List of African-American visual artists explained

This list of African-American visual artists is a list that includes dates of birth and death of historically recognized African-American fine artists known for the creation of artworks that are primarily visual in nature, including traditional media such as painting, sculpture, photography, and printmaking, as well as more recent genres, including installation art, performance art, body art, conceptual art, video art, and digital art. The entries are in alphabetical order by surname.

Artists

A–B

• Panteha Abareshi (born 1999), multidisciplinary artist
• Nina Chanel Abney (born 1982), painter
• Blanch Ackers (1914–2003), painter
• Terry Adkins (1953–2014), artist
• Mequitta Ahuja (born 1976), painter, installation artist
• Larry D. Alexander (born 1953), painter
• Laylah Ali (born 1968), painter
• Jules T. Allen (born 1947), photographer
• Tina Allen (1949–2008), sculptor
• Steve R. Allen (born 1954), painter
• Charles Alston (1907–1977), painter
• Amalia Amaki (born 1959), artist
• Emma Amos (1938–2020), painter
• Benny Andrews (1930–2006), painter
• Edgar Arceneaux (born 1972), drawing artist
• Nellie Ashford (born c. 1943), folk artist^[1]
• James Atkins (born 1941), painter
• Roland Ayers (1932–2014), printmaker
• Radcliffe Bailey (born 1968) collage, sculpture^{[2] [3]}
• Kyle Baker (born 1965), cartoonist
• Matt Baker (1921–1959), comic book artist
• James Presley Ball (1825–1904), photographer
• Alvin Baltrop (1948–2004), photographer
• Henry Bannarn (1910–1965), painter
• Edward Mitchell Bannister (1828–1901), painter
• Ernie Barnes (1938–2009), neo-Mannerist artist
• Richmond Barthé (1901–1989), sculptor
• Jean-Michel Basquiat (1960–1988), painter
• C. M. Battey (1873–1927), photographer
• Romare Bearden (1911–1988), painter
• Arthello Beck (1941–2004), painter
• Arthur P. Bedou (1882–1966), photographer
• Darrin Bell (born 1975), cartoonist
• Mary A. Bell (1873–1941)
• Dawoud Bey (born 1953), photographer
• Sharif Bey (born 1974), ceramist
• John T. Biggers (1924–2001), muralist
• Sanford Biggers (born 1970), interdisciplinary
• Gene Bilbrew (1923–1974), cartoonist and fetish artist
• Camille Billops (1933–2019), filmmaker, sculptor, painter, printmaker
• McArthur Binion (born 1946), painter
• Robert Blackburn (1920–2003), master printmaker, lithographer, and educator^[4]
• Thomas Blackshear (born 1955)
• Betty Blayton (1937–2016), painter, printmaker
• Chakaia Booker (born 1953), sculptor
• Edythe Boone (born 1938), muralist
• Charles Boyce (born 1949), cartoonist
• Tina Williams Brewer, fiber artist^[5]
• James Brantley (born 1945), painter
• Mark Bradford (born 1961)
• Elenora "Rukiya" Brown, doll creator
• Elmer Brown (1909–1971)
• Frank J. Brown (1956–2020), sculptor
• Frederick J. Brown (1945–2012), painter
• Larry Poncho Brown (born 1962)
• Manuelita Brown, sculptor
• Robert Brown (c. 1936 – 2007), cartoonist
• Beverly Buchanan (1940–2015), painter, sculptor
• Selma Burke (1900–1995), sculptor
• Calvin Burnett (1921–2007), book illustrator
• Pauline Powell Burns (1872–1912), painter
• John Bush (?–1754), powder horn carver
• Bisa Butler (born 1973), quilter
• Robert Butler (1943–2014), painter

C–D

• Frank Calloway (1915–2014)
• E. Simms Campbell (1906–1971), cartoonist
• Allen 'Big Al' Carter (1947–2008)
• Fred Carter (1938–2023), cartoonist
• Bernie Casey (1939–2017), painter
• Elizabeth Catlett (1915–2012), sculptor and printmaker
• Nick Cave (born 1959), performance artist
• Michael Ray Charles (born 1967), painter
• Barbara Chase-Riboud (born 1936), sculptor
• Jamour Chames (born 1989), painter
• Don Hogan Charles (1938–2017), photographer
• Caitlin Cherry (born 1987), painter and sculptor
• Claude Clark (1915–2001), painter and printmaker
• Edward Clark (1926–2019), painter
• Sonya Clark (born 1967), textile and multimedia artist
• Willie Cole (born 1955), painter
• Robert Colescott (1925–2009), painter
• Eldzier Cortor (1916–2015), artist and printmaker
• Pamela Council (born 1986), multidisciplinary artist, sculptor
• Ernest Crichlow (1914–2005), social realist artist
• Allan Crite (1910–2007), painter
• Njideka Akunyili Crosby (born 1983), painter
• Emilio Cruz (1938–2004), painter
• Frank E. Cummings III (born 1938), woodworker
• Michael Cummings (born 1945), textile artist
• Ulysses Davis (1913–1990), sculptor
• Bing Davis (born 1937), potter and graphic artist
• Charles C. Dawson (1889–1981) illustrator, painter, and printmaker
• Roy DeCarava (1919–2009), photographer
• Beauford Delaney (1901–1979), painter
• Joseph Delaney (1904–1991)
• Nadine M. DeLawrence (1953–1992), American sculptor and installation artist^[6]
• Xiomara De Oliver (born 1967), Canadian-born American painter.^[7]
• Woody De Othello (born 1991), ceramicist, painter
• Rosetta DeBerardinis, painter
• Louis Delsarte (1944–2020), artist
• Cheryl Derricotte, glass artist, printmaker
• Joseph Clinton Devillis (1878–1912), painter
• Thornton Dial (1928–2016)
• Terry Dixon (born 1969), painter and multimedia artist
• Jeff Donaldson (1932–2004), painter and critic
• Aaron Douglas (1899–1979), painter
• Emory Douglas (born 1943), Black Panther artist
• John E. Dowell Jr. (born 1941), printmaker, etcher, lithographer, and painter
• David Driskell (1931–2020), artist and scholar
• Robert Seldon Duncanson (1821–1872), Hudson River School
• Edward Dwight (born 1933) sculptor, painter, author

E–H

• Walter Edmonds (1938–2011), muralist
• William Edmondson (1874–1951), folk art sculptor
• Allan L. Edmunds (born 1949), printmaker
• Mel Edwards (born 1937), sculptor
• Janiva Ellis (born 1987), painter
• Walter Ellison (1899–1977), painter
• Minnie Evans (1892–1987), folk artist
• Lola Flash (born 1959), photographer
• Halim Flowers (born 1980), street artist
• LaToya Ruby Frazier (born 1982), photographer
• Meta Vaux Warrick Fuller (1877–1968), artist
• George Gadson, artist and sculptor
• Ellen Gallagher (born 1965)
• Reginald Gammon (1921–2005), painter, printmaker, activist
• Melvino Garretti (born 1946)^[8]
• Theaster Gates (born 1973), sculptor, ceramicist, and performance artist
• Reginald K (Kevin) Gee (born 1964), painter
• Herbert Gentry (1919–2003), painter
• Wilda Gerideau-Squires (born 1946), photographer
• Robert A. Gilbert (c. 1870 – 1942), nature photographer^[9]
• Leah Gilliam (born 1967), media artist and filmmaker
• Sam Gilliam (1933–2022), painter
• Russell T. Gordon (1936–2013), printmaker
• Rex Goreleigh (1902–1986), painter, educator
• Billy Graham (1935–1999), comic book artist
• Lonnie Graham, photographer and installation artist
• Deborah Grant (born 1968), painter
• Todd Gray (born 1954), photographer, installation and performance artist
• Leamon Green (born 1959)
• Renee Green (born 1959), installation artist
• Mario Gully, comic book artist
• Tyree Guyton (born 1955)
• Ed Hamilton (born 1947), sculptor
• Patrick Earl Hammie (born 1981), painter
• David Hammons (born 1943), artist
• Trenton Doyle Hancock (born 1974)
• Austin Hansen (1910–1996), photographer
• John Wesley Hardrick (1891–1948), painter
• Edwin Harleston (1882–1931), painter
• Elise Forrest Harleston (1891–1970), photographer
• Jerry Harris (1945–2016), sculptor
• John T. Harris (1908–1972), painter, printmaker, educator
• Kira Lynn Harris (born 1963), multidisciplinary^[10]
• Lawrence Harris (born 1937), painter
• Ilana Harris-Babou (born 1991), sculptor and installation artist^[11]
• Marren Hassenger (born 1947), sculptor, installation, performance^[12]
• Palmer Hayden (1893–1973), painter
• Donté K. Hayes (b. 1975), ceramicist
• Barkley Hendricks (1945–2017), painter
• Nestor Hernández (1961–2006), photographer
• George Herriman (1880–1944), cartoonist
• LaToya M. Hobbs (born 1988) printmaker, painter, mixed media artist ^[13]
• Alvin Hollingsworth (1928–2000), illustrator, painter
• Humbert Howard (1905 or 1915–1990), painter, ceramicist
• William Howard (active 19th century), American woodworker and craftsman
• Bryce Hudson (born 1979), painter, sculptor
• Julien Hudson (1811–1844), painter, sculptor
• David Huffman (born 1963), painter^[14]
• Edward Ellis Hughes (1940–2017), painter
• Richard Hunt (1935–2023), sculptor
• Clementine Hunter (1886/7–1988), folk artist

J–O

• Wadsworth Jarrell (born 1929), painter, sculptor
• Oliver Lee Jackson (born 1935), painter, sculptor, printmaker, educator
• Suzanne Jackson, artist, gallery owner
• Tomashi Jackson (born 1980), multimedia artist, painter, videographer, textile-maker and sculptor^[15]
• Steffani Jemison (born 1981), performance artist, video artist
• Wilmer Angier Jennings (1910–1990), printmaker, painter, jeweler
• Annette P. Jimerson (born 1966), painter
• Joshua Johnson (c. 1763 – c. 1824), portrait painter and folk artist
• LeRoy Johnson (1937–1922), multidisciplinary artist
• Malvin Gray Johnson (1896–1934), painter
• Martina Johnson-Allen (born 1947), painter, sculptor, and printmaker, educator
• Rashid Johnson (born 1977), conceptual artist
• Sargent Johnson (1888–1967), sculptor
• William H. Johnson (1902–1970)
• Calvin B. Jones (1934–2010), painter, muralist
• Ida E. Jones, painter
• Jennie C. Jones (born 1968), multidisciplinary
• Lois Mailou Jones (1905–1998), painter
• Lawrence A. Jones (1910–1996), artist, teacher
• Samuel Levi Jones (born 1978), painter, assemblage artist
• Seitu Jones (born 1951), multidisciplinary, sculptor
• Eddie Jack Jordan (1925–1999), artist, teacher
• Ronald Joseph (1910–1992), artist, teacher, and printmaker
• Titus Kaphar (born 1976), painter^[16]
• Richard Gordon Kendall (1933–2008), Texas-based outsider artist
• Autumn Knight (born 1980), interdisciplinary artist working with performance, installation, and text^[17]
• Gwendolyn Knight (1914–2005), artist
• Jacob Lawrence (1917–2000), painter
• Deana Lawson (born 1979), photographer^[18]
• Carolyn Lazard (born 1987), conceptual artist
• Hughie Lee-Smith (1915–1999), artist
• Simone Leigh (born 1967), sculpture, ceramics
• Edmonia Lewis (c. 1843 – 1879), artist
• Nate Lewis (born 1985), visual artist
• Norman Lewis (1909–1979), painter
• Joe Louis Light (1934–2005), painter and sculptor
• Glenn Ligon (born 1960), painter
• James Little (born 1952), painter, curator
• Willie Little (born 1961), multimedia artist, painter, sculptor, author
• Llanakila, artist, painter, digital illustrator, and digital artist
• Edward L. Loper, Sr. (1916–2011), painter
• Whitfield Lovell (born 1960), artist
• Alvin D. Loving (1935–2005), artist
• Eric N. Mack (born 1987), painter, multi-media installation artist, and sculptor^[19]
• Gwendolyn Ann Magee (1943–2011), artist, quilter^[20]
• Clarence Major (born 1936), painter
• Ajuan Mance, visual artist, professor^[21]
• Kerry James Marshall (born 1955), painter
• Eugene J. Martin (1938–2005), painter
• Louise Martin (1911–1995), photographer
• Percy Martin, printmaker
• Richard Mayhew (born 1934), Afro-Native American, landscape painter^[22]
• Valerie Maynard (1937–2022), sculptor, printmaker, painter
• Ealy Mays (born 1959), painter
• Lester Julian Merriweather (born 1978) collagist, painter
• William McBride (artist) (1912–2000), artist, designer and collector
• Howard McCalebb (born 1947), artist
• Hugo McCloud (born 1980), visual artist
• Corky McCoy, illustrator
• Charles McGee, (1924–2021) painter
• Charles McGill (1964–2017), artist, educator
• Julie Mehretu (born 1970), painter, printmaker
• Troy Michie (born 1985), collage artist, painter, interdisciplinary installation artist, and sculptor
• Nicole Miller (born 1982), video artist
• Joe Minter (born 1943) sculptor, creator of African Village in America^[23]
• Dean Mitchell (born 1957), painter
• Evangeline Montgomery, metal art, printmaker
• Scipio Moorhead (active 1770s), painter
• Barbara Tyson Mosley (born 1950), abstract painter^[24]
• Charles Franklin Moss (1878–1961), photographer and painter
• Archibald Motley (1891–1981), painter
• Zora J. Murff (born 1987), photographer
• Wangechi Mutu (born 1972) painter, sculptor
• Gus Nall (1919–1995), painter
• Senga Nengudi (born 1943), sculptor, performance artist
• Harold Newton (1934–1994), artist
• Lorraine O'Grady (born 1934), conceptual artist
• Turtel Onli (born 1952), cartoonist
• Jackie Ormes (1911–1985), cartoonist
• John Outterbridge (1933–2020), assemblage artist
• Joe Overstreet (1933–2019), artist

P–S

• Jennifer Packer (born 1985), painter
• Norman Parish, painter, muralist and art dealer
• Gordon Parks (1912–2006), photographer, director
• Sandra Payne (1951–2021), collagist, sculptor, conceptual artist
• Cecelia Pedescleaux (born 1945), quilter
• Janet Taylor Pickett (born 1948), mixed media artist
• Delilah Pierce (1904–1992), artist
• Earle M. Pilgrim (1923–1976), artist
• Howardena Pindell (born 1943), painter
• Jefferson Pinder, performance
• Jerry Pinkney (1939–2021), illustrator
• Adrian Piper (born 1948), conceptual artist
• Rose Piper (1917–2005), painter and textile designer^[25]
• Horace Pippin (1888–1946), painter
• William Pleasant Jr. (1928-1997), painter
• P. H. Polk (1898–1984), photographer
• Stephanie Pogue (1944–2002), printmaker
• Carl Robert Pope (born 1961), photographer
• William Pope.L (born 1955) conceptual artist
• Charles Ethan Porter (1847/49–1923) painter
• Harriet Powers (1837–1910), folk artist
• Walter Price (artist) (born 1989), painter
• Martin Puryear (born 1941), sculptor
• Mavis Pusey (1928–2019), abstract painter
• Bob Ragland (1938–2021), painter and sculptor
• Patrick H. Reason (1816–1898)
• Earle Wilton Richardson (1912–1935), artist
• Taft Richardson Jr. (1943–2008), folk artist
• Faith Ringgold (born 1930), painter
• Haywood Rivers (1922–2001), painter
• Amber Robles-Gordon, installation artist
• Deborah Roberts, (born 1962), collage artist
• Arthur Rose Sr. (1921–1995), multidisciplinary
• Bayeté Ross Smith (born 1976), photographer
• Susan Smith-Pinelo, video, performance
• Alison Saar (born 1956), artist
• Betye Saar (born 1926), artist
• Synthia Saint James (born 1949) painter
• Charles L. Sallée Jr. (1923–2006), painter^[26]
• Reginald Sanders (1921–2001), visual artist
• Raymond Saunders (born 1934), painter
• Augusta Savage (1892–1962), sculptor
• Dread Scott (born 1965), performance, photography, installation, screen-printing and video
• John T. Scott (1940–2007), artist
• Joyce J. Scott (born 1948), sculptor
• Lorenzo Scott (born 1934), painter
• William Edouard Scott (1884–1964), painter
• Charles Searles (1937–2004), painter, sculptor
• Charles Sebree (1914–1985), painter
• Gail Shaw-Clemons, printmaker, educator
• Thomas Sills (1914–2000), painter
• Gary Simmons (born 1964), artist
• Lorna Simpson (born 1960), artist
• Merton Simpson (1928–2013), painter
• William Simpson (1818–1872), portrait painter
• Ferrari Sheppard (born 1983), painter
• Amy Sherald (born 1973), painter
• Carroll Sockwell (1943–1992), abstract painter^[27]
• Jeff Sonhouse (born 1968), painter
• Cauleen Smith (born 1967), filmmaker
• Leslie Smith III (born 1985), painter
• Vincent D. Smith (1929–2003), painter and printmaker^{[28] [29]}
• William E. Smith (1913–1997), painter and printmaker
• Gilda Snowden (1954–2014)
• Mitchell Squire (born 1958), American installation artist, sculptor and performance artist
• Raymond Steth (1916–1997)
• Renee Stout (born 1958), artist
• Lou Stovall, printmaker
• Thelma Johnson Streat (1911–1959), American painter, dancer, educator
• Martine Syms (born 1988), artist

T–Z

• Henry Ossawa Tanner (1859–1937), artist
• Ron Tarver (born 1957), photographer, artist, and educator
• Mary Lee Tate (1893–1939), painter, decorative artist
• U.S. Grant Tayes (1885–1972), painter, barber, musician, columnist, and educator^[30]
• Margaret Taylor-Burroughs (1915–2010)
• Alma Thomas (1891–1978), painter
• Hank Willis Thomas (born 1976), photographer
• Mickalene Thomas (born 1971), painter and installation artist
• Bob Thompson (1937–1966), painter
• Mildred Thompson (1935–2003), abstract painter, printmaker and sculptor
• Dox Thrash (1892–1962), printmaker, sculptor
• Bill Traylor (1856–1949)
• Henry Taylor (born 1958), painter
• Yvonne Edwards Tucker (born 1941), potter^[31]
• Adejoke Tugbiyele (born 1977), sculptor, multidisciplinary artist^[32]
• Morrie Turner (1923–2014), cartoonist
• James Van Der Zee (1886–1983), photographer
• Kara Walker (born 1969), artist
• William Walker (1927–2011), Chicago muralist
• Eugene Warburg, (1825–1859), sculptor
• Laura Wheeler Waring (1887–1948), painter
• E. M. Washington (born 1962), printmaker and counterfeiter
• Cullen Washington, Jr. (born 1972), abstract painter^[33]
• James W. Washington, Jr. (1908–2000), painter and sculptor
• Howard N. Watson (1929–2022), watercolor painter
• Richard J. Watson (born 1946), painter, printmaker
• Lewis Watts
• Carrie Mae Weems (born 1953), photographer
• Joyce Wellman (born 1949), painter, printmaker
• Pheoris West (1950–2021)
• Charles Wilbert White (1918–1979), muralist
• Fo Wilson, interdisciplinary artist and designer
• Jack Whitten (1939–2018), painter
• Kehinde Wiley (born 1977), painter
• Gerald Williams (artist) (born 1941), painter
• William T. Williams (born 1942), painter
• Deborah Willis (born 1948), photographer
• Ellis Wilson (1899–1977), painter
• Fred Wilson (born 1954), conceptual artist
• Wilmer Wilson IV, performance, photographer
• John Woodrow Wilson (1922–2015), sculptor
• Beulah Woodard (1895–1955), sculptor
• Hale Woodruff (1900–1980), painter
• Richard Wyatt, Jr. (born 1955), painter, muralist
• Richard Yarde (1939–2011), watercolorist
• Joseph Yoakum (1890–1972), self-taught landscape artist
• Kenneth Victor Young (1933–2017), painter, designer, educator^[34]
• Purvis Young (1943–2010), artist

Artist groups

• The Highwaymen
• AfriCOBRA
• Where We At
• Spiral (arts alliance)

See also

• Harlem Renaissance
• African-American art
• The Quilts of Gees Bend
• Black Arts Movement
• List of American artists before 1900
• List of American artists 1900 and after

Notes and References

1. Web site: Nellie Ashford among 5 artists selected for art installations at Charlotte Douglas Airport. 2018-04-10. CLTure. en-US. 2019-12-24.
2. News: Sheets. Hilarie M.. In the Picture: Atlanta, Africa and the Past. 20 December 2017. The New York Times. June 30, 2011.
3. KOSLOW MILLER. FRANCINE. Radcliffe Bailey. Artforum. Summer 2012. 50. 10. 20 December 2017.
4. Book: Parris. Nina G. Through a master printer: Robert Blackburn and the Printmaking Workshop.. Columbia Museum of Art. Arkansas Arts Center. Mississippi Museum of Art. 1985. Columbia Museum. Columbia, S.C.. English. 14693839.
5. News: Homewood Artist's 'Fragments' Looks at Cultures in Our World. Shaw. Kurt. 7 September 2014. Pittsburgh Tribune Review. subscription . 30 March 2016. EBSCO.
6. Web site: 1992-11-28 . Nadine M. Delawrence, 39; Artist Exhibited Internationally . 2023-06-12 . . en-US.
7. Web site: De Oliver, Xiomara. 2021-08-20. Le Delarge -Le dictionnaire des arts plastiques modernes et contemporains. fr.
8. Web site: Spring Art Show: Melvino Garretti. Troupe. Margaret Porter. 2014-04-11. Harlem Arts Salon. en-US. 2020-01-15.
9. Book: Mitchell, John Hanson. Looking for Mr. Gilbert: The Unlikely Life of the First African American Landscape Photographer. 28 November 2017. 2014-08-12. Open Road Distribution. 9781497672826. 100–.
10. Web site: The Artist's Voice: Kira Lynn Harris In Conversation with Lauren Haynes. The Studio Museum in Harlem. April 2, 2015.
11. News: The Whitney Biennial: 75 Artists Are In, and One Dissenter Steps Out. Steinhauer. Jillian. 2019-02-25. The New York Times. 2019-03-21. en-US. 0362-4331.
12. Web site: Maren Hassinger. YBCA. Yerba Buena Center for the Arts. March 14, 2016.
13. Web site: LaToya M. Hobbs . www.latoyamhobbs.com.
14. Murray. Derek Conrad. David Huffman. Art in America. 2012. April 6. April 2, 2015.
15. Web site: Rhythm and Blues: Tomashi Jackson by Cora Fisher – BOMB Magazine. bombmagazine.org. 2019-03-21.
16. Web site: Titus Kaphar's Time Magazine Commission. International Review of African American Art. March 15, 2016.
17. Web site: Workshop fluid with Artist Autumn Knight. Contemporary Arts Museum Houston. en-US. 2019-03-21.
18. Web site: Deana Lawson. Lewis Center for the Arts. en-US. 2016-03-31. https://web.archive.org/web/20170504005534/http://arts.princeton.edu/people/profiles/deanal/. May 4, 2017. dead.
19. News: Meet the Mixed-Media Painter Inspired by Lil' Kim. Sargent. Antwaun. 2018-04-09. The New York Times. 2019-03-21. en-US. 0362-4331.
20. Moye, Dorothy, "Lift Every Voice and Sing: The Quilts of Gwendolyn Ann Magee" Southern Spaces, September 11, 2014.
21. Web site: An Oakland artist drew 1,001 portraits of black men. Robertson. Michelle. SFGATE. 2017-11-01. SFGate. 2020-01-03.
22. Web site: Richard Mayhew. Smithsonian American Art Museum. en. 2018-03-03.
23. News: Joe Minter's African Village in America. Tortorello. Michael. 2013-04-24. The New York Times. 2019-03-21. en-US. 0362-4331.
24. Web site: Barbara Tyson-Mosley. 2021-02-04. National Gallery of Art.
25. News: African American Fine Art Auction. 2014-11-11. Tyler Fine Art. 128. 2017-01-25. issuu.
26. Web site: Artist Charles L. Sallee Jr. remembered; his artwork is on display in Beachwood. cleveland.com. December 9, 2011. April 19, 2018.
27. Book: Jet. 1971-03-04. Johnson Publishing Company. 14. en. Artist's Black Painting Praised By D.C. Critic.
28. Book: Sirmans, M. Franklin. Smith, Vincent (Dacosta). St. James Guide to Black Artists. 1997. 1558622209. Detroit.
29. News: Vincent Smith, 74, Painter Who Portrayed Black Life. Smothers. Ronald. 2004-01-03. The New York Times. 2017-05-23. 0362-4331.
30. Web site: U.S. Grant Tayes . 2023-12-27 . Missouri Remembers . en.
31. Web site: Artisans Shape Visions of Black History, Culture. Copelon. Dianne. 1996-02-11. Orlando Sentinel. en-US. 2020-05-14.
32. Web site: Preece. Robert. 2020-09-23. Beyond Physicality: A Conversation with Adejoke Tugbiyele. 2021-11-30. Sculpture. en-US.
33. News: McQuaid. Cate. 2009-12-23. Behind the mask of 'Hero's'. Boston.com. 2021-09-05.
34. Book: Powell. Richard J.. African American Art: Harlem Renaissance, The Civil Rights Era, and Beyond. Mecklenburg. Virginia McCord. Slowik. Theresa. Skira Rizzoli. Smithsonian American Art Museum. 2012. 978-0847838905.