List of African American newspapers and media outlets explained

This is a list of African American newspapers and media outlets, which is sortable by publication name, city, state, founding date, and extant vs. defunct status. For more detail on a given newspaper, see the linked entries below. See also by state, below on this page, for entries on African American newspapers in each state.

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African-American newspapers!Name
CityStateFoundedClosed
92d BuffaloFort HuachucaArizona1943–1945[1] Defunct
93d Blue HelmetFort HuachucaArizona1942–1943[2] Defunct
AC Phoenix News, TheWinston-SalemNorth Carolina1983[3] Extant
Advance, TheWilmingtonDelaware1899–19?[4] Defunct
AdvocateCharlestonWest Virginia[5] ?Defunct
Advocate, ThePortlandOregon1903–1933Defunct
African ExpositorRaleighNorth Carolina18??–18?[6] Defunct
African-American News and IssuesHoustonTexas1996Extant
Africo-American PresbyterianWilmingtonNorth Carolina1879–1938[7] Defunct
Afro-American Citizen, TheCharlestonSouth Carolina1899–1902[8] Defunct
Afro-American CourierYazoo CityMississippi1926–19?[9] Defunct
Daily RecordWilmingtonNorth Carolina1895–1898[10] [11] Defunct
Aliened American, TheClevelandOhio1852–1856[12] Defunct
American RecordPlattsmouthNebraska1945Extant
Anti-Slavery Bugle, TheNew LisbonOhio1845–1861Defunct
Appeal, TheSaint PaulMinnesota1889–19?[13] Defunct
Arizona Gleam, ThePhoenixArizona1929–193?[14] Defunct
Arizona SunPhoenixArizona1942–196?[15] Defunct
Arizona TribunePhoenixArizona1958–197?[16] Defunct
Atlanta Daily WorldAtlantaGeorgia1928[17] Extant
Baltimore Afro-AmericanBaltimoreMaryland1892Extant
Banner-Enterprise, TheWilmingtonNorth Carolina1883–18?[18] Defunct
Bay State BannerBostonMassachusetts1965Extant
Beacon Journal (later Beacon Digest and West Virginia Beacon Digest)CharlestonWest Virginia1957–Defunct
Bee, TheWashingtonD.C.1882–1884[19] Defunct
Birmingham TimesBirminghamAlabama?Extant
Black ChronicleOklahoma CityOklahoma1979Extant
Black Panther, TheOaklandCalifornia1967–1980Defunct
Palo AltoCalifornia1971–1976?[20] Defunct
Boston GuardianBostonMassachusetts1901–1950sDefunct
BreezeHuntingtonWest Virginia?Defunct
Broad Ax, TheSalt Lake CityUtah1895–19?[21] Defunct
Burning Spear, TheOaklandCalifornia1968Extant
Bystander, TheDes MoinesIowa1916–1922[22] Defunct
California EagleLos AngelesCalifornia1879–1964[23] Defunct
Call, TheKansas CityMissouri1919Extant
Call and PostClevelandOhio1928Extant
Carolina Panorama, TheColumbiaSouth Carolina1986Extant
Carolina Times, TheDurhamNorth Carolina1921Extant
Cayton's MonthlySeattleWashington1921–1921[24] Defunct
Cayton's WeeklySeattleWashington1916–1921[25] Defunct
Century Voice, TheYazoo CityMississippi194?–19?[26] Defunct
Charleston Advocate, TheCharlestonSouth Carolina1867–1868[27] Defunct
Charleston Chronicle, TheCharlestonSouth Carolina1971Extant
Charlotte Post, TheCharlotteNorth Carolina1878Extant
Chattanooga Observer, TheChattanoogaTennessee1927–1962Defunct
Chicago DefenderChicagoIllinois1905Extant
Chicago Whip, TheChicagoIllinois1919–19?[28] Defunct
Chicago WorldChicagoIllinois1918–19?[29] Defunct
Christian BannerPhiladelphiaPennsylvania[30] Defunct
Christian Recorder, ThePittsburghPennsylvania1854Extant
Cincinnati Herald, TheCincinnatiOhio1955Extant
Cleveland Gazette, TheClevelandOhio1883–1945Defunct
Colored American, TheNew York CityNew York1837–1842Defunct
Colored American, TheWashingtonD.C.1893–1904Defunct
Colored Citizen, TheHelenaMontana1894–1894[31] Defunct
Columbus Times, TheColumbusGeorgia1921Extant
Community Citizen, TheNew AlbanyMississippi19??–19?[32] Defunct
Concordia Eagle, TheVidaliaLouisiana1873–1890[33] Defunct
Connecticut ChronicleHartfordConnecticut194?–194?[34] Defunct
Crisis, TheBaltimoreMaryland1910Extant
Afro-American SentinelOmahaNebraska1892Extant
Daily Express, TheDaytonOhio1950–1955[35] Defunct
Daily National EraWashingtonD.C.1854–1854[36] Defunct
Dallas ExpressDallasTexas1892–1970Defunct
Dayton Forum, TheDaytonOhio1913–1949[37] Defunct
Delta Leader, TheGreenvilleMississippi1939–19?[38] Defunct
Denver Star, TheDenverColorado1913–1963[39] Defunct
Detroit TribuneDetroitMichigan1933–1933[40] Defunct
Detroit Tribune, TheDetroitMichigan1935–1966[41] Defunct
EbonyLos AngelesCalifornia1945Extant
Echo, TheMeridianMississippi1942–1960[42] Defunct
EssenceNew YorkNew York1970Extant
Facts, TheSeattleWashington1961Extant
The ProgressOmahaNebraska1889Extant
Final Call, TheChicagoIllinois1979[43] Extant
Florida Sentinel BulletinTampaFlorida1919Extant
Florida Star, TheJacksonvilleFlorida1951Extant
Forum, TheSpringfieldIllinois1904–192?[44] Defunct
Franklin's Paper the Denver StarDenverColorado1912–1913[45] Defunct
Franklin's Paper the StatesmanDenverColorado1906–1912[46] Defunct
Free Citizen, TheOrangeburgSouth Carolina1874–1876[47] Defunct
Free Press, TheCharlestonSouth Carolina1868–186?[48] Defunct
FreedomNew York CityNew York1950–1955Defunct
Freedom's JournalNew York CityNew York1827–1829Defunct
Frost IllustratedFort WayneIndiana1968Defunct
Future Outlook, TheGreensboroNorth Carolina1941–1972[49] [50] Defunct
Gary CrusaderGaryIndiana1961Extant
Gazette, TheRaleighNorth Carolina18??–1???[51] Defunct
Georgetown Planet, TheGeorgetownSouth Carolina1873–1875[52] Defunct
Golden Rule, TheVicksburgMississippi1898–19?[53] Defunct
Gossip Depot free online newsMemphisTennessee2020[54] Extant
Harambee NewsLos AngelesCalifornia1966–1969[55] Defunct
Hartford ChronicleHartfordConnecticut194?–1947[56] Defunct
Hartford-Springfield ChronicleSpringfieldMassachusetts1940–194?[57] Defunct
Houston Forward TimesHoustonTexas1960Extant
Huntington EnterpriseHuntingtonWest Virginia?Defunct
Huntington TimesHuntingtonWest Virginia?Defunct
Illinois Times, TheChampaignIllinois19??–19?[58] Defunct
Indianapolis FreemanIndianapolisIndiana1888–1926Defunct
Indianapolis LeaderIndianapolisIndiana1879–1891Defunct
Indianapolis RecorderIndianapolisIndiana1895Extant
InkFort WayneIndiana2001–?Defunct
Iowa State BystanderDes MoinesIowa1894–1916[59] Defunct
Jackson AdvocateJacksonMississippi1938Extant
JetLos AngelesCalifornia1951Extant
St. Louis PalladiumSt. LouisMissouri1884?–1911?Defunct
Journal of Industry, TheRaleighNorth Carolina1879–1???[60] Defunct
Kansas City Sun, TheKansas CityMissouri1908–1924[61] Defunct
Tribune de la Nouvelle-Orléans or New Orleans TribuneNew OrleansLouisiana1864–1870Defunct
Langston City Herald, TheLangston CityOklahoma1891–1902[62] Defunct
Lexington Standard, TheLexingtonKentucky1892–1912[63] Defunct
Liberator, TheBostonMassachusetts1831–1865Defunct
Los Angeles SentinelLos AngelesCalifornia1933Extant
Louisiana Weekly, TheNew OrleansLouisiana1925Extant
Louisianian, TheNew OrleansLouisiana1870–1871[64] Defunct
Louisville DefenderLouisvilleKentucky1933Extant
Maryville RepublicanMaryvilleTennessee1867–187?[65] Defunct
McDowell HeraldKeystoneWest Virginia?Defunct
McDowell Times, TheKeystoneWest Virginia1904–1941[66] Defunct
Metropolis Weekly GazetteMetropolisIllinois1???–19?[67] Defunct
Metropolitan NewsChicagoIllinois1935–19?[68] Defunct
Miami Times, TheMiamiFlorida1923Extant
Michigan ChronicleDetroitMichigan1936Extant
Missionary RecordCharlestonSouth Carolina1868–1879[69] Defunct
MojoNew York CityNew York1968–?Defunct
Monitor, TheOmahaNebraska1915Extant
Montana Plaindealer, TheHelenaMontana1906–1911[70] Defunct
Muhammad SpeaksChicagoIllinois1962Extant
Muskogee Cimeter, TheMuskogeeOklahoma1901–19?[71] Defunct
Muslim JournalChicagoIllinois1962Extant
Nashville GlobeNashvilleTennessee1906–1960[72] Defunct
National Enquirer and Pennsylvania FreemanPhiladelphiaPennsylvania1836–?Defunct
National Era, TheWashingtonD.C.1847–1860[73] Defunct
National Forum, TheWashingtonD.C.1910–19?[74] Defunct
National Savings BankWashingtonD.C.1868–18?[75] Defunct
New Age, ThePortlandOregon1896Defunct
New Age, TheButteMontana1902–190?[76] Defunct
New England BulletinHartfordConnecticut1949–19?[77] Defunct
New EraWashingtonD.C.1870–1870[78] Defunct
New Era, TheOmahaNebraska1921Extant
New Journal and GuideNorfolkVirginia1900Extant
New National EraWashingtonD.C.1870–1874[79] Defunct
New Orleans Tribune, TheNew OrleansLouisiana1985Extant
New York Amsterdam NewsNew York CityNew York1909Extant
North Carolina GazetteRaleighNorth Carolina1885–18?[80] Defunct
North Carolina RepublicanRaleighNorth Carolina1879–1880[81] Defunct
North Star, TheRochesterNew York1847–1851Defunct
Northwestern Bulletin, TheSt. PaulMinnesota1922–1924[82] Defunct
Northwestern Bulletin-Appeal, TheSt. PaulMinnesota1924–1925[83] Defunct
Oakland Post, TheOaklandCalifornia1963Extant
Ohio Daily-Express, TheDaytonOhio1946–1950[84] Defunct
Ohio State NewsColumbusOhio1944–1952[85] Defunct
Omaha ChronicleOmahaNebraska1933Extant
Omaha GuideOmahaNebraska1927Extant
Omaha StarOmahaNebraska1938Extant
Omaha Whip, TheOmahaNebraska1922Extant
Our Time PressBrooklynNew York1996Extant
Peoples' Advocate, TheNew BernNorth Carolina1886–188?[86] Defunct
People's Advocate, TheAlexandriaVirginia1874Extant
People's Recorder, TheColumbiaSouth Carolina1893–1925[87] Defunct
Philadelphia Independent, ThePhiladelphiaPennsylvania1931–1971Defunct
Philadelphia TribunePhiladelphiaPennsylvania1884Extant
Phoenix Index, ThePhoenixArizona193?–19?[88] Defunct
Phoenix TribunePhoenixArizona1918–193?[89] Defunct
PioneerMontgomeryWest Virginia?Defunct
Pioneer PressMartinsburgWest Virginia1882–19?[90] Defunct
Pittsburgh CourierPittsburghPennsylvania1907–1966Defunct
Portland Observer, ThePortlandOregon1970Extant
Portland Times, ThePortlandOregonabout 1919.[91] [92] [93] Defunct
Professional World, TheColumbiaMissouri1901–192?[94] Defunct
Ravenswood PostMenlo ParkCalifornia1953–1981Defunct
Republican, TheMaryvilleTennessee187?–187?[95] Defunct
Richmond Free PressRichmondVirginia1992Extant
Rising Son, TheKansas CityMissouri1896–19?[96] Defunct
Roanoke TribuneRoanokeVirginia1936Extant
Robbins Eagle, TheRobbinsIllinois1951–1963[97] Defunct
Rock Hill Messenger, TheRock HillSouth Carolina1896–1921[98] Defunct
Sacramento Observer, TheSacramentoCalifornia1962Extant
San Francisco Bay ViewSan FranciscoCalifornia1976Extant
Savannah TribuneSavannahGeorgia1875Extant
Seattle MediumSeattleWashington1970Extant
Seattle Republican, TheSeattleWashington1???–1915[99] Defunct
Sedalia Weekly ConservatorSedaliaMissouri1903–1909[100] Defunct
Semi-Weekly LouisianianNew OrleansLouisiana1871–1872Defunct[101]
Skanner, ThePortlandOregon1975Extant
Soigne`+Swank Magazine[102] WabassoFlorida2020Extant
South Carolina LeaderCharlestonSouth Carolina1865–18?[103] Defunct
South Florida TimesOakland ParkFlorida?Extant
Southern Advocate, TheMound BayouMississippi1933–19?[104] Defunct
Southern Indicator, TheColumbiaSouth Carolina1903–1925[105] Defunct
Southern News, TheAshevilleNorth Carolina1936–19?[106] Defunct
Southland Advocate, TheAshevilleNorth Carolina19??–????[107] Defunct
St. Louis ArgusSt. LouisMissouri1912Extant
St. Louis SentinelSt. LouisMissouri1968Extant
St. Paul EchoSt. PaulMinnesota1925–1927[108] Defunct
Statesman, The. [volume]DenverColorado1889–1906Defunct
Sun-ReporterSan FranciscoCalifornia1943Extant
Tennessee TribuneNashvilleTennessee1992Extant
Enterprise, TheOmahaNebraska1893–1914Defunct[109]
Topeka Plaindealer, TheTopekaKansas1900–1932[110] Defunct
Tribune Independent of Michigan, TheDetroitMichigan1933–1935[111] Defunct
Tribune, TheRoanokeVirginia1951–19?[112] Defunct
Tri-State DefenderMemphisTennessee1951Extant
Tulsa Star, TheTulsaOklahoma1913–1921[113] Defunct
Twin City Star, TheMinneapolisMinnesota1910–19?[114] Defunct
Vanguard NewsTerre HauteIndiana1994–1995 [115] Defunct
Voice of the PeopleLaurelMississippi19??–19?[116] Defunct
Washington Afro-American, TheWashingtonD.C.1892Extant
Washington Bee, TheWashingtonD.C.1882–1922[117] Defunct
Washington Informer, TheWashingtonD.C.1964Extant
Washington Sun, TheWashingtonD.C.1960s (mid)Extant
West Virginia DigestCharlestonWest Virginia?Defunct
West Virginia EagleMontgomeryWest Virginia?Defunct
West Virginia EnterpriseCharlestonWest Virginia?Defunct
West Virginia SpokesmanHuntingtonWest Virginia?Defunct
West Virginia WeeklyCharlestonWest Virginia?Defunct
Wilmington JournalWilmingtonNorth Carolina1928[118] Extant
Winston-Salem ChronicleWinston-SalemNorth Carolina1974Extant

Online

By state

Alabama |Alaska |Arizona |Arkansas |California |Colorado |Connecticut |Delaware |Florida |Georgia |Hawaii |Illinois |Indiana |Iowa |Kansas |Kentucky |Louisiana |Maryland |Massachusetts |Michigan |Minnesota |Mississippi |Missouri |Montana |Nebraska |Nevada |New Jersey |New Mexico |New York |North Carolina |Ohio |Oklahoma |Oregon |Pennsylvania |Rhode Island |South Carolina |Tennessee |Texas |Utah |Virginia |Washington (state) |Washington, D. C. |West Virginia |Wisconsin

See also

Further reading

Notes and References

  1. Web site: 92d Buffalo . Arizona Memory Project . Arizona State Library . 20 May 2021.
  2. Web site: 93d Blue Helmet . Arizona Memory Project . Arizona State Library . 20 May 2021.
  3. Web site: The AC Phoenix News (Winston-Salem NC). 2020-06-26. DigitalNC. en-US.
  4. News: Chronicling America. The Advance. [volume]]. 2020-06-10. 2637-8205.
  5. Book: Powell Hart, Betty L.. "The Black Press in West Virginia: A Brief History, " in Honoring Our Past : Proceedings of the First Two Conferences on West Virginia's Black History, ed. Joe William Trotter, Jr. and Ancella Radford Bickley. Alliance for the Collection, Preservation and Dissemination of West Virginia's Black History. 1991. Charleston, WV. 156–179.
  6. News: Chronicling America. African Expositor. [volume]]. 2020-06-10.
  7. Web site: Africo-American Presbyterian (Wilmington, N.C.). 2020-06-26. DigitalNC. en-US.
  8. News: Chronicling America. The Afro-American Citizen. [volume]]. 2020-06-10. 2166-1669.
  9. News: Chronicling America. Afro-American Courier. 2020-06-10.
  10. Web site: Wilmington Daily Record and the Wilmington Journal. African American Heritage Foundation of Wilmington.
  11. Web site: The Daily Record (Wilmington, N.C.). 2020-06-26. DigitalNC. en-US.
  12. Book: Gore, Jr.. George William. Negro Journalism: An Essay on the History and the Present Condition of the Negro Press. 1922 . Journalism Press. Greencastle, IN. 8.
  13. News: Chronicling America. The Appeal. [volume]]. 2020-06-10. 2163-7075.
  14. News: Chronicling America. The Arizona Gleam. [volume]]. 2020-06-10.
  15. News: Chronicling America. Arizona Sun. [volume]]. 2020-06-10.
  16. News: Chronicling America. Arizona Tribune. [volume]]. 2020-06-10.
  17. Web site: "Recap: Alexis Scott Shares Atlanta Daily World History on Family Business Radio", Family Business Radio January 12 2012 . Familybusinessradio.com . 2012-01-12 . 2012-03-04 . dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20140307173024/http://www.familybusinessradio.com/?p=2223 . 2014-03-07 .
  18. News: Chronicling America. The Banner-Enterprise. [volume]]. 2020-06-10. 2576-6902.
  19. News: Chronicling America. The Bee. [volume]]. 2020-06-10. 2157-3298.
  20. Book: Danky . James Philip . Hady . Maureen E. . 1998 . African-American newspapers and periodicals : a national bibliography . Harvard University Press . 978-0674007888 . 102 .
  21. News: Chronicling America. The Broad Ax. [volume]]. 2020-06-10. 2163-7202.
  22. News: Chronicling America. The Bystander. [volume]]. 2020-06-10. 2332-4554.
  23. Web site: Charlotta Bass / California Eagle Photograph Collection, 1870–1960. digitallibrary.usc.edu. 25 October 2017.
  24. News: Chronicling America. Cayton's Monthly. 2020-06-10. 2159-5569.
  25. News: Chronicling America. Cayton's Weekly. 2020-06-10. 2158-4699.
  26. News: Chronicling America. The Century Voice. 2020-06-10.
  27. News: Chronicling America. The Charleston Advocate. [volume]]. 2020-06-10. 2166-1707.
  28. News: Chronicling America. The Chicago Whip. 2020-06-10.
  29. News: Chronicling America. Chicago World. 2020-06-10.
  30. Web site: The Christian Banner. (Philadelphia, Pa.), Vol. 2, No. 1, Ed. 1 Friday, January 12, 1900 Page: 1 of 4 . 2021-05-14 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180811230607/https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth523592/m1/1/ . 2018-08-11 . dead .
  31. News: Chronicling America. The Colored Citizen. [volume]]. 2020-06-10. 2326-9685.
  32. News: Chronicling America. The Community Citizen. 2020-06-10.
  33. News: Chronicling America. The Concordia Eagle. [volume]]. 2020-06-10. 2163-7040.
  34. News: Chronicling America. Connecticut Chronicle. 2020-06-10. 2642-7109.
  35. News: Chronicling America. The Daily Express. 2020-06-10.
  36. News: Chronicling America. Daily National Era. [volume]]. 2020-06-10. 2471-5328.
  37. News: Chronicling America. The Dayton Forum. [volume]]. 2020-06-10.
  38. News: Chronicling America. The Delta Leader. 2020-06-10.
  39. News: Chronicling America. The Denver Star. [volume]]. 2020-06-10. 2577-2376.
  40. News: Chronicling America. Detroit Tribune [volume]]. 2020-06-10. 2577-2538.
  41. News: Chronicling America. The Detroit Tribune. 2020-06-10. 2577-350X.
  42. News: Chronicling America. The Echo. 2020-06-10.
  43. Book: Talmadge Anderson. James Benjamin Stewart. Introduction to African American Studies: Transdisciplinary Approaches and Implications. November 1, 2021. 2007. Black Classic Press. 978-1580730396. 220.
  44. News: Chronicling America. The Forum. [volume]]. 2020-06-10.
  45. News: Chronicling America. Franklin's Paper the Denver Star. 2020-06-10. 2577-235X.
  46. News: Chronicling America. Franklin's Paper the Statesman. 2020-06-10. 2577-2333.
  47. News: Chronicling America. The Free Citizen. 2020-06-10. 2165-7742.
  48. News: Chronicling America. The Free Press. [volume]]. 2020-06-10. 2166-1715.
  49. News: Chronicling America. The Future Outlook. [volume]]. 2020-06-10.
  50. Web site: The Future Outlook (Greensboro, N.C.). 2020-06-26. DigitalNC. en-US.
  51. News: Chronicling America. The Gazette. [volume]]. 2020-06-10. 2474-3143.
  52. News: Chronicling America. The Georgetown Planet. 2020-06-10. 2166-174X.
  53. News: Chronicling America. The Golden Rule. [volume]]. 2020-06-10. 2576-4667.
  54. Web site: Gossip Depot is Free News Daily with Signup).
  55. Book: Smith. Jessie. Bracks. Lean'tin. Wynn. Linda T.. The Complete Encyclopedia of African American History. 2012. Visible Ink Press. 978-1578595365. 541.
  56. News: Chronicling America. Hartford Chronicle. 2020-06-10. 2642-7125.
  57. News: Chronicling America. Hartford-Springfield Chronicle. [volume]]. 2020-06-10. 2688-9102.
  58. News: Chronicling America. The Illinois Times . 2020-06-10.
  59. News: Chronicling America. Iowa State Bystander. [volume]]. 2020-06-10. 2332-452X.
  60. News: Chronicling America. The Journal of Industry. [volume]]. 2020-06-10. 2475-0654.
  61. News: Chronicling America. The Kansas City Sun. 2020-06-10. 2166-8329.
  62. News: Chronicling America. The Langston City Herald. [volume]]. 2020-06-10. 2158-8929.
  63. News: Chronicling America. The Lexington Standard. [volume]]. 2020-06-10. 2157-1384.
  64. News: Chronicling America. The Louisianian. [volume]]. 2020-06-10. 2326-6287.
  65. News: Chronicling America. Maryville Republican. [volume]]. 2020-06-10. 2331-026X.
  66. News: Chronicling America. The McDowell Times. [volume]]. 2020-06-10. 2640-3471.
  67. News: Chronicling America. Metropolis Weekly Gazette. 2020-06-10.
  68. News: Chronicling America. Metropolitan News. 2020-06-10.
  69. News: Chronicling America. Missionary Record. [volume]]. 2020-06-10. 2165-9419.
  70. Web site: The Montana Plaindealer. 25 October 2017. Chroniclingamerica.loc.gov.
  71. News: Chronicling America. The Muskogee Cimeter. [volume]]. 2020-06-10. 2158-8937.
  72. News: Chronicling America. The Nashville Globe. [volume]]. 2020-06-10. 2373-4892.
  73. News: Chronicling America. The National Era. [volume]]. 2020-06-10. 2471-5301.
  74. News: Chronicling America. The National Forum. [volume]]. 2020-06-10. 1940-7327.
  75. News: Chronicling America. National Savings Bank. [online resource]]. 2020-06-10.
  76. News: Chronicling America. The New Age. [volume]]. 2020-06-10. 2326-9650.
  77. News: Chronicling America. New England Bulletin. 2020-06-10. 2643-5004.
  78. Chronicling America. New Era. [volume]]. 2471-6316.
  79. News: Chronicling America. New National Era. [volume]]. 2020-06-10. 2471-6340.
  80. News: Chronicling America. North Carolina Gazette. 2020-06-10. 2475-0638.
  81. News: Chronicling America. North Carolina Republican. [volume]]. 2020-06-10. 2474-4492.
  82. News: Chronicling America. The Northwestern Bulletin. [volume]]. 2020-06-10.
  83. News: Chronicling America. The Northwestern Bulletin-Appeal. [volume]]. 2020-06-10.
  84. News: Chronicling America. The Ohio Daily-Express. 2020-06-10.
  85. Web site: Ohio State News Collection 1944–1952. Ohio History Connection.
  86. News: Chronicling America. The Peoples' Advocate. [volume]]. 2020-06-10.
  87. News: Chronicling America. The People's Recorder. [volume]]. 2020-06-10. 2166-1731.
  88. News: Chronicling America. The Phoenix Index. 2020-06-10.
  89. News: Chronicling America. Phoenix Tribune. [volume]]. 2020-06-10.
  90. News: Chronicling America. Pioneer Press [volume]]. 2020-06-10. 2640-3714.
  91. News: October 9, 1919 . Negroes Turn to Court . 9 . .
  92. Web site: The Editor and Publisher 1919-10-30: Vol 52 Iss 22. 30 October 1919. Duncan McIntosh.
  93. News: Negro Editors Sign Armistice . The Editor and Publisher . January 29, 1920 .
  94. News: Chronicling America. The Professional World. 2020-06-10. 2326-8530.
  95. News: Chronicling America. The Republican. [volume]]. 2020-06-10. 2331-3021.
  96. News: Chronicling America. The Rising son. [volume]]. 2020-06-10. 2165-929X.
  97. News: Chronicling America. The Robbins Eagle. 2020-06-10.
  98. News: Chronicling America. The Rock Hill Messenger. [volume]]. 2020-06-10. 2166-1723.
  99. News: Chronicling America. The Seattle Republican. [volume]]. 2020-06-10. 2157-3271.
  100. News: Chronicling America. Sedalia weekly Conservator. 2020-06-10. 2166-8264.
  101. Web site: About Semi-weekly Louisianian . . . 16 May 2021. 2326-6309. 9957091. sn83016631.
  102. Web site: Soigne'+Swank Magazine . Two Queens Media . 25 August 2021.
  103. News: Chronicling America. South Carolina Leader [volume]]. 2020-06-10. 2166-1693.
  104. News: Chronicling America. The Southern Advocate. 2020-06-10.
  105. News: Chronicling America. The Southern Indicator [volume]]. 2020-06-10. 2166-1758.
  106. News: Chronicling America. The Southern News. [volume]]. 2020-06-10.
  107. News: Chronicling America. The Southland Advocate. [volume]]. 2020-06-10.
  108. News: Chronicling America. The St. Paul Echo. [volume]]. 2020-06-10.
  109. Book: African-American newspapers and periodicals: a national bibliography . 1998 . Harvard University Press . 978-0-674-00788-8 . Danky . James Philip . Harvard University Press reference library . Cambridge, Massachusetts London, England . 212 . Hady . Maureen E..
  110. Web site: The Topeka Plaindealer. [volume]]. 25 October 2017. Chroniclingamerica.loc.gov.
  111. News: Chronicling America. The Tribune Independent of Michigan. [volume]]. 2020-06-10. 2577-2562.
  112. News: Chronicling America. The Tribune. [volume]]. 2020-06-10.
  113. News: Chronicling America. The Tulsa Star. [volume]]. 2020-06-10. 2163-4866.
  114. News: Chronicling America. The Twin City Star. [volume]]. 2020-06-10.
  115. Web site: Inventory: Vanguard News . . 20 January 2022.
  116. News: Chronicling America. Voice of the People. 2020-06-10.
  117. News: Chronicling America. The Washington Bee. [volume]]. 2020-06-10. 1940-7424.
  118. Web site: The Wilmington Journal. Wilmingtonjournal.com. 25 October 2017.
  119. https://www.parlemag.com Parlé Magazine
  120. Web site: Black News . Black News . 2018-02-16.
  121. https://www.thenorthstar.com/ The North Star
  122. Web site: Activist Shaun King On Why He's Reviving Frederick Douglass' 'North Star' Paper. NPR.org. en. 2019-07-11.
  123. https://blackreport.com/ Black Report
  124. Web site: Shine My Crown . 11 May 2021.