkaf (?)^[34] ^[35]	Menkaure (?)^[36]	-	Previously believed to have been mother of Sahure and Neferirkare Kakai, but newer evidence contradicts this theory.	-	Pyramid of Khentkaus I	There has been much debate around this queen's identity. She may have ruled as regent for one or more of her sons.^[37] Alternatively, her titles suggest that she may have ruled as Pharaoh in her own right, but this is disputed. She may have been in fact a wife of Shepseskaf or the ephemeral Thamphthis rather than Userkaf. She may even be the same person as Thampthis but this is not a widely accepted theory.^[38]
	Neferhetepes	Userkaf^[39]	-	-	Sahure	Meretnebty(?)^[40]	Pyramid complex of Queen Neferhetepes	-
	Meretnebty	Sahure^[41]	Userkaf	Neferhetepes (?)	Neferirkare Kakai^[42] Horemsaf (?) Netjerirenre (?) Khakare (?) Nebankhre (?), Shepseskare (?)	-	-	Known in older studies as Neferethanebty
	Khentkaus II	Neferirkare Kakai	-	-	Neferefre Nyuserre Ini	-	Pyramid of Khentkaus II	May have ruled as regent or as Pharaoh in her own right.
	Khentkaus III	Neferefre	Neferirkare Kakai	Khentkaus II^[43]	Menkauhor Kaiu^[44] or Shepseskare(?)^[45]	-	Giza Tomb AC 30^[46]	-
	Reptynub	Nyuserre Ini^[47]	-	-	Reputnebty (?)^[48] Khentykauhor (?)^[49]	Khamerernebty	-	-
	Khuit I	Menkauhor Kaiu (?)^[50] ^[51]	-	-	-	-	Saqqara Mastaba D 14	-
	Meresankh IV		-	-	Raemka (?)^[52] Kaemtjenent (?) Isesi-ankh (?)^[53]	-	Saqqara Tomb 82	May have been a wife of Djedkare Isesi^[54]
	Setibhor ^[55]	Djedkare Isesi	-	-	-	-	Pyramid of Setibhor	-
	Nebet	Unas	-	-	Unas-ankh (?)^[56]	Khentkaues (?) Neferut (?) Nefertkaues (?)	Double Mastaba north-east of Pyramid of Unas	-
	Khenut		-	-	-	Iput I (?)		-
	Nebunebty	Unknown	-	-	-	-	Mastaba D18, Saqqara^[57]	Possibly married to either Neferirkare Kakai, Neferefre, Shepseskare or Nyuserre Ini.^[58]
	Nimaathap II ^[59]	Unknown	-	-	-	-	Mastaba in Giza	-

Sixth Dynasty (c. 2345 - 2181 BC)

Picture	Name	Spouse	Father	Mother	Sons	Daughters	Burial Place	Notes
	Iput I	Teti^[60] ^[61]	Unas	Nebet or Khenut (?)	Pepi I	-	Pyramid of Iput I	Possibly ruled as regent for her son Pepi I.
	Khuit II		-	-	Tetiankhkem^[62]	-	Pyramid of Khuit	-
	Khentkaus IV		-	-	Userkare (?)	-	-	-
	Naert ^[63]		-	-	-	-	Tomb of Queen Naert	Funerary temple discovered in 2021.^[64]
	Ankhesenpepi I	Pepi I	Khui of Abydos	Nebet	Merenre Nemtyemsaf I	Neith	Saqqara	-
	Ankhesenpepi II	1) Pepi I 2) Merenre Nemtyemsaf I			With Merenre I: Pepi II	-	Pyramid Complex of Pepi I^[65] ^[66]	Ruled as regent for her son Pepi II.
	Nubwenet	Pepi I^[67]	-	-	-	-		-
	Inenek-Inti		-	-	-	-		-
	Mehaa		-	-	Hornetjerkhet	-		-
	Nedjeftet		-	-	-	-	-	-
	'Weret-Yamtes'		-	-	-	-	-	The real name of this queen is unknown, 'Weret-Yamtes' is an alias meaning 'Great of Sceptre'.^[68] She is mentioned on inscriptions found in the tomb of an official named Weni, which state that she conspired against the king but was punished when her plans were discovered.^[69]
	Benehu ^[70]	Pepi I or Pepi II	-	-	-	-	Pyramid in South Saqqara	Burial discovered in 2010.
	Neith	Pepi II^[71] ^[72]	Pepi I	Ankhesenpepi I	Merenre Nemtyemsaf II	-	Pyramid Complex of Pepi II	-
	Iput II			-	-	-		-
	Meritites IV						Pyramid Complex of Pepi I	Was originally thought to be a consort of Pepi I, but later excavations proved she was the daughter of Pepi I, and the wife of Neferkare (Pepi II)
	Udjebten		-	-	-	-	Pyramid Complex of Pepi II	-
	Ankhesenpepi III		Merenre Nemtyemsaf I	-	-	-	Pyramid Complex of Pepi I	-
	Ankhesenpepi IV		-	-	Neferkare II	-	Mortuary chapel of Iput II	-
	Nitocris	Merenre Nemtyemsaf II (according to Legend)^[73]	Pepi II (according to Legend)	Neith (according to Legend)	-	-	-	According to writings by Herodotus and Manetho, she was a queen who came to rule Egypt following the murder of her brother/husband and plotted a revenge against his murderers by building a special chamber that would flood with water from the Nile while they dined there, afterwards she committed suicide by running into a burning room. Egyptologists now however believe that she was likely fictional and that her name is a misreading of the male pharaoh Neitiqerty Siptah. No archeological evidence exists to support her historicity.

First Intermediate Period

Seventh, Eighth, Ninth and Tenth Dynasties (c. 2181 - 2040 BC)

No known queens from these dynasties.

Early Eleventh Dynasty (c. 2130 - 2040 BC)

Picture	Name	Spouse	Father	Mother	Sons	Daughters	Burial Place	Notes
	Neferu I	Mentuhotep I^[74] ^[75]	-	-	Intef I^[76] Intef II	-	-	-
	Neferukayet	Intef II^[77]	Intef I	-	Intef III^[78]	-	-	-
	Iah	Intef III^[79]	Intef II	-	Mentuhotep II	Neferu II	-	-
	Henite ^[80]		-	-	-	-	-	-

Middle Kingdom

Eleventh Dynasty Continued (c. 2040 - 1991 BC)

Picture	Name	Spouse	Father	Mother	Sons	Daughters	Burial Place	Notes
	Tem	Mentuhotep II^[81]	-	-	Mentuhotep III	-	Tomb DBXI.15, within the Mortuary Temple of Mentuhotep II.	-
	Neferu II		Intef III	Iah	-	-	Tomb TT319	-
	Ashayet		-	-	-	-	Tomb DBXI.17, within the Mortuary Temple of Mentuhotep II.	-
	Henhenet		-	-	-	-	Tomb DBXI.11, within the Mortuary Temple of Mentuhotep II.	Died in childbirth.
	Sadeh		-	-	-	-	Tomb DBXI.7, within the Mortuary Temple of Mentuhotep II.	-
	Kawit		-	-	-	-	Tomb DBXI.9, within the Mortuary Temple of Mentuhotep II.	-
	Kemsit		-	-	-	-	Tomb TT308, within the Mortuary Temple of Mentuhotep II.	-
	Imi ^[82]	Mentuhotep III (?)	-	-	Mentuhotep IV	-	-	-

Twelfth Dynasty (c. 1991 - 1802 BC)

Picture	Name	Spouse	Father	Mother	Sons	Daughters	Burial Place	Notes
	Neferitatjenen	Amenemhat I^[83]	-	-	Senusret I	Neferu III Neferusherit (?) Kayet (?)	Pyramid Complex of Amenemhet I (?)	-
	Neferu III	Senusret I	Amenemhat I	Neferitatjenen	Amenemhat II	-	Pyramid Complex of Senusret I or possibly in Dahshur^[84]	-
	Keminub	Amenemhat II (?)^[85]	-	-	-	-	Funerary enclosure of Amenemhat II	Previously believed to have been a wife of Amenemhet II, but evidence suggests that she may actually be a queen of the 13th Dynasty whose husband is unknown.^[86]
	Kaneferu		-	-	-	-	-	-
	Senet ^[87]		-	-	-	-	-	-
	Khenemetneferhedjet I	Senusret II	Amenemhat II	-	Senusret III	-	Mortuary Complex of Senusret II	-
	Nofret II			-	-	-		-
	Itaweret			-	-	-	Funerary enclosure of Amenemhat II	-
	Khenmet			-	-	-		-
	Sithathoriunet	Senusret III^[88]	Senusret II	-	Amenemhat III (?)	-	Pyramid Complex of Senusret II	-
	Khenemetneferhedjet II		-	-	-	-	Pyramid IX in the Dahshur Funerary Complex	-
	Neferthenut		-	-	-	-	Tomb II in the Pyramid Complex of Senusret III	-
	Meretseger		-	-	-	-	-	Due to lack of contemporary sources relating to her, it is thought she may not have existed but was rather a creation of the New Kingdom.^[89]
	Aat	Amenemhat III^[90]	-	-	-	-	Dahshur Funerary Complex	-
	Khenemetneferhedjet III		-	-	-	-		-
	Hetepti	Amenemhat III (?)	-	-	Amenemhat IV	-	-	Unknown if she was actually a wife of Amenemhat III, as she is not known to have held the title of "King's Wife".^[91]
	Sobekneferu	Amenemhat IV^[92] (according to Manetho)	Amenemhat III	-	-	-	Northern Mazghuna pyramid (?)	First known woman to rule as Pharaoh in her own right (c. 1807-1802) for which there is archeological evidence. It is however unknown for certain if Amenemhat IV was her husband or if she was ever married to a reigning Pharaoh at all prior to her own rule.

Second Intermediate Period

Thirteenth Dynasty (c. 1802 - 1649 BC)

Picture	Name	Spouse	Father	Mother	Sons	Daughters	Burial Place	Notes
	Nofret (III)	Ameny Qemau (?)	-	-	-	Hatshepsut	-	This queen is only known from one stele which states that she was a "king's wife" and was the mother of "king's daughter" Hatshepsut. However, it is unknown which king she was married to.^[93] In 2017, a pyramid was discovered containing a canopic box naming "king's daughter" Hatshepsut and a stone slab with the name of king Ameny Qemau.^[94] It is however unknown if these two king's daughters are one and the same.
	Nubhetepti	Hor (?)^[95]	-	-	-	-	-	She held the title of "King's Mother", but it is unknown which king she was the mother of.
	Seneb[henas] I	Khendjer (?)	-	-	-	-	-	-
	Senebhenas II	Sobekhotep III^[96]	-	-	-	-	-	-
	Neni		-	-	-	Iuhetibu Fendy Dedetanqet (or Dedetanuq).	-	-
	Senebsen	Neferhotep I	-	-	-	-	-	-
	Tjan	Sobekhotep IV	-	-	Amenhotep^[97]	Nebetiunet^[98]	-	-
	Nubhotepti ^[99]	Sobekhotep VI (?)	-	-	-	-	-	-
	Ineni	Merneferre Ay (?)	-	-	-	-	-	One of the first queens to have her name written in a cartouche.
	Nubkhaes (I)	Unknown	-	-	-	-	-	Either a wife of Sobekhotep V, Sobekhotep VI or Wahibre Ibiau.
	Aya	Unknown	-	-	-	-	-	Either a wife of Sehetepkare Intef, Imyremeshaw or Sobekhotep II.^[100]
	Abetni	Unknown	-	-	-	-	-	Married to an unknown king.^[101]
	Ahhotepi ^[102]	Unknown	-	-	-	-	-	Possibly married to a king who reigned between Hor and Khendjer.
	Wadjet	Unknown	-	-	-	-	-	Possibly married to a king who reigned between Hor and Khendjer.
	Ankhmari	Unknown	-	-	-	-	-	Possibly married to a king who reigned after Merneferre Ay.
	Nehyt	Unknown	-	-	-	-	-	Possibly married to a king who reigned after Merneferre Ay.
	Nubhetepi II	Unknown	-	-	-	-	-	Possibly married to a king who reigned after Merneferre Ay.
	Resunefer	Unknown	-	-	-	-	-	Possibly married to a king who reigned after Merneferre Ay.
	Sithathor	Unknown	-	-	-	-	-	Possibly married to a king who reigned after Merneferre Ay.
	Sitsobk	Unknown	-	-	-	-	-	Possibly married to a king who reigned after Merneferre Ay.

Sixteenth Dynasty (c. 1650 - 1582 BC)

Picture	Name	Spouse	Father	Mother	Sons	Daughters	Burial Place	Notes
	Mentuhotep	Djehuti^[108]	Vizier Senebhenaf	Sobekhotep	-	-	Dra' Abu el-Naga'	-
	Sitmut ^[109]	Mentuhotep VI (?)	-	-	-	Herunefer	-	-

Seventeenth Dynasty (c. 1582 - 1550 BC)

Picture	Name	Spouse	Father	Mother	Sons	Daughters	Burial Place	Notes
	Nubemhat	Sobekemsaf I	-	-	-	Sobekemheb^[110]	-	-
	Nubkhaes (II)	Sobekemsaf II	-	-	-	-	-	Her burial was robbed in the late 20th Dynasty, along with that of her husband.
	Sobekemsaf	Nubkheperre Intef	-	-	-	Sobekemsaf	-	Sister of an unidentified pharaoh, possibly either Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat Intef, Sobekemsaf II or Senakhtenre Ahmose.^[111] Her mother is unknown, but was given a title of "King's daughter", suggesting that Sobekemsaf could have been a granddaughter of Rahotep.^[112]
	Haankhes	Unknown	-	-	Ameni	-	-	-
	Tetisheri	Senakhtenre Ahmose	Tjenna^[113]	Neferu	Seqenenre Tao Kamose (?)^[114]	Ahhotep IAhmose Inhapy Sitdjehuti	Possibly KV41	-
	Ahhotep I	Seqenenre Tao^[115]	Senakhtenre Ahmose	Tetisheri	Ahmose I Ahmose Sapair Binpu	Ahmose-Nefertari Ahmose-Henutemipet Ahmose-Tumerisy, Ahmose-Nebetta Ahmose-Meritamon (?)^[116]	-	Ruled as a regent for her son Ahmose I.
	Ahmose Inhapy				-	Ahmose-Henuttamehu	-	-
	Sitdjehuti				-	Ahmose	-	-
	Ahhotep II	Kamose^[117]	-	-	-	Ahmose-Sitkamose	-	-

New Kingdom

Eighteenth Dynasty (c. 1550 - 1292 BC)

Picture	Name	Spouse	Father	Mother	Sons	Daughters	Burial Place	Notes
	Ahmose-Nefertari	Ahmose I^[118]	Seqenenre Tao	Ahhotep I	Ahmose-ankh Amenhotep I Siamun Ramose (?)	Ahmose-Meritamun Ahmose-Sitamun Mutnofret (?)	Dra' Abu el-Naga'	Ruled as regent for her son Amenhotep I.^[119]
	Ahmose-Sitkamose		Kamose^[120]	Ahhotep II	-	-	-	-
	Ahmose-Henuttamehu		Seqenenre Tao^[121]	Ahmose-Inhapy	-	-	-	-
	Ahmose-Meritamun	Amenhotep I	Ahmose I	Ahmose-Nefertari	-	-	Tomb TT358	-
	Sitkamose ^[122]		-	-	-	-	-	-
	Ahmose	Thutmose I^[123] ^[124]	-	-	-	Hatshepsut Nefrubity	Thebes	-
	Mutnofret		Ahmose I	-	Thutmose II	-	-	-
	Hatshepsut	Thutmose II^[125] ^[126]	Thutmose I	Ahmose	-	Neferure	KV20	Initially ruled as regent for her stepson Thutmose III before becoming a reigning Pharaoh herself (c. 1479-1458).
	Iset		-	-	Thutmose III	-	-	-
	Satiah	Thutmose III^[127]	-	Ipu	Amenemhat (?)	-	-	Her father may have been Ahmose Pen-Nekhebet.^[128]
	Merytre-Hatshepsut		-	Hui	Menkheperre, Amenhotep II	Nebetiunet Meritamen Iset Meritamen	Possibly KV35	-
	Nebtu		-	-	-	-	-	-
	Menhet		-	-	-	-	Wady Gabbanat el-Qurud	Foreign wife of Syrian descent.
	Menwi		-	-	-	-		Foreign wife of Syrian descent.
	Merti		-	-	-	-		Foreign wife of Syrian descent.
	Nebsemi^[129]		-	-	-	-	-	-
	Henut	-	-	-	-	-	-
	Tiaa	Amenhotep II	-	-	Thutmose IV	-	KV32	-
	Nefertari	Thutmose IV	-	-	-	-	-	-
	Iaret		Amenhotep II	-	-	-	-	-
	Mutemwiya		-	-	Amenhotep III	-	-	Ruled as regent for her son Amenhotep III.^[130]
	Daughter of Artatama I of Mitanni^[131]		Artatama I	-	-	-	-	Known from Amarna Letter EA 29.
	Tiye	Amenhotep III^[132] ^[133] ^[134] ^[135]	Yuya	Tjuyu	Thutmose Akhenaten	Sitamun Iset Henuttaneb Nebetah^[136] Beketaten	-	-
	Gilukhipa		Shuttarna II of Mitanni	-	-	-	-	-
	Sitamun		Amenhotep III	Tiye	-	-	-	-
	Iset				-	-	-	-
	Daughter of Kurigalzu I of Babylon^[137]		Kurigalzu I	-	-	-	-	-
	Daughter of Kadashman-Enlil of Babylon		Kadashman-Enlil	-	-	-	-	-
	Daughter of Tarhundaradu of Arzawa		Tarhundaradu	-	-	-	-	-
	Daughter of the ruler of Ammia		Unknown king of Ammia	-	-	-	-	-
	Tadukhipa	Amenhotep III and Akhenaten	Tushratta of Mitanni	Juni	-	-	-	Some Egyptologists have theorised that she may the same person as Kiya.
	Nefertiti	Akhenaten^[138] ^[139]	Ay (?)	-	-	Meritaten Meketaten Ankhesenamun Neferneferuaten Tasherit Neferneferure Setepenre	-	Likely candidate for the female pharaoh Neferneferuaten (c. 1334-1332).
	Kiya		-	-	-	Ankhesenpaaten Tasherit (?)^[140] and/or Meritaten Tasherit (?)	Amarna (?)	Possibly the same person as Tadukhipa. The usurption of her monuments suggest that she may have been disgraced later in her husband's reign.
	The Younger Lady		-	-	Tutankhamun	-	KV35	Unidentified sister-wife of Akhenaten. Possibly may be either Nebetah or Beketaten.^[141]
	Daughter of Burna-Buriash II^[142]		Burna-Buriash II	-	-	-	-	Known from Amarna Letter EA 11, in which her father complains of the small envoy of five chariots sent to convey her to Egypt.
	Daughter of Šatiya^[143]		Šatiya	-	-	-	-	Known from Amarna Letter EA 187.
	Meritaten	Smenkhkare	Akhenaten	Nefertiti	-	Meritaten Tasherit (?) Ankhesenpaaten Tasherit (?)	-	Theorised by some Egyptologists to have ruled as the female pharaoh Neferneferuaten later in her father's reign.
	Ankhesenamun	1) Akhenaten^[144] 2)Tutankhamun 3) Ay			-	With Tutankhamun: Two stillborn daughters	KV21 (?)	-
	Tey	Ay^[145]	-	-	Nakhtmin (?)	-	WV23 (?)^[146]	-
	Mutnedjmet (I)	Horemheb	Ay (?)	-	-	-	KV57	Theorised by some Egyptologists to be Nefertiti's sister.
	Nebetnehat	Unknown	-	-	-	-	Tomb WB1, Wadi Gabbanat el-Qurud^[147]	Married to a king from the mid-18th dynasty but it is unknown which king.^[148]

Nineteenth Dynasty (c. 1292 - 1189 BC)

Picture	Name	Spouse	Father	Mother	Sons	Daughters	Burial Place	Notes
	Sitre	Ramesses I^[149]	-	-	Seti I	-	QV38	May have previously been known as Tia
	Tuya	Seti I^[150]	Raia (Lieutenant of the chariotry)	Ruia	Ramesses II	Tia Henutmire(?)	QV80	-
	Tanedjemet	Seti I or Ramesses II^[151]	Ramesses I (?)	-	-	-	QV33	-
	Nefertari	Ramesses II^[152] ^[153] ^[154] ^[155] ^[156] ^[157]	-	-	Amun-her-khepeshef Pareherwenemef Meryre Meryatum	Meritamen Henuttawy Baketmut Nebettawy Nefertari (?)	QV66	-
	Isetnofret		-	-	Ramesses Khaemweset Merneptah	Bintanath Isetnofret (?)	Valley of the Queens (?)	-
	Henutmire		Seti I	Tuya^[158]	-	-	QV75	-
	Maathorneferure		Hattusili III	Puduhepa	-	One daughter	Gurob (?)	-
	Meritamen		Ramesses II	Nefertari	-	-	QV68	-
	Bintanath			Isetnofret	-	Unknown daughter	QV71	-
	Nebettawy			Nefertari	-	-	QV60	-
	Merytre ^[159]			-	-	-	-	-
	Isetnofret II	Merneptah^[160]	Either Ramesses II or Khaemweset	-	Seti II Merenptah^[161] Khaemwaset	Isetnofret	-	-
	Takhat	Seti II^[162]	Ramesses II (?)	-	Amenmesse	Twosret (?)	KV10	Depending on whether Amenmesse was a son or brother of Seti II, she may actually be a wife of Merneptah.
	Twosret		-	Takhat (?)	Seti-Merenptah^[163]	Possibly one daughter	KV14	Ruled as regent for her stepson Siptah before becoming Pharaoh in her own right (c. 1191-1190).
	Tiaa		-	-	-	-	-	-
	Sutailja	Seti II or Amenmesse (depending on who is the father of Siptah)	-	-	Siptah	-	-	Of Canaanite origin.
	Tiya	Amenmesse	-	-	-	-	-	-

Twentieth Dynasty (c. 1189 - 1077 BC)

Picture	Name	Spouse	Father	Mother	Sons	Daughters	Burial Place	Notes
	Tiy-Merenese	Setnakhte^[164]	-	-	Ramesses III	-	-	-
	Iset Ta-Hemdjert	Ramesses III^[165] ^[166]	-	Hemdjert	Ramesses VI	-	QV51	-
	Tyti		Setnakhte (?)	-	Ramesses IV Khaemwaset Amun-her-khepeshef Ramesses-Meryamen (?)	-	QV52	Previously believed to have been a wife of Ramesses X.
	Tiye (II)		-	-	Pentawer	-	-	Instigated a harem conspiracy against her husband. Her ultimate fate is unknown.
	Duatentopet	Ramesses IV^[167]	Ramesses III^[168]	-	Ramesses V	-	QV74	-
	Henutwati	Ramesses V	-	-	-	-	-	-
	Tawerettenru		-	-	-	-	-	-
	Nubkhesbed	Ramesses VI	-	-	Ramesses VII Amenherkhepshef Panebenkemyt	Iset	-	-
	Baketwernel	Ramesses IX	-	-	-	-	KV10	-
	Tentamun (I)	Ramesses XI	Nebseny	-	-	Duathathor-Henuttawy^[169] Tentamun (?)	-	-

Third Intermediate Period

Twenty-first Dynasty (c. 1077 - 943 BC)

Picture	Name	Spouse	Father	Mother	Sons	Daughters	Burial Place	Notes
	Tentamun (II)	Smendes^[170]	Ramesses XI	Tentamun (?)	-	-	-	-
	Mutnedjmet (II)	Psusennes I^[171]	Pinedjem I	Duathathor-Henuttawy	Amenemope (?)	-	NRT III, Tanis	-
	Wiay		-	-	-	Isetemkheb	-	-
	Karimala	Siamun or Psusennes II^[172]	Osorkon the Elder	-	-	-	-	-

Wives of the High Priests of Amun (c. 1080 - 943 BC)

While they were not officially pharaohs, the High Priests of Amun at Thebes were the de facto rulers of Upper Egypt during the Twenty-first dynasty, writing their names in cartouches and being buried in royal tombs. Their wives would have held a similar status to most other queens.

Picture	Name	Spouse	Father	Mother	Sons	Daughters	Burial Place	Notes
	Hrere	Piankh (?)	-	-	-	Nodjmet	-	May have actually been a wife of Amenhotep.
	Nodjmet	Herihor^[173]	Amenhotep (High Priest of Amun) (?)	Hrere	Pinedjem I, Heqanefer, Heqamaat, Ankhefenmut	Faienmut	TT320^[174] ^[175]	May have been also been married to Piankh.
	Duathathor-Henuttawy	Pinedjem I^[176]	Ramesses XI	Tentamun	Psusennes I, Masharta, Menkheperre	Mutnedjmet, Maatkare, Henuttawy^[177]		-
	Isetemkheb		-	-	-	-	-	-
	Tentnabehenu		-	-	-	Nauny	-	-
	Tayuheret	Masaharta	-	-	-	-	TT320^[178]	-
	Djedmutesankh	Djedkhonsuefankh	-	-	-	-	MMA 60^[179]	-
	Isetemkheb	Menkheperre	Psusennes I	Wiay	Pinedjem II, Smendes II, Pasebkhanut ,Hori	Isetemkheb, Henuttawy, Meryetamun, Gautseshen	-	-
	Henuttawy	Smendes II	Menkheperre	Isetemkheb	-	Isetemkheb	MMA 60	-
	Tahentdjehuty		-	-	-	Neskhons	-	-
	Isetemkheb	Pinedjem II	Menkheperre	Isetemkheb	Psusennes II	Harweben, Henuttawy	TT320^[180]	-
	Neskhons		Smendes II	Tahentdjehuty	Tjanefer, Masaharta	Itawy, Nesitanebetashru		-

Twenty-second Dynasty (c. 943 - 720 BC)

Picture	Name	Spouse	Father	Mother	Sons	Daughters	Burial Place	Notes
	Karomama (I)	Shoshenq I	-	-	Osorkon I	-	-	-
	Patareshnes		-	-	Nimlot	-	-	-
	Maatkare	Osorkon I^[181]	Psusennes II	-	Shoshenq^[182]	-	-	-
	Tashedkhonsu		-	-	Takelot I	-	-	-
	Shepensopdet		-	-	Osorkon	-	-	-
	Nesitaudjatakhet	Shoshenq II	-	-	Osorkon	-	-	-
	Nesitanebetashru		-	-	Harsiese	-	-	-
	Kapes	Takelot I	-	-	Osorkon II	-	-	-
	Karomama (II)	Osorkon II^[183]	Takelot I	-	Shoshenq Hornakht	Tashakheper Karomama [Ta?]iirmer	-	Known as Karomama I.
	Isetemkheb		-	-	-	Tjesbastperu	-	-
	Djedmutesankh		-	-	Nimlot	-	-	-
	Djedbastiusankh	Shoshenq III^[184]	-	-	Takelot	-	-	-
	Tadibast II		-	-	Bakennefi	-	-	-
	Tentamenopet		-	-	-	Ankhenesshoshenq	-	-
	Tjesbastperu ^[185]		Osorkon II	-	-	-	-	-
	Tadibast III	Shoshenq V (?)^[186]	-	-	Osorkon IV	-	-	-

Twenty-third Dynasty (c. 837 - 720 BC)

Picture	Name	Spouse	Father	Mother	Sons	Daughters	Burial Place	Notes
	Karomama (III)	Takelot II^[187] ^[188]	Nimlot (High Priest of Amun)	Tentsepeh	Osorkon III^[189]	-	Thebes?	Granddaughter of Osorkon II. Known as Karomama II.
	Tashep		-	-	Nimlot	-	-	-
	Tabeketenasket		-	-	-	Isetweret	-	-
	Tentsai	Osorkon III	-	-	Takelot III	-	-	-
	Karoadjet		-	-	-	-	-	-
	Irtiubast	Takelot III	Osorkon III (?)	-	Osorkon	-	-	-
	Kakat		-	-	-	Irbastwedjanefu^[190]	-	-
	Betjet		-	-	-	-	-	-

Twenty-fourth Dynasty (c. 732 - 720 BC)

No known Queens from this dynasty.

Twenty-fifth Dynasty (Nubian Dynasty) (c. 760 - 656 BC)

Picture	Name	Spouse	Father	Mother	Sons	Daughters	Burial Place	Notes
	Pebatjma	Kashta^[191]	-	-	Piye,^[192] Shabaka	Khensa, Peksater, Amenirdis I, Neferukakashta (?)	-	-
	Tabiry	Piye^[193]	Alara of Nubia	Kasaqa	-	-	Pyramid Ku53 in El-Kurru, Nubia^[194]	-
	Abar		-	-	Taharqa	-	Nuri, Tomb 35 (?)^[195]	Niece of Alara of Nubia.
	Khensa		Kashta	Pebatjma	-	-	El-Kurru Pyramid Ku4	-
	Peksater				-	-	Cemetery D in Abydos	-
	Nefrukekashta			Pebatjma (?)	-	-	El-Kurru Pyramid K.52	-
	Arty	Shebitku^[196]	Piye	-	-	-	El-Kurru Pyramid Ku6^[197]	-
	Qalhata	Shabaka		-	Tantamani	-	El-Kurru Pyramid Ku5	-
	Mesbat ^[198]		-	-	Haremakhet (?)	-	-	-
	Tabekenamun	Taharqa	Piye	-	-	-	-	May be wife of Shabaka.
	Takahatenamun			-	-	-	Tomb 21 at Nuri (?)	-
	Naparaye			-	-	-	El-Kurru Pyramid Ku3	-
	Atakhebasken		-	-	-	-	Nuri Tomb Nu36	-
	Piankharty	Tantamani	-	-	-	-	-	-
	[..]salka		-	-	-	-	-	-
	Malaqaye	Tantamani (?)	-	-	-	-	-	-

Late Period

Twenty-sixth Dynasty (Saite Dynasty) (672 - 525 BC)

Picture	Name	Spouse	Father	Mother	Sons	Daughters	Burial Place	Notes
	Istemabet ^[199]	Necho I	-	-	Psamtik I	-	-	-
	Mehytenweskhet	Psamtik I^[200]	Harsiese (High Priest of Re)	-	Necho II	Nitocris I Meryetneith	Medinet Habu	-
	Khedebneithirbinet I	Necho II	-	-	Psamtik II	-	Sebennytos (?)	-
	Takhuit	Psamtik II^[201]	-	-	Apries	Ankhnesneferibre	Athribis	-
	Tentkheta	Amasis II^[202]	Padineith (Priest of Ptah)	-	Khnum-ib-Re Psamtik III	-	-	-
	Nakhtubasterau		-	-	Pasenenkhonsu Ahmose	-	Giza Tomb LG83	-
	Ladice		Battus III of Cyrene	Pheretima	-	-	-	Married the Pharaoh some time after 548 BC and returned to Cyrene in 525 BC.
	Khetbeneiterboni II ^[203]		Apries	-	-	-	-	-
	Tadiasir		-	-	-	Tashereniset	-	-

Twenty-seventh Dynasty (First Persian Dynasty) (525 - 404 BC)

The Persian kings of Egypt generally ruled the country from afar and thus their wives played little to no part in Egyptian life and culture.^[204] As stated by Egyptologist Joyce Tyldesley, "to all intents and purposes, Egypt was without a queen throughout the 27th and 31st Dynasties".^[204]

Picture	Name	Spouse	Father	Mother	Sons	Daughters	Burial Place	Notes
	Atossa	1) Cambyses^[205] 2) Darius I	Cyrus the Great	Cassandane	With Darius I: Xerxes I, Achaemenes, Masistes, Hystaspes	-	Naqsh-e Rostam	-
	Roxane	Cambyses^[206]		-	-	-	-	A sister of Cambyses according to Herodotus. However, Ctesias does not mention her being a sister of Cambyses.
	Phaidyme	1) Bardiya^[207] 2) Darius I	Otanes	-	-	-	-	-
	Artystone	Darius I	Cyrus the Great	Cassandane	Arsames, Gobryas	Artazostre	-	-
	Parmys		Bardiya	-	Ariomardus	-	-	-
	Phratogune		-	-	Abrokomas, Hyperantes	-	-	-
	Amestris	Xerxes I	Otanes	A sister of Darius	Darius, Hystaspes, Artaxerxes I, Achaemenes	Amytis, Rhodogune	-	-
	Damaspia	Artaxerxes I	-	-	Xerxes II	-	-	-
	Alogyne of Babylon		-	-	Sogdianus	-	-	-
	Cosmartidene of Babylon		-	-	Darius II, Arsites	-	-	-
	Andia of Babylon		-	-	Bogapaeus	Parysatis	-	-
	Parysatis	Darius II	Artaxerxes I	Andia of Babylon	Artaxerxes II, Cyrus, Artostes, Ostanes, Oxendra	Amestris, Stateira	-	-

Twenty-eighth and Twenty-ninth Dynasties (404 - 380 BC)

No known Queens from these dynasties.

Thirty-first Dynasty (Second Persian Dynasty) (343 - 332 BC)

Picture	Name	Spouse	Father	Mother	Sons	Daughters	Burial Place	Notes
	Atossa ^[209]	Artaxerxes III	-	-	Arses	-	-	-
	Stateira I	Darius III	-	-	Ariobarzanes	Stateira II, Drypetis	-	-

Hellenistic Period

Argead Dynasty (332 - 309 BC)

Picture	Name	Spouse	Father	Mother	Sons	Daughters	Burial Place	Notes
	Roxana	Alexander the Great^[210]	Oxyartes of Bactria	-	Alexander IV	-	-	Married Alexander in 327 BC.
	Stateira II		Darius III	Stateira I	-	-	-	Married Alexander in 324 BC.
	Parysatis II		Artaxerxes III	-	-	-	-
	Eurydice II of Macedon	Philip III	Amyntas IV	Cynna	-	-	-	-

Ptolemaic Dynasty (305 - 30 BC)

Most Queens of this dynasty starting with Arsinoe II held power as co-rulers with their husbands. Below is a list of consorts who are not known to have held power as co-rulers.

Picture	Name	Spouse	Father	Mother	Sons	Daughters	Burial Place	Notes
	Eurydice	Ptolemy I^[211]	Antipater	-	Ptolemy Keraunos, Meleager, Agathocles (?), Argeus (?)	Ptolemais, Lysandra	-
	Berenice I		Magas of Macedon	Antigone of Macedon	Ptolemy II	Arsinoe II, Philotera	-	-
	Arsinoe I	Ptolemy II	Lysimachus	Nicaea of Macedon	Ptolemy III, Lysimachus	Berenice	-	Exiled to Coptos by Ptolemy II.
	Cleopatra Selene	1) Ptolemy IX^[212] 2) Ptolemy X	Ptolemy VIII	Cleopatra III	-	-	-	Unlike most Queens of this period, she was not made co-ruler due to the influence of her mother Cleopatra III. After Ptolemy IX was driven out of Egypt by his mother in 107 BC, Cleopatra Selene married her brother Ptolemy X. In 102 BC, she was forced by her mother to divorce Ptolemy X and marry Antiochus VIII of the Seleucid Empire to seal an alliance. She is sometimes named Cleopatra V due to the general confusion over the numbering of the queens named Cleopatra.
	Seleucus VII Philometor	Berenice IV	Antiochus X Eusebes^[213]	Cleopatra Selene	-	-	-	Murdered on the orders of Berenice IV after a few days of marriage. While he was technically a co-regent with Berenice, he is usually not included on Lists of Pharaohs.
	Archelaus ^[214]		Archelaus (General)	-	-	-	-	While there is a possibility he was a co-regent, there is no confirmed proof of this.
	Mark Antony	Cleopatra VII^[215]	Marcus Antonius Creticus	Julia	Alexander Helios, Ptolemy Philadelphus	Cleopatra Selene II	-	-

Notes

• A Thutmose III and Hatshepsut-Meryetre had two daughters named Meritamen.^[124]

See also

• Great Royal Wife
• God's Wife of Amun
• List of pharaohs
• List of Roman and Byzantine empresses  - Consorts of the Roman and Byzantine emperors who ruled Egypt from 30 B.C. to 642.
• List of consorts of the Muhammad Ali dynasty  - Egyptian royal consorts from 1805 to 1953.

Further reading

• Book: The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt. Dodson. Aidan. Hilton. Dyan. Thames & Hudson. 2010. 978-0-500-28857-3. United Kingdom.
• Book: Tyldesley, Joyce. Chronicle of the Queens of Egypt. Thames & Hudson. 2006. 0-500-05145-3. United Kingdom.

Notes and References

1. Book: Tyldesley, Joyce. Chronicle of the Queens of Egypt. Thames & Hudson. 2006. 0-500-05145-3. United Kingdom. 16.
2. Book: Tyldesley, Joyce. Chronicle of the Queens of Egypt. Thames & Hudson. 2006. 0-500-05145-3. United Kingdom. 16–17.
3. Book: Tyldesley, Joyce. Chronicle of the Queens of Egypt. Thames & Hudson. 2006. 0-500-05145-3. United Kingdom. 17.
4. Book: Tyldesley, Joyce. Chronicle of the Queens of Egypt. Thames & Hudson. 2006. 0-500-05145-3. United Kingdom. 18.
5. Cledat, op. cit. 1914 fig. 5; Kaiser-Dreyer, M.D.A.I.K. 38, 1982 marke 12.
6. Book: Tyldesley, Joyce. Chronicle of the Queens of Egypt. Thames & Hudson. 2006. 0-500-05145-3. United Kingdom. 26.
7. Book: Tyldesley, Joyce. Chronicle of the Queens of Egypt. Thames & Hudson. 2006. 0-500-05145-3. United Kingdom. 29.
8. B. Porter and R.L.B. Moss. Topographical Bibliography of Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphic Texts, Reliefs, and Paintings, V. Upper Egypt: Sites. Oxford, 1937, pg 88,89
9. Book: The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt. Dodson. Aidan. Hilton. Dyan. Thames & Hudson. 2010. 978-0-500-28857-3. United Kingdom. 46.
10. Wolfgang Helck: Untersuchungen zur Thinitenzeit (= Ägyptologische Abhandlungen. Bd. 45). Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 1987,, p. 119 & 154.
11. Book: Baker, Darrell D.. Encyclopedia of the Pharaohs Volume 1: Predynastic to the Twentieth Dynasty 3300-1069 BC. The American University in Cairo Press. 2008. 978-977-416-221-3. Egypt. 95.
12. Book: Tyldesley, Joyce. Chronicle of the Queens of Egypt. Thames & Hudson. 2006. 0-500-05145-3. United Kingdom. 33.
13. Book: Tyldesley, Joyce. Chronicle of the Queens of Egypt. Thames & Hudson. 2006. 0-500-05145-3. United Kingdom. 34.
14. Grajetski Ancient Egyptian Queens: a hieroglyphic dictionary Golden House Publications, pg. 4-5
15. Book: Helck, Wolfgang . Untersuchungen zur Thinitenzeit . 1987 . O. Harrassowitz . 3-447-02677-4 . Wiesbaden . 18095816.
16. Web site: Women in Power: BC 4500-1000 . Worldwide Guide to Women in Leadership . January 25, 2020 . Christensen . Martin, K. I. . July 27, 2007.
17. Book: Tyldesley, Joyce. Chronicle of the Queens of Egypt. Thames & Hudson. 2006. 0-500-05145-3. United Kingdom. 38.
18. Book: The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt. Dodson. Aidan. Hilton. Dyan. Thames & Hudson. 2010. 978-0-500-28857-3. United Kingdom. 48.
19. Wolfgang Helck: Untersuchungen zur Thinitenzeit. Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 1987,, pp 108, 117.
20. Günter Dreyer: Drei archaisch-hieratische Gefässaufschriften mit Jahresnamen aus Elephantine. In: G. Dreyer, J. Osing (Hrsg.): Form und Maß - Beiträge zur Literatur, Sprache und Kunst des Alten Ägypten. (= Festschrift G. Fecht). Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 1987, p. 98-109.
21. Aidan Dodson, Monarchs of the Nile, American Univ in Cairo Press, 2000, p 26 Google Books Link
22. Book: The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt. Dodson. Aidan. Hilton. Dyan. Thames & Hudson. 2010. 978-0-500-28857-3. United Kingdom. 51.
23. Book: Tyldesley, Joyce. Chronicle of the Queens of Egypt. Thames & Hudson. 2006. 0-500-05145-3. United Kingdom. 45.
24. Book: The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt. Dodson. Aidan. Hilton. Dyan. Thames & Hudson. 2010. 978-0-500-28857-3. United Kingdom. 52.
25. Book: Tyldesley, Joyce. Chronicle of the Queens of Egypt. Thames & Hudson. 2006. 0-500-05145-3. United Kingdom. 48.
26. Book: The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt. Dodson. Aidan. Hilton. Dyan. Thames & Hudson. 2010. 978-0-500-28857-3. United Kingdom. 55.
27. Book: The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt. Dodson. Aidan. Hilton. Dyan. Thames & Hudson. 2010. 978-0-500-28857-3. United Kingdom. 53.
28. Book: The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt. Dodson. Aidan. Hilton. Dyan. Thames & Hudson. 2010. 978-0-500-28857-3. United Kingdom. 52–53.
29. Book: The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt. Dodson. Aidan. Hilton. Dyan. Thames & Hudson. 2010. 978-0-500-28857-3. United Kingdom. 61.
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67. Book: Tyldesley, Joyce. Chronicle of the Queens of Egypt. Thames & Hudson. 2006. 0-500-05145-3. United Kingdom. 59.
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78. Margaret Bunson: Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, Infobase Publishing, 2009,, available online, see p. 181
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126. Book: The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt. Dodson. Aidan. Hilton. Dyan. Thames & Hudson. 2010. 978-0-500-28857-3. United Kingdom. 138.
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170. Book: Tyldesley, Joyce. Chronicle of the Queens of Egypt. Thames & Hudson. 2006. 0-500-05145-3. United Kingdom. 179.
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174. Book: The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt. Dodson. Aidan. Hilton. Dyan. Thames & Hudson. 2010. 978-0-500-28857-3. United Kingdom. 208.
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197. Book: The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt. Dodson. Aidan. Hilton. Dyan. Thames & Hudson. 2010. 978-0-500-28857-3. United Kingdom. 238.
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201. Book: Tyldesley, Joyce. Chronicle of the Queens of Egypt. Thames & Hudson. 2006. 0-500-05145-3. United Kingdom. 186.
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203. Web site: Amasis . Livius . 1 October 2020.
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