List of African-American mathematicians explained

The bestselling book and film, Hidden Figures, celebrated the role of African-American women mathematicians in the space race, and the barriers they had to overcome to study and pursue a career in mathematics and related fields. Although much of African Americans' other achievements in careers in mathematical science, in research, education, and applied fields have also been "hidden", the community of mathematicians has been growing. African Americans represented around 4-6% of the graduates majoring in mathematics and statistics in the US between 2000 and 2015.^[1] This list catalogs Wikipedia articles on African Americans in mathematics, as well as early recipients of doctoral degrees in mathematics and mathematics education and other landmarks, and books and studies about African-American mathematicians.

Historical landmarks

1792: Benjamin Banneker calculated planetary movements and predicted eclipses in his Almanac.

1867: Howard University established its Department of Mathematics.^[2]

1895: Joseph Carter Corbin, president of Branch Normal College (now University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff), published his first problem in American Mathematical Monthly.^[3]

1916: Dudley Weldon Woodard became a charter member of the Mathematical Association of America (MAA).

1925: Elbert Frank Cox is the first African-American awarded a doctoral degree in mathematics, from Cornell University.

1929: Dudley Weldon Woodard is the first African-American mathematician known to publish in a mathematics journal, with an article "On two-dimensional analysis situs with special reference to the Jordan curve-theorem" in Fundamenta Mathematicae.^[4]

1943: Euphemia Lofton Haynes is the first African-American woman to gain a doctoral degree in mathematics.

1951: The MAA Board of Governors adopted a resolution to conduct their scientific and business meetings, and social gatherings "without discrimination as to race, creed, or color".

1956: Gloria Ford Gilmer is believed to be the first African-American woman to publish mathematical research, co-authoring an article in Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society and another in Pacific Journal of Mathematics.^{[5] [6] [7]}

1969: 17 African-American mathematicians met in New Orleans, forming the National Association of Mathematicians to "promote excellence in the mathematical sciences and to promote the mathematical development of under-represented American minorities".^[8]

1973: Mathematician David Blackwell becomes the first African-American in any field to be elected to membership of the National Academy of Sciences.

1976: Howard University establishes the first PhD program in mathematics at a historically black college or university under mathematics department chair James Donaldson and professor J. Ernest Wilkins Jr.^[9]

1980: The Claytor Lecture – now the Claytor-Woodard Lecture in honor of William W S Claytor and Dudley Weldon Woodard – is established at MAA.^[10]

1982: Civil rights leader, Bob Moses (Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee), used his MacArthur Fellowship to start the Algebra Project, a national mathematics literacy program for high schools.^[11]

1988: The MAA established a task force that led to the formation in 1990 of SUMMA, a program for the Strengthening of Underrepresented Minority Mathematics Achievement.^[12]

1992: Mathematician Freeman Hrabowski becomes President of the University of Maryland.^[13]

1994: The Blackwell Lecture is established for MAA meetings, jointly by MAA and NAM, as well as the NAM Wilkins Lecture and Bharucha-Reid Lecture.^{[14] [15] [16]}

1995: The first CAARMS – Conference for African American Researchers in Mathematical Sciences – was held, to highlight the work of researchers and students and encourage the careers of under-represented groups in mathematics.^[17] Proceedings are published by the American Mathematical Society in its Contemporary Mathematics series.^[18]

1997: Kathleen Adebola Okikiolu was the first African American awarded a Sloan Research Fellowship and Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers.

1997 Scott W. Williams produced the website, Mathematicians of the African Diaspora, a collection of African-American mathematicians, newsletter, and resources on Africans in mathematics. By early 2007 it had close to 5 million visitors.^{[19] [20]} The website has been cataloged by the Library of Congress.^[21]

1999: The mathematics departments of the 25 highest-ranked universities in the US had more than 900 faculty members, of whom 4 were African-American.^[22]

2003: Clarence F. Stephens is the first African-American to be honored with the Mathematical Association of America's (MAA) most prestigious award, for Distinguished Service to Mathematics.^[23]

2004: The Association for Women in Mathematics (AWM) and MAA formally established the Etta Zuber Falconer Lecture.^[24]

2015: Katherine Coleman Johnson received the Presidential Medal of Freedom.^[25]

2016: Hidden Figures, by Margot Lee Shetterley, is published, going on to win multiple awards and reach number 1 on the New York Times bestseller list.^[26] It tells the story of African-American women mathematicians at NASA during the space race.

2017: The film adaptation, Hidden Figures, is nominated for best movie at the Academy Awards, and Katherine Johnson makes an appearance at the ceremony.^[27]

2020: The updated website Mathematicians of the African Diaspora debuted in October. The new site is supported by the National Association of Mathematicians (NAM) and the Educational Advancement Foundation (EAF).^[28]

Doctoral degrees in mathematics

The lists of doctoral degrees, including the Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in mathematics and Doctor of Education (EdD), draw from these sources: Turner (1971),^[29] Greene (1974),^[30] Williams (1997),^[31] Zeitz (2008),^[32] Shakil (2010),^[33] and the Mathematical Association of America.^[34] (Please add any further candidates for these lists here, or on the talk page.)

First men and women

These are the first 12 known PhDs by African-American men and women in mathematics, in alphabetical order for years with multiple doctorate holders, with women first.

Year	Gender	Photo	Name	Awarded	Dissertation title
1925	(M)		Elbert Frank Cox	Cornell University	The polynomial solutions of the difference equation af(x+1) + bf(x) = φ(x)	^[35]
1928	(M)	External	Dudley Weldon Woodard	University of Pennsylvania	On two-dimensional analysis situs with special reference to the Jordan Curve Theorem	^[36]
1933	(M)	External	William Schieffelin Claytor	University of Pennsylvania	Topological immersion of peanian continua in a spherical surface	^[37] ^[38]
1934	(M)	External	Walter Richard Talbot	University of Pittsburgh	Fundamental regions in S6 for the simple quaternary G60, type I	^[39]
1938	(M)	External	Reuben Roosevelt McDaniel	Cornell University	Approximation to algebraic numbers by means of periodic sequences of transformations on quadratic forms	^[40]
1938	(M)	External	Joseph Alphonso Pierce	University of Michigan	A study of universe n finite populations with application to moment-function adjustments for grouped data	^[41] ^[42]
1941	(M)		David Harold Blackwell	University of Illinois	Some properties of Markoff chains	^[43]
1942	(M)		Robert Coleman	Columbia University	The development of informal geometry	^[44]
1942	(M)		Jesse Ernest Wilkins	University of Chicago	Multiple integral problems in parametric form in the calculus of variations	^[45] ^[46]
1943	(F)		M. Euphemia Lofton Haynes	Catholic University of America	Determination of sets of independent conditions characterizing certain special cases of symmetric correspondences	^[47]
1944	(M)	External	Joseph James Dennis	Northwestern University	Some points in the theory of positive definite J-fractions
1944	(M)	External	Wade Ellis	University of Michigan	On relations satisfied by linear operators on a three dimensional linear vector space	^[48]
1944	(M)	External	Clarence F. Stephens	University of Michigan	Nonlinear difference equations analytic in a parameter	^[49] ^[50]
1949	(F)		Evelyn Boyd Granville	Yale University	On laguerre series in the complex domain	^[51]
1950	(F)		Marjorie Lee Browne	University of Michigan	Studies of oneparameter subgroups of certain topological and matrix groups	^[52]
1961	(F)	External	Georgia Caldwell Smith	University of Pittsburgh	Some results on the anticenter of a group	^[53]
1962	(F)	External	Gloria Conyers Hewitt	University of Washington	Direct and inverse limits of abstract algebras	^[54]
1965	(F)		Thyrsa Frazier Svager	Ohio State University	On the product of absolutely continuous transformations of measure spaces	^[55]
1966	(F)		Vivienne Malone-Mayes	University of Texas at Austin	A structure problem in asymptotic analysis	^[56]
1966	(F)	External	Shirley Mathis McBay	University of Georgia	The homology theory of metabelian lie algebras	^[57]
1966	(F)	External	Eleanor Green Dawley Jones	Syracuse University	Abelian groups and their endomorphism rings and the quasi-endomorphism of torsion free abelian groups	^[58]
1967	(F)		Geraldine Claudette Darden	Syracuse University	On direct sums of cyclic groups	^[59]
1967	(F)	External	Annie Marie Watkins Garraway	University of California, Berkeley	Structure of some cocycles in analysis	^[60]

Doctoral degrees 1925 to 1975

This list includes PhDs awarded to African-Americans and to African immigrants by academic institutions in the United States.

Table key

Indicates first known African-American man or woman awarded a PhD at an academic institution

Year	Gender	Name	Awarded by	Dissertation title
1925	(M)	Elbert Frank Cox	Cornell University	The polynomial solutions of the difference equation af(x+1) + bf(x) = [Phi](x)
1928	(M)	Dudley Weldon Woodard	University of Pennsylvania	On two-dimensional analysis situs with special reference to the Jordan Curve Theorem
1933	(M)	William Schieffelin Claytor	University of Pennsylvania	Topological immersion of peanian continua in a spherical surface
1934	(M)	Walter Richard Talbot	University of Pittsburgh	Fundamental regions in S6 for the simple quaternary G60, type I
1938	(M)	Reubin Roosevelt McDaniel	Cornell University	Approximation to algebraic numbers by means of periodic sequences of transformations on quadratic forms
1938	(M)	Joseph Alphonso Pierce	University of Michigan	A study of universe n finite populations with application to moment-function adjustments for grouped data
1941	(M)	David H. Blackwell	University of Illinois	Some properties of Markoff chains
1942	(M)	Robert Coleman	Columbia University	The development of informal geometry
1942	(M)	Jesse Ernest Wilkins	University of Chicago	Multiple integral problems in parametric form in the calculus of variations
1943	(F)	M. Euphemia Lofton Haynes	Catholic University of America	Determination of sets of independent conditions characterizing certain special cases of symmetric correspondences
1944	(M)	Joseph James Dennis	Northwestern University	Some points in the theory of positive definite J-fractions	^[61]
1944	(M)	Wade Ellis	University of Michigan	On relations satisfied by linear operators on a three dimensional linear vector space
1944	(M)	Clarence F. Stephens	University of Michigan	Nonlinear difference equations analytic in a parameter
1945	(M)	Warren Hill Brothers	University of Michigan	On the solution of boundary value problems in hyperbolic differential equations	^[62]
1945	(M)	Jeremiah Certaine	Harvard University	Lattice-ordered groupoids and some related problems	^[63]
1949	(F)	Evelyn Boyd Granville	Yale University	On laguerre series in the complex domain
1950	(F)	Marjorie Lee Browne	University of Michigan	Studies of oneparameter subgroups of certain topological and matrix groups
1951	(M)	George H. Butcher	University of Pennsylvania	An extension of the sum theorem of dimension theory	^[64]
1953	(M)	Luna I. Mishoe	New York University	On the expansion of an arbitrary function in terms of the Eigenfunctions of a nonself adjoint differential system	^[65]
1953	(M)	Fred B. Wright	University of Chicago	Ideals in operator algebras	^[66]
1954	(M)	Charles Bernard Bell, Jr	University of Notre Dame	Structures of measure spaces	^[67]
1955	(M)	Vincent V. McCrae	Catholic University of America	On the unitary similarity of matrices	^[68]
1955	(M)	Abdulalim A. Shabazz	Cornell University	On the distribution of eigenvalues of [Integral sign]a̳-a̳a(s-t)[phi](t)dt=pintegral signa̳-a̳b(s-t)[phi](t)dt+[eta][phi](s)]	^[69]
1956	(M)	Lloyd K. Williams	University of California, Berkeley	On separating transcendency bases	^[70]
1957	(M)	Elgy S. Johnson	Catholic University of America	Properties of solutions of nonlinear differential equations	^[71]
1957	(M)	John Quill Taylor King	University of Texas	A statistical analysis of the economic aspects of nineteen Protestant church-related colleges in Texas	^[72]
1959	(M)	Israel Everett Glover	Oklahoma State University	On analytic functions having as singular sets certain closed and bounded sets	^[73]
1959	(M)	Laurence Raymond Harper Jr	University of Chicago	Some properties of partially stable algebras	^[74]
1960	(M)	Charles Gladstone Costley	University of Illinois	Singular nonlinear integral equation with complex valued kernels of type N	^[75]
1960	(M)	Beauregard Stubblefield	University of Michigan	Some compact product spaces which cannot be imbedded in euclidean n-space	^[76]
1961	(M)	Jesse Paul Clay	University of Pennsylvania	Proximity and equicontinuity in transformation groups	^[77]
1961	(M)	Rogers Joseph Newman	University of Michigan	Capacity and Tchebycheff polynomials	^[78]
1961	(F)	Georgia Caldwell Smith	University of Pittsburgh	Some results on the anticenter of a group
1962	(F)	Gloria Conyers Hewitt	University of Washington	Direct and inverse limits of abstract algebras
1962	(M)	Robert Oreece Abernathy	University of California, Berkeley	On singular fourth order elliptic partial differential equations	^[79]
1962	(M)	John Henry Bennett	Harvard University	Truncation errors in numerical solutions of the transport equation	^[80]
1962	(M)	Socrates Walter Saunders	University of Pittsburgh	Analytic continuation by certain product-summability methods	^[81]
1962	(M)	Theodore Roosevelt Sykes	Pennsylvania State University	On a generalization of orthogonal polynomials	^[82]
1963	(M)	Joseph Battle	University of Michigan	Imbedding of graphs in orientable 2-manifolds	^[83]
1963	(M)	Simmie Samuel Blakney	University of Illinois	Lusin's theorem in metric theory	^[84]
1963	(M)	Earl Owen Embree	University of Illinois	A class of linear differential equations involving distributions	^[85]
1963	(M)	William Andrew McWorter	Ohio State University	Phi algebras	^[86]
1964	(F)	Mary Rodriguez Embry	University of North Carolina	Subspaces associated with contractions in Hilbert space	^[87]
1964	(M)	Alfred D. Stewart	University of Texas	On the Abel equation in n-dimensions, n ≥ 2^[88]	^[89]
1965	(F)	Thyrsa Frazier Svager	Ohio State University	On the product of absolutely continuous transformations of measure spaces
1965	(M)	James Ashley Donaldson	University of Illinois	Integral representations of the extended airy integral type for the modified Bessel function	^[90]
1966	(M)	William Thomas Fletcher	University of Idaho	On the decomposition of associative algebras of prime characteristic	^[91]
1966	(F)	Vivienne Malone-Mayes	University of Texas at Austin	A structure problem in asymptotic analysis
1966	(F)	Shirley Mathis McBay	University of Georgia	The homology theory of metabelian lie algebras
1966	(F)	Eleanor Green Dawley Jones	Syracuse University	Abelian groups and their endomorphism rings and the quasi-endomorphism of torsion free abelian groups
1966	(M)	Harvey T. Banks	Purdue University	Optimal control problems with delay	^[92]
1966	(M)	John Albert Ewell	University of California, Los Angeles	On the determination of sets by sets of sums of fixed order	^[93]
1966	(M)	Charles Edward Morris	University of Illinois	Normal subgroups of the sympletic group on a countably infinite dimensional vector space	^[94]
1967	(F)	Geraldine Claudette Darden	Syracuse University	On direct sums of cyclic groups
1967	(F)	Annie Marie Watkins Garraway	University of California, Berkeley	Structure of some cocycles in analysis
1967	(M)	Llayron Leon Clarkson	University of Texas	A theorem concerning product integrals	^[95]
1967	(M)	Lloyd A. Demetrius	University of Chicago	Structural organization in cellular systems: a mathematical approach	^[96]
1967	(M)	Samuel Horace Douglas	Oklahoma State University	Convexity lattices related to topological lattices and incidence geometries	^[97]
1967	(M)	Melvin Heard	Purdue University	Linear functional differential equation of neutral type	^[98]
1967	(M)	Ralph Brooks Turner	Brown University	Low Reynolds number flow of particulate fluids	^[99]
1968	(F)	M. Lovenia DeConge-Watson	St. Louis University	2-normed lattices and 2-metric spaces	^[100]
1968	(M)	John Chukwuemeka Amazigo	Harvard University	Buckling under axial compression of long cylindrical shells with random axisymmetric imperfections	^[101]
1968	(M)	Earl Russell Barnes	University of Maryland	The optimal control of systems with distributed parameters	^[102]
1968	(M)	Milton Andrew Gordon	Illinois Institute of Technology	On a class of degree one algebras	^[103]
1968	(M)	Phillip Eugene McNeil	Pennsylvania State University	The structure of certain semigroups with two idempotents	^[104]
1968	(M)	Wilbur Lee Smith	Pennsylvania State University	On infinite product measures and semi-regular measures	^[105]
1968	(M)	Donald Frank St Mary	University of Nebraska	Oscillation and comparison theorems for second order linear differential equation	^[106]
1968	(M)	Donald Derrick Weddington	University of Miami	k-Spaces	^[107]
1968	(M)	James Harris White	University of Minnesota	Self-linking and the Gauss integral in higher dimensions	^[108]
1969	(F)	Etta Zuber Falconer	Emory University	Quasigroup identities invariant under isotopy	^[109]
1969	(M)	Raymond Lewis Johnson	Rice University	A priori estimates and unique continuation theorems for second order parabolic equations	^[110]
1969	(M)	Robert S. Smith	Pennsylvania State University	(Title not identified)	^[111]
1969	(M)	James Ernie Warner	Case Western University	Asymptotic properties of multivariate permutation tests with applications to signal detection	^[112]
1969	(M)	Scott Warner Williams	Lehigh University	The transfinite cardinal covering dimension	^[113]
1970	(M)	Japheth Hall	University of Alabama	On the theory of structures in sets	^[114]
1970	(M)	Guy Theodore Hogan	Ohio State University	Variations on the Hp problem for finite p-groups	^[115]
1970	(M)	Lonnie Williams Keith	Kansas State University	Nearly distribution-free tests for equal variances in two populations when the means are unknown	^[116]
1970	(M)	Sonde Ndubeze Nwankpa	Michigan State University	Generalized Sylvester Gallai configurations	^[117]
1971	(F)	Dolores Margaret Richard Spikes	Louisiana State University	Semi-valuations and groups of divisibility	^[118]
1971	(M)	Orville Edward Kean	University of Pennsylvania	Abstract horn theories	^[119]
1971	(M)	Nguthu John Mutio	Syracuse University	Frobenius groups	^[120]
1971	(M)	Eddie Robert Williams	Columbia University	The Poincaré lemma with estimates	^[121]
1970	(M)	Nathan Frank Simms	Lehigh University	Stable homotopy in Frobenius categories	^[122]
1971	(M)	Charles Dwight Lahr	Syracuse University	Approximate identities and multipliers for certain convolution measure algebras	^[123]
1972	(M)	Ethelbert Nwakuche Chukwu	Case Western University	Symmetries and identification of linear control systems	^[124]
1972	(M)	Oscar Henry Criner	University of California, Berkeley	Regularity properties of the solutions of the two dimensional Lagrangian problem and the Lagrangiah multiplier	^[125]
1972	(M)	Christopher Olutunde Imoru	Northwestern University	The Jensen-Steffensen inequality	^[126]
1972	(M)	Carlos Ford-Livene	University of Southern California	Estimation, prediction, and dynamic programming in ecology	^[127]
1972	(M)	Curtis Sylvester Means	Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute	Initial value problems for a class of higher order partial differential equations which are related to the heat equation	^[128]
1972	(M)	Floyd Leroy Williams	Washington University in St Louis	Reduction of tensor products of principle series representation of complex semi-simple lie groups	^[129] ^[130]
1972	(M)	James E. White	Yale University	(Algebraic topology - title not identified)	^[131]
1973	(F)	Evelyn E. Wilson Thornton	University of Houston	Generalised Vietoris-Begle theorems	^[132]
1973	(M)	Annas Aytch	University of Pittsburgh	Consistency of complex Noerland transforms	^[133]
1973	(M)	Garth Arnold Baker	Cornell University	Projection methods for boundary value problems for equations of elliptic and parabolic type with discontinuous coefficients	^[134]
1973	(M)	Robert Edward Bozeman	Vanderbilt University	Periodic solutions in the plane four-body problem of mixed circular-elliptic type	^[135]
1973	(M)	Lloyd Alvin Gavin	Illinois Institute of Technology	On some classes of FK-spaces and on summability factors	^[136]
1973	(M)	Seyoum Getu	University of Missouri	Generalizing alternative rings	^[137]
1973	(M)	James Ervin Ginn	Texas A&M University	Product estimators in sample surveys	^[138]
1973	(M)	Isom Harris Herron	Johns Hopkins University	A fluid dynamical theory for the motion of a particle undergoing centrifugation	^[139]
1973	(M)	Frank A. James	New York University	(Title not identified)	^[140] ^[141]
1973	(M)	Manuel Keepler	University of New Mexico	Backward and forward equations for random evolutions	^[142]
1973	(M)	Clement Aynsley Water McCalla	Massachusetts Institute of Technology	Optimal control of linear hereditary systems with quadratic criterion	^[143]
1973	(M)	Michael Noel Payne	University of California, Berkeley	Structural stability and quadratic dynamical systems	^[144]
1973	(M)	Chester Cornelius Seabury	Stanford University	Some extension theorems for regular maps of Stein manifolds	^[145]
1973	(M)	Hampton Wright	University of North Carolina	Coefficient identities derived from symmetric function expansions	^[146]
1974	(F)	Elayne Arrington Idowu	University of Cincinnati	The p-Frattini subgroup of a finite group	^[147]
1974	(F)	Rada Ruth Higgins McCreadie	Ohio State University	On the asymptotic behavior of certain sequences	^[148]
1974	(M)	Roosevelt Gentry	Rutgers University	Compact interpolation between Banach spaces	^[149]
1974	(M)	Tepper L. Gill	Wayne State University	Tensor products of contraction semigroups on Hilbert spaces	^[150]
1974	(M)	Johnny Lee Houston	Purdue University	On the theory of fitting classes in certain locally finite groups	^[151]
1974	(M)	Arthur Melvin Jones	University of Iowa	On goodness-of-fit tests for normality	^[152]
1974	(M)	Nathaniel Knox	University of South Carolina	On the inverse semigroup coproduct of an arbitrary non-empty collection of groups	^[153]
1974	(M)	Kevin Ejere Osondu	State University of New York, Buffalo	A unified theory of extension of bins to semigroups and of semigroups to groups	^[154]
1974	(M)	Willie Elmer Taylor	University of Houston	Oscillatory properties of nonselfadjoint fourth order differential equations	^[155]
1974	(M)	Alton Smith Wallace	University of Maryland	Representation theorems for solutions of differential operator equations	^[156]
1975	(F)	Cheryll Suber-Gerelle	Kansas State University	A Markov process for predicting adult student behavior	^[157]

Doctoral degrees in mathematics education to 1975

This list includes doctorates specifically in mathematics education and doctorates in education by mathematicians/mathematics educators.

Table key

First

Indicates first known African-American man or woman awarded a doctorate in education at an academic institution

Year	Gender	Name	Awarded by	Dissertation title
1942	(M)	Socrates Walter Saunders	University of Pittsburgh	Legal aspects of the education of Negroes with special emphasis on the equalization principle	^[158]
1947	(F)	Ethel M. Turner	Columbia University	Consumer mathematics in adult education	^[159]
1950	(M)	Caldwell Elwood Boulware	Columbia University	The emerging concept of mental arithmetic	^[160]
1951	(M)	Theodore A Love	New York University	The relation of achievement in mathematics to certain abilities in problem-solving	^[161]
1954	(F)	Angie Turner King	University of Pittsburgh	An analysis of early algebra textbooks used in the American secondary schools before 1900	^[162]
1954	(M)	Wendell Primus Jones	University of Chicago	The Negro press and the higher education of Negroes, 1933-1952: a study of news and opinion on higher education in the three leading Negro newspapers	^[163]
195?	(M)	Thomas E Bonner	Oklahoma State University	(Title not identified)	^[164]
1956	(M)	Henry Madison Eldridge	University of Pittsburgh	A study in the variation in accomplishment and subject preference in different secondary schools	^[165]
1957	(M)	Raymond Jackson Pitts	University of Michigan	An analysis and evaluation of supplementary teaching materials found in selected secondary school textbooks	^[166]
1958	(M)	James Horatio Means	Oklahoma State University	Objectives of mathematics instruction in seven Texas colleges	^[167]
1959	(M)	Major Boyd Jones	Cornell University	Techniques, methods, procedures and provisions used in selected Maryland public secondary schools in teaching mathematics to rapid learners	^[168]
1960	(F)	Lillian Katie Bradley	University of Texas	An evaluation of the effectiveness of a collegiate general mathematics course	^[169]
1961	(F)	Sadie Gasaway	Cornell University	The effectiveness of continued testing in mathematics of freshmen of varying proficiencies at Tennessee Agricultural and Industrial State University	^[170]
1962	(F)	Louise Nixon Sutton	New York University	Concept learning in trigonometry and analytic geometry at the college level: a comparative study of two methods of teaching trigonometry and analytic geometry at the college level	^[171]
1963	(F)	Grace Alele Williams	University of Chicago	Dynamics of education in the birth of a new nation: case study of Nigeria	^[172]
1964	(F)	Beryl Eleanor Hunte	New York University	Demonstrative geometry during the twentieth century: an account of the various sequences used in the subject matter of demonstrative geometry from 1900 to the present time	^[173]
1964	(M)	Ulysses Hunter	Purdue University	Essential cluster sets	^[174]
1964	(M)	Louis Clinton Marshall	American University	Approximately continuous transformations on compact metric spaces	^[175]
1965	(M)	John Arthur Jones	Pennsylvania State University	An intensive investigation and analysis of means for improving the mathematics programs in the colleges and universities of the United States with predominantly negro student bodies	^[176]
1966	(M)	Eugene William Madison	University of Illinois	Computable algebraic structures and non-standard arithmetic^[177]
1967	(M)	Matthew William Crawford	Colorado State College	An analysis of the mathematics curriculum in the negro public high schools in Louisiana	^[178]
1967	(M)	Calvin Elijah King	Ohio State University	A comparative study of the effectiveness of teaching a course in remedial mathematics to college students by television and by the conventional method	^[179]
1967	(M)	Irvin Elmer Vance	University of Michigan	Geometries of the Erlanger Program	^[180]
1967	(M)	Marcus Harold Whitfield	Oklahoma State University	Theory of maxima and minima and applications	^[181]
1969	(M)	Boniface	Iowa State University	Structure of inseparable composites	^[182]
1969	(M)	Paul Burgette Mohr	Oklahoma State University	A study of Negro mathematics faculties in predominantly Negro institutions	^[183]
1969	(M)	William Percy Hytche	Oklahoma State University	A comparative analysis of four methods of instruction in mathematics	^[184]
1969	(M)	Benjamin Joseph Martin	Purdue University	On a new integral equation arising in the theory of radiative transfer	^[185]
1969	(M)	Richard Lionel Price	Ohio State University	Scholastic aptitude test in mathematics as a predictor of student selection of algebraic versus geometric approaches to problem solving	^[186]
1969	(M)	Washington Theophilus Taylor	Oklahoma State University	A cross sectional study of the modification of attitudes of selected prospective elementary school teachers toward mathematics	^[187]
1969	(M)	Vernon Williams	Oklahoma State University	A multi-predictive measure to predict success at two levels in freshman college mathematics	^[188]
1970	(F)	Genevieve Madeline Knight	University of Maryland	The effect of a sub-culturally appropriate language upon achievement in mathematical content	^[189]
1970	(F)	Joella Hardeman Gipson	University of Illinois	Teaching probability in the elementary school: an exploratory study	^[190]
1970	(M)	David James Hickman	University of Notre Dame	The Tschebyscheff polynomials for regular polygons inscribed in the unit circle of the complex plane	^[191]
1970	(M)	Rufus Grier Pettis	Oklahoma State University	An analysis of the methods being used to make provisions for outstanding high school mathematics students in North Carolina	^[192]
1973	(F)	Therese Hance Braithwaite	University of California, Berkeley	The development of a function theory in education based on a construct of a unity	^[193]
1974	(F)	Della Pearl Domonek Bell	University of Texas	Some characteristics of high- and low- achieving seventh grade Black students in mathematics	^[194]
1975	(M)	Freeman Alphonsa Hrabowski III	University of Illinois	A comparison of the graduate academic performance of black students who graduated from predominantly black colleges and from predominantly white colleges	^[195]

Books and articles about African-American mathematicians

This list includes books and dissertations published about individual African-Americans in mathematics, and studies, biographical anthologies or histories dedicated to African-Americans in mathematics. (This list is incomplete. You can help by expanding it.)

Individuals

• Benjamin Banneker:
  • Bedini, Silvio A (1999). The life of Benjamin Banneker: the first African-American man of science. Maryland Historical Society.^[196]
  • Hinman, Bonnie (2000). Benjamin Banneker: American Mathematician and Astronomer (Colonial Leaders).^[197]
• David Blackwell:
  • Blackwell, David; Wilmot, Nadine (2003). An oral history with David Blackwell. Bancroft Library.^[198]
  • Black, Robert (2019). David Blackwell and the Deadliest Duel. Royal Fireworks Press.^[199]
• Joseph James Dennis:
  • Williams, Sherese LaTrelle (2016). To Humbly Serve: Joseph James Dennis and His Contributions to Clark College. Clark Atlanta University.^[200]
• Marjorie Kimbrough
  • Kimbrouogh, Marjorie (1991). Accept no limitations: a black woman encounters corporate America. Abingdon Press.^[201]
• Shirley Mathis McBay:
  • Verheyden-Hilliard, Mary Ellen (1985). Mathematician and Administrator, Shirley Mathis McBay. Equity Institute.^[202]
• J. Ernest Wilkins Jr.:
  • Nkwanta, Asamoah; Barber, Janet E. (2018). "Episodes in the Life of a Genius: J. Ernest Wilkins Jr." Notices of the American Mathematical Society. Volume 65, Number 2.^[203]

Anthologies and studies

• Borum, Viveka; Hilton, Adriel Adon; Walker, Erica (2016). The Role of Black Colleges in the Development of Mathematicians. Journal of Research Initiatives.^[204]
• Carlson, Cob; Parks, Yolanda; et al. (1996). Breakthrough: profiles of scientists of color. Working with Numbers. Blackside.^[205]
• Dean, Nathaniel (ed) (1997). African Americans in mathematics: DIMACS workshop, June 26–28, 1996. American Mathematical Society.^[206]
• Farmer, Vernon L; Shepherd-Wynn, Evelyn (2012). Voices of historical and contemporary Black American pioneers.^[207]
• Harmon, Marylen; Guertler, Sherry (1994). Visions of a dream: history makers: contributions of Africans and African Americans in science and mathematics. M.E. Harmon.^[208]
• Houston, Johnny L (2000). The History of the National Association of Mathematicians (NAM): The First Thirty (30) Years, 1969–1999. NAM.^[209]
• Kenschaft, Patricia Clark (2005). Change is possible: Stories of women and minorities in mathematics.^[210]
• Lang, Mozell P. Contributions of African American scientists and mathematicians. Harcourt School Publishers.^[211]
• Newell, Victoria; Gipson, Joella; Rich, Waldo L.; Stubblefield, B (1980). Black Mathematicians and Their Works.^[212]
• Paul, Richard; Moss, Steven (2015). We Could Not Fail: The First African Americans in the Space Program. University of Texas Press.^[213]
• Shetterly, Margot Lee (2016). Hidden Figures: The American dream and the untold story of the black women mathematicians who helped win the space race.^[214]
• Walker, Erica N (2014). Beyond Banneker: Black mathematicians and the path to excellence.^[215]
• Williams, Lisa D (2000). The trials, tribulations, and triumphs of black faculty in the math and science pipeline: a life history approach (Dissertation). University of Massachusetts at Amherst.^[216]
• Williams, Talithia M (2018). Power in numbers: The rebel women of mathematics. Race Point Publishing.

For young people

• Becker, Helaine; Phumiruk, Dow (2018). Counting on Katherine: How Katherine Johnson Saved Apollo 13. Henry Holt and co.^[217]
• Pinkney, Andrea Davis (1998). Dear Benjamin Banneker.^[218]
• Schwartz, Heather E (2017). NASA Mathematician Katherine Johnson. Lerner Publications.^[219]
• Shetterly, Margot Lee; Conkling, Winifred; Freeman, Laura (2018). Hidden Figures: The True Story of Four Black Women and the Space Race. HarperCollins.^[220]

List of Wikipedia articles

This list includes Wikipedia articles for people from the African diaspora who have postgraduate degrees in mathematics or statistics, have worked in mathematics, or are known for mathematical accomplishments in the United States (African-Americans). The list is grouped by the time the person's first degree in mathematics was awarded, or when they began their work in mathematics. Individuals are listed alphabetically within time periods. PhDs in mathematics education are included.

Before 1900

• Thomas Fuller (1710–1782).
• Benjamin Banneker (1731–1806).
• Charles Reason (1818–1893).
• Kelly Miller (1863–1939) degrees from Howard University, including law degree.

1900s

• Dudley Weldon Woodard (1881–1965), degrees from Wilberforce University, University of Chicago, University of Pennsylvania (PhD).

1910s

• Elbert Frank Cox (1895–1969), degrees from Indiana University, Cornell University (PhD).
• Euphemia Haynes (1890–1980), Smith College, Catholic University of America (PhD).

1920s

• Joseph J. Dennis (1905–1977), degrees from Clark College, Northwestern University (PhD).
• Angie Turner King (1905–2004), degrees from West Virginia State College, including chemistry, University of Pittsburgh (PhD, mathematics education).
• Georgia Caldwell Smith (1909–1961), degrees from University of Kansas, University of Chicago, University of Pittsburgh (PhD).
• Dorothy Vaughan (1910–2008), degree from Wilberforce University.

1930s

• David Blackwell (1919–2010), degrees from University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign (PhD).
• Marjorie Lee Browne (1914–1979), degrees from Howard University, University of Michigan (PhD).
• Katherine Johnson (1918–2020), degree from West Virginia State College.
• Clarence F. Stephens (1917–2018), degrees from Johnson C. Smith University, University of Michigan (PhD).

1940s

• Albert Turner Bharucha-Reid (1927–1985), degree from Iowa State University.
• Gloria Ford Gilmer, degrees from Morgan State University, University of Pennsylvania, Marquette University (PhD, education).
• Evelyn Boyd Granville (born 1924), Smith College, Yale University (PhD).
• Mary Winston Jackson (1921–2005), degree from Hampton Institute.
• Eleanor Green Dawley Jones (1929-2021), degrees from Howard University, Syracuse University (PhD).
• Abdulalim A. Shabazz (1927–2014), degrees from Lincoln University (Pennsylvania), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cornell University (PhD).
• Louise Nixon Sutton (1925–2006), degrees from North Carolina A&T State University, New York University (PhD, education).
• J. Ernest Wilkins, Jr. (1923–2011), degrees from University of Chicago, New York University (including degrees in engineering).

1950s

• Geraldine Claudette Darden (born 1936), degrees from Hampton Institute, University of Illinois, Syracuse University (PhD).
• M. Lovenia DeConge-Watson (born 1933), degrees from Seton Hill College, Louisiana State University, St. Louis University (PhD).
• Annie Easley (1933–2011), degrees from Xavier University, mathematics at Cleveland State University.
• Etta Zuber Falconer (1933–2002), degrees from Fisk University, University of Wisconsin, Emory University (PhD).
• William Thomas Fletcher, degrees from North Carolina Central University, University of Idaho (PhD).
• Gloria Conyers Hewitt (born 1935), degrees from Fisk University, University of Washington (PhD).
• Vivienne Malone-Mayes (1932–1995), degrees from Fisk University, University of Texas (PhD).
• Melba Roy Mouton (1929–1990), degrees from Howard University.
• Dolores Margaret Richard Spikes (1936–2015), degrees from Southern University, University of Illinois (PhD).
• Thyrsa Frazier Svager (1930–1999), degrees from Antioch College, Ohio State University (PhD).
• Argelia Velez-Rodriguez (b. 1936 in Cuba), degrees from Marianao Institute, University of Havana (PhD).
• Grace Alele Williams (1932–2022), degrees from University of Ibadan, University of Chicago (PhD, education).

1960s

• Sylvia D. Trimble Bozeman (born 1947), degrees from Alabama A&M University, Vanderbilt University, Emory University (PhD).
• Christine Darden (born 1942), degrees from Hampton Institute, Virginia State University, George Washington University (PhD, engineering).
• James A. Donaldson (1941–2019), degrees from Lincoln University (Pennsylvania), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (PhD).
• Fern Y. Hunt (born 1948), degrees from Bryn Mawr College, New York University (PhD).
• Jeanette Scissum, degrees from Alabama A&M University, computer science PhD.
• Raymond L. Johnson (born 1943), degrees from University of Texas at Austin, Rice University (PhD).
• Ronald Elbert Mickens (born 1943), degrees from Fisk University, Vanderbilt University (PhD, physics).
• Scott W. Williams (born 1943), degrees from Morgan State University, Lehigh University (PhD).
• Lloyd Demetrius, degrees from University of Cambridge, University of Chicago (PhD).

1970s

• Augustin Banyaga (born 1947 in Rwanda), degrees from University of Geneva (PhD).
• Emery N. Brown, degree from Harvard College and Harvard University (PhD, statistics).
• Freeman Alphonsa Hrabowski III (born 1950), degrees from Hampton Institute, University of Illinois (PhD, higher education administration/statistics)
• Iris Marie Mack, degrees from Vassar College (double major with physics), University of California, Los Angeles, Harvard University (PhD).
• Carolyn Ray Boone Mahoney (born 1946), degrees from Siena College, Ohio University (PhD).
• William Alfred Massey (born 1956), degrees from Princeton University, Stanford University (PhD).
• Lee Stiff (1949–2021), degrees from University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Duke University, North Carolina State University (PhD, education).

1980s

• Idris Assani (b. in Niger), degrees from Paris Dauphine University, Pierre and Marie Curie University (PhD, mathematics).
• Emery Neal Brown, degrees from Harvard University (PhD, statistics) and Harvard Medical School (MD).
• Melvin Currie (born 1948), degrees from Yale University and University of Pittsburgh (PhD, mathematics).
• Clifford Victor Johnson (b. 1968 in UK), degrees from Imperial College London and University of Southampton (PhD, mathematics and physics).
• Bob Moses (1935–2021), degrees from Hamilton College, and Harvard University (MA, philosophy). Founder of Algebra Project (1982).
• Arlie Oswald Petters (b. 1964 in Belize), degrees from City University of New York and Massachusetts Institute of Technology (PhD, mathematics).
• Suzanne L. Weekes (b. in Trinidad & Tobago), degrees from Indiana University and University of Michigan (PhD, mathematics and scientific computing).

1990s

• Ron Buckmire (b. 1968 in Grenada), degrees from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (PhD, mathematics).
• Toka Diagana (b. in Mauritania, degrees from Tunis El Manar University and Claude Bernard University Lyon 1 (PhD, mathematics)
• Edray Goins (born 1972), degrees from California Institute of Technology and Stanford University (PhD, mathematics).
• Rudy Horne (1968–2017), degrees from University of Oklahoma and University of Colorado Boulder (PhD, applied mathematics). Mathematical consultant for the movie Hidden Figures.^[221]
• Trachette Jackson (born 1972), degrees from Arizona State University and University of Washington (PhD, mathematics).
• Chawne Kimber (born 1971), degrees from University of North Carolina and University of Florida (PhD, mathematics).
• Marilyn Strutchens (born 1962), degrees from the University of Georgia (PhD, mathematics education).
• Aissa Wade (b. 1967 in Senegal), degrees from University Montpellier 2, France (PhD, mathematics).
• Talitha Washington (born 1974), degrees from Spelman College and University of Connecticut (PhD, mathematics).

2000s

• Carla Cotwright-Williams (born 1973), degrees from California State University, Long Beach, Southern University, and University of Mississippi (PhD, mathematics).
• Christina Eubanks-Turner, degrees from Xavier University of Louisiana and University of Nebraska-Lincoln (PhD, mathematics).
• Omayra Ortega, degrees from Pomona College and University of Iowa (PhD, mathematics).
• Candice Price, degrees from California State University, Chico, San Francisco State University, and University of Iowa (PhD, mathematics).
• Dionne Price, degrees from Norfolk State University, University of North Carolina, and Emory University (PhD, biostatistics).
• Chelsea Walton (born 1983), degrees from Michigan State University and the University of Michigan (PhD, mathematics).

• Talithia Williams, degrees from Spelman College, Howard University, Rice University (PhD, statistics).
• Ulrica Wilson, degrees from Spelman College and Emory University (PhD, mathematics).

2010s

• John Urschel (b. 1991 in Canada), degrees from Pennsylvania State University (MS, Mathematics) and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (Ph.D., Mathematics).^[222]

Notes and References

1. Web site: Percentage of Bachelor's Degrees Earned by African Americans by Major. www.aps.org. American Physical Society. 28 February 2018. en.
2. Web site: Howard University- Department of Mathematics. coas.howard.edu. Howard University. 28 February 2018.
3. Nkwanta. Asamoah. Barber. Janet E.. African-American mathematicians and the Mathematical Association of America. Celebrating the Centennial of the Mathematical Association of America 1915-2015, Historical Articles. 2015. 28 February 2018.
4. Woodard. D.. On two-dimensional analysis situs with special reference to the Jordan curve-theorem. Fundamenta Mathematicae. 1929. 13. 121–145. 10.4064/fm-13-1-121-145. 28 February 2018.
5. Book: Williams, Scott W.. Dean. Nathaniel. McZeal. Cassandra M.. Williams. Pamela J.. African Americans in Mathematics II. 1998. American Mathematical Society. Providence, Rhode Island. 165–168. Black research mathematicians in the United States.
6. Mishoe. Luna I.. Ford. Gloria C.. On the Limit of the Coefficients of the Eigenfunction Series Associated with a Certain Non-self-adjoint Differential System. Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society. 1956. 7. 2. 260. 10.1090/S0002-9939-1956-0077754-3. free.
7. Mishoe. Luna I. Ford. Gloria C.. On the Uniform Convergence of a Certain Eigenfunction Series. Pacific Journal of Mathematics. 1956. 6. 2. 271–78. 10.2140/pjm.1956.6.271. free.
8. Web site: Welcome to NAM!. www.nam-math.org. National Association of Mathematicians. 28 February 2018. en.
9. Book: Ortega. Omayra. Lawrence. Emille Davie . Goins. Edray Herber. The Golden Anniversary Celebration of the National Association of Mathematicians. 10 December 2020. American Mathematical Society. 978-1-4704-5130-1. 177.
10. Web site: Claytor-Woodard Lecture. www.nam-math.org. Mathematical Association of America. 28 February 2018. en. 1 March 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180301104116/https://www.nam-math.org/claytor-woodard-lecture.html. dead.
11. Web site: Robert Moses: The Algebra Project. Project Black Man. 16 April 2017.
12. Web site: Strengthening Underrepresented Minority Mathematics Achievement (SUMMA) Mathematical Association of America. www.maa.org. Mathematical Association of America. 28 February 2018. en.
13. Web site: Biography (abbreviated) – Office of the President – UMBC. president.umbc.edu. University of Maryland BC. 28 February 2018. en. https://web.archive.org/web/20170426004704/https://president.umbc.edu/biography-abbreviated/. 2017-04-26.
14. Web site: MAA-NAM Blackwell Lecture. www.nam-math.org. National Association of Mathematicians. 28 February 2018. en.
15. Web site: J. Ernest Wilkins Lecture. www.nam-math.org. National Association of Mathematicians. 28 February 2018. en.
16. Web site: The Albert Turner Bharucha-Reid Lecture. www.nam-math.org. National Association of Mathematicians. 28 February 2018. en.
17. Web site: About CAARMS. www.caarms.net. Conference for African American Researchers in the Mathematical Sciences. 28 February 2018. en.
18. Book: Council for African American Researchers in the Mathematical Sciences. 275. ams.org. American Mathematical Society. 28 February 2018. 10.1090/conm/275. 2001. Contemporary Mathematics. 9780821821411.
19. Williams. Scott W.. Why "Mathematicians of the African Diaspora"?. National Association of Mathematicians Newsletter. Spring 2007. 38. 1. 1–4. 28 February 2018.
20. Web site: Williams. Scott W.. Mathematicians of the African Diaspora. math.buffalo.edu/MAD. Mathematics Department, Buffalo University. 28 February 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20070402183356/http://www.math.buffalo.edu/mad/. 2007-04-02.
21. Web site: Mathematicians of the African Diaspora MAD /. The Library of Congress. US Government, Library of Congress. 28 February 2018. en.
22. The Most Highly Cited Black Mathematicians. Journal of Blacks in Higher Education. 2005. 28 February 2018.
23. Web site: Yueh-Gin Gung and Dr. Charles Y. Hu Award for Distinguished Service Mathematical Association of America. www.maa.org. Mathematical Association of America. 28 February 2018. en.
24. Web site: AWM-MAA Etta Zuber Falconer Lectures Mathematical Association of America. www.maa.org. Mathematical Association of America. 28 February 2018. en.
25. Web site: Honoring NASA's Katherine Johnson, STEM Pioneer. whitehouse.gov. US Government. 28 February 2018. en. 30 November 2015.
26. Web site: Shetterly. Margot Lee. Hidden Figures – Margot Lee Shetterly – Hardcover. HarperCollins US. Harper Collins. 28 February 2018. en.
27. News: Katherine Johnson, real-life subject of 'Hidden Figures' receives standing ovation at Oscars. 28 February 2018. ABC News. American Broadcasting Company. 27 February 2017. en.
28. Web site: Mathematicians of the African Diaspora. 28 February 2021.
29. Book: Turner. Ethel M. A Negro history compendium. 1971. Cheyney State College. Cheyney, Pennsylvania. 824069.
30. Book: Green. Harry Washington. Holders of doctorates among American Negroes; an educational and social study of Negroes who have earned doctoral degrees in course, 1876–1943. 1974. Crofton Pub. Corp.. Newton, Mass.. 9780890200100. 10 May 2017.
31. Web site: Williams. Scott. US black mathematician index by year. Mathematicians of the African Diaspora. Mathematics Department, University of Buffalo. 27 February 2018.
32. Web site: Zeitz. Barbara Joan. Counting women of color. AAUW-IL. American Association of University Women – Illinois. 26 February 2018.
33. Shakil. M. African-Americans in mathematical sciences – a chronological introduction. Polygon. 2010. 4. Spring. 27–42. 8 April 2017.
34. Web site: SUMMA Archival Record. MAA.org. Mathematical Association of America. 15 April 2017.
35. Book: Cox. Elbert Frank. The polynomial solutions of the difference equation af(x+1) + bf(x) = [Phi](x)]. 1925. Cornell University. Ithaca, NY. 8 April 2017.
36. Book: Woodard. Dudley W. On two-dimensional analysis situs with special reference to the Jordan Curve Theorem. 1928. University of Pennsylvania. 9 April 2017.
37. Web site: Claytor. Schiefelin. Topological immersion of peanian continua in a spherical surface: a dissertation in mathematics. archives.upenn.edu. University of Pennsylvania. 10 April 2017. 1933. https://web.archive.org/web/20170423185222/http://www.archives.upenn.edu/histy/features/aframer/math.html. 23 April 2017. dead.
38. Claytor. Schiefelin. Topological Immersion of Peanian Continua in a Spherical Surface. Annals of Mathematics. 1934. 35. 4. 809–835. 1968496. 10.2307/1968496.
39. Book: Talbot. Walter R. Fundamental regions in S₆ for the simple quaternary G₆₀, type I. 1935. University of Pittsburgh. 24. 10 April 2017.
40. Book: McDaniel. Reuben Roosevelt. Approximation to algebraic numbers by means of periodic sequences of transformations on quadratic forms. 1938. Cornell University. 21.
41. Book: Pierce. Joseph A. A study of a universe of n finite populations with application to moment-function adjustments for grouped data. 1938. University of Michigan. 22. 10 April 2017.
42. Pierce. Joseph A. A study of a universe of n finite populations with application to moment-function adjustments for grouped data. The Annals of Mathematical Statistics. 1940. 11. 3. 311–334. 10 April 2017. 10.1214/aoms/1177731870. free.
43. Book: Blackwell. DH. Some properties of Markoff chains. 1941. University of Illinois. Champaign, IL. 15 April 2017.
44. Book: Coleman. Robert. The development of informal geometry. 1942. Columbia University. 36601437.
45. Book: Wilkins. Ernest Jr. Multiple Integral Problems in Parametric Form in the Calculus of Variations. 1942. University of Chicago. Chicago, IL. 9 April 2017.
46. Wilkins. J. Ernest. Multiple Integral Problems in Parametric Form in the Calculus of Variations. The Annals of Mathematics. April 1944. 45. 2. 312–334. 10.2307/1969268. 1969268.
47. Book: Haynes. Euphemia Lofton. Determination of sets of independent conditions characterizing certain special cases of symmetric correspondences. 1943. Catholic University of America Press. Washington, DC. 9 April 2017.
48. Book: Ellis. Wade. On relations satisfied by linear operators on a three dimensional linear vector space. 1944. University of Michigan. Ann Arbor, MI. 10 May 2017.
49. Book: Stephens. CF. Nonlinear difference equations analytic in a parameter. 1944. University of Michigan. Ann Arbor, MI. 15 April 2017.
50. Stephens. CF. Nonlinear difference equations analytic in a parameter. Transactions of the American Mathematical Society. 1948. 64. 2. 268–282. 9 April 2017. 10.1090/S0002-9947-1948-0026229-6. free.
51. Book: Granville. Evelyn Boyd. On laguerre series in the complex domain. 1949. Yale University. New Haven, CT. 978-0-599-64271-3. 8 April 2017.
52. Book: Browne. Marjorie L. Studies of oneparameter subgroups of certain topological and matrix groups. 1950. University of Michigan. Ann Arbor, Mi. 10 April 2017.
53. Book: Smith. Georgia Caldwell. Some results on the anticenter of a group. 1960. University of Pittsburgh. Pittsburgh, PA. 9 April 2017.
54. Book: Hewitt. Gloria Conyers. Direct and inverse limits of abstract algebras. 1962. University of Washington. Seattle, WA. 8 April 2017.
55. Book: Frazier. Thyrsa Anne. On the product of absolutely continuous transformations of measure spaces. 1965. Ohio State University. Columbus, OH. 11 April 2017. 1 March 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180301224834/https://etd.ohiolink.edu/pg_10?0::NO:10:P10_ETD_SUBID:125877. dead.
56. Book: Mayes. Vivienne Lucille Malone. A structure problem in asymptotic analysis. University of Texas. Austin, TX. 8 April 2017.
57. Book: McBay. Shirley. The Homology Theory of Metabelian Lie Algebras. 1966. University of Georgia. Athens, GA.
58. Book: Jones. Eleanor Green Dawley. Abelian groups and their endomorphism rings and the quasi-endomorphism of torsion free abelian groups. 1966. Syracuse University. Syracuse, NY. 19 April 2017.
59. Book: Darden. Geraldine C.. On direct sums of cyclic groups. 1967. Syracuse University. Syracuse, NY. 19 April 2017.
60. Book: Garraway. Annie Marie Watkins. Structure of some cocycles in analysis. 1967. University of California. Berkeley, California. 952184806.
61. Book: Dennis. Joseph J. Some points in the theory of positive definite J-fractions. 1944. Northwestern University. Evanston, Il. 11 April 2017.
62. Book: Brothers. Warren Hill. On the solution of boundary value problems in hyperbolic differential equations. University of Michigan. Ann Arbor, MI. 10 May 2017.
63. Book: Certaine. Jeremiah. Lattice-ordered groupoids and some related problems. 1945. Harvard University. Cambridge, Mass. 10 May 2017.
64. Book: Butcher. George H. An extension of the sum theorem of dimension theory. 1951. University of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA. 10 May 2017.
65. Book: Mishoe. Luna I. On the expansion of an arbitrary function in terms of the Eigenfunctions of a nonself adjoint differential system. 1953. New York University. New York, NY. 10 May 2017.
66. Book: Wright. Fred B. Ideals in operator algebras. 1953. University of Chicago. Chicago, Illinois. 80513353.
67. Book: Bell. CB Jr. Structures of measure spaces. 1954. University of Notre Dame. Notre Dame, IN. 15 April 2017.
68. Book: McCrae. Vincent V. On the unitary similarity of matrices. 1955. Catholic University of America. Washington, DC. 10 May 2017.
69. Book: Cross. Lonnie. On the distribution of eigenvalues of [Integral sign]a̳-a̳a(s-t)[phi](t)dt=pintegral signa̳-a̳b(s-t)[phi](t)dt+[eta][phi](s)] |date=1955|publisher=Cornell University|location=Ithaca, NY|url=https://newcatalog.library.cornell.edu/catalog/430285|accessdate=19 February 2018.
70. Book: Williams. Lloyd K. On separating transcendency bases. 1956. University of California. Berkeley, CA.
71. Book: Johnson. Elgy S. Properties of solutions of nonlinear differential equations. 1957. Catholic University of America. Washington DC. 10472636.
72. Book: King. John Quill Taylor. A statistical analysis of the economic aspects of nineteen Protestant church-related colleges in Texas. 1957. University of Texas. Austin, Texs. 27163120.
73. Book: Glover. Israel Everett. On analytic functions having as singular sets certain closed and bounded sets. 1959. Oklahoma State University. Stillwater, Oklahoma. 31959118.
74. Book: Harper. Laurence Raymond. Some properties of partially stable algebras. 1959. University of Chicago. Chicago IL. 27317099.
75. Costley. Charles Gladstone. Singular nonlinear integral equation with complex valued kernels of type N. 1960. University of Illinois. Urbana-Champaign, IL. 25 May 2017.
76. Book: Stubblefield. Beauregard. Some compact product spaces which cannot be imbedded in euclidean n-space. 1960. University of Michigan. Ann Arbor. 68274401.
77. Book: Clay. Jesse Paul. Proximity and equicontinuity in transformation groups. 1961. University of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA. 244982382.
78. Book: Newman. Rogers Joseph. Capacity and Tchebycheff polynomials. 1961. University of Michigan. Ann Arbor, MI. 68274672.
79. Book: Abernathy. Robert Oreece. On singular fourth order elliptic partial differential equations. 1962. University of California. Berkeley. 920415168.
80. Book: Bennett. John Henry. Truncation errors in numerical solutions of the transport equation. 1962. Harvard University. Cambridge, Massachusetts. 7909154.
81. Book: Saunders. Socrates Walter. Analytic continuation by certain product-summability methods. 1962. University of Pittsburgh. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. 25 February 2018.
82. Book: Sykes. Theodore Roosevelt. On a generalization of orthogonal polynomials. 1961. Pennsylvania State University. State College, PA. 11 May 2017.
83. Book: Battle. Joseph. Imbedding of graphs in orientable 2-manifolds. 1963. University of Michigan. Ann Arbor, Michigan. 68275253.
84. Book: Blakney. Simmie Samuel. Lusin's theorem in metric theory. 1963. University of Illinois. Urbana Champaign. 932249919.
85. Book: Embree. Earl Owen. A class of linear differential equations involving distributions. 1963. University of Illinois. Urbana-Champaign. 932257009.
86. Book: McWorter. William Andrew. Phi algebras. 1963. Ohio State University. Columbus, Ohio. 972879937.
87. Book: Embry. Mary Rodriguez. Subspaces associated with contractions in Hilbert space. 1964. University of North Carolina. Chapel Hill, NC. 8 April 2017.
88. On the Abel equation in n-dimensions, n ≥ 2.. 1964. Austin, Tex.. English. A. D. Stewart. Ph.D.. University of Texas at Austin. 44846220.
89. Web site: Alfred D. Stewart – Mathematician of the African Diaspora. www.math.buffalo.edu. Buffalo University. 25 February 2018.
90. Donaldson. James Ashley. Integral representations of the extended airy integral type for the modified Bessel function. 1965. University of Illinois. Urbana-Champaign, IL. 11 May 2017.
91. Book: Fletcher. William Thomas. On the decomposition of associative algebras of prime characteristic. 1966. University of Idaho. Moscow, Idaho. 11 May 2017.
92. Book: Banks. Harvey T. Optimal control problems with delay. 1966. Purdue University. Lafayette, Indiana. 27 February 2018.
93. Book: Ewell. John Albert. On the determination of sets by sets of sums of fixed order. 1966. University of California. Los Angeles. 319979782.
94. Book: Morris. Charles Edward. Normal subgroups of the sympletic group on a countably infinite dimensional vector space. 1966. University of Illinois. Urbana-Champaign, Illinois. 8365514.
95. Book: Clarkson. Llayron Leon. A theorem concerning product integrals. 1967. University of Texas. 19732605.
96. Book: Demetrius. Lloyd A. Structural organization in cellular systems: a mathematical approach. 1967. University of Chicago. Chicago, Illinois. 34919472.
97. Book: Douglas. Samuel Horace. Convexity lattices related to topological lattices and incidence geometries. 1967. Oklahoma State University. Stillwater, Oklahoma. 32122253.
98. Book: Heard. Melvin. Linear functional differential equation of neutral type. 1967. Purdue University. West Lafayette, Indiana. 22 February 2018.
99. Book: Turner. Ralph Brooks. Low Reynolds number flow of particulate fluids. 1967. Brown University. Providence, Rhode Island. 23903830.
100. Book: DeConge. Mary Sylvester. 2-normed lattices and 2-metric spaces. 1968. St Louis University. St Louis, MO.
101. Book: Amazigo. John Chukwuemeka. Buckling under axial compression of long cylindrical shells with random axisymmetric imperfections. 1968. Harvard University. Cambridge Massachusetts. 76977996.
102. Book: Barnes. Earl Russell. The optimal control of systems with distributed parameters. 1968. University of Maryland. College Park, Maryland. 11647547.
103. Book: Gordon. Milton Andrew. On a class of degree one algebras. 1968. Illinois Institute of Technology. Chicago, Illinois. 44789780.
104. Book: McNeil. Phillip Eugene. The structure of certain semigroups with two idempotents. 1969. Pennsylvania State University. Pennsylvania. 78017570.
105. Book: Smith. Wilbur Lee. On infinite product measures and semi-regular measures. 1968. Pennsylvania State University. Pennsylvania. 299184906.
106. Book: St Mary. Donald Frank. Oscillation and comparison theorems for second order linear differential equation. 1968. University of Nebraska. Lincoln, Nebraska. 36986587.
107. Book: Weddington. Donald Derrick. k-Spaces. 1968. University of Miami. Coral Gables, Florida. 27 February 2018.
108. Book: White. James Harris. Self-linking and the Gauss integral in higher dimensions. 1968. University of Minnesota. Minneapolis, Minnesota. 17923131.
109. Book: Falconer. Etta. Quasigroup identities invariant under isotopy. 1969. Emory University. Atlanta, GA. 22 May 2017.
110. Johnson. Raymond Lewis. A priori estimates and unique continuation theorems for second order parabolic equations. 1969. Rice University. Houston TX. 1911/14530. Thesis.
111. Web site: Mathematicians of the African Diaspora: Robert S. Smith. math.buffalo.edu/mad. Buffalo University. 25 February 2018.
112. Book: Warner. James Ernie. Asymptotic properties of multivariate permutation tests with applications to signal detection. 1969. Case Western University. Cleveland, Ohio. 34406987.
113. Book: Williams. Scott Warner. The transfinite cardinal covering dimension. 1969. LeHigh University. Bethlehem, PA. 47139510.
114. Web site: Hall. Japheth. On the theory of structures in sets. ProQuest. University of Alabama. 28 February 2018.
115. Book: Hogan. Guy Theodore. Variations on the Hp problem for finite p-groups. 1970. Ohio State University. Columbus, OH. 22 May 2017.
116. Book: Keith. Lonnie Williams. Nearly distribution-free tests for equal variances in two populations when the means are unknown. 1970. Kansas State University. Manhattan, Kansas. 28661687.
117. Book: Nwankpa. Sonde Ndubeze. Generalized Sylvester Gallai configurations. 1970. Michigan State University. East Lansing, Michigan. 25362816.
118. Richard. Spikes, Dolores. Semi-valuations and groups of divisibility. LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 1971. Louisiana State University. Baton Rouge, LA. 10.31390/gradschool_disstheses.2173 . 126222173 . 22 May 2017. en.
119. Book: Kean. Orville Edward. Abstract horn theories. 1971. University of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA. 244976973.
120. Book: Mutio. Nguthu John. Frobenius groups. 1971. Syracuse University. Syracuse, New York. 828860420.
121. Book: Williams. Eddie Robert. The Poincaré lemma with estimates. 1971. Columbia University. New York. 83315408.
122. Book: Simms. Nathan Frank. Stable homotopy in Frobenius categories. 1970. Lehigh University. Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. 31714056.
123. Book: Lahr. Charles Dwight. Approximate identities and multipliers for certain convolution measure algebras. 1971. Syracuse University. Syracuse, New York. 702682481.
124. Book: Chukwu. Ethelbert Nwakuche. Symmetries and identification of linear control systems. 1972. Case Western University. Cleveland, Ohio. 29442746.
125. Book: Criner. Oscar Henry. Regularity properties of the solutions of the two dimensional Lagrangian problem and the Lagrangiah multiplier. 1972. University of California. Berkeley, California. 21923717.
126. Book: Imoru. Christopher Olutunde. The Jensen-Steffensen inequality. 1972. Northwestern University. Evanston, Illinois. 56219500.
127. Web site: Ford-Livene. Carlos. Estimation, prediction, and dynamic programming in ecology. ProQuest Database. University of Southern California. 28 February 2018.
128. Web site: Means. Curtis Sylvester. Initial value problems for a class of higher order partial differential equations which are related to the heat equation. Proquest Database. Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. 28 February 2018.
129. Book: Williams. Floyd L.. Tensor Products of principal series representations.. 1973. Springer. Berlin [West], Heidelberg, N.Y.. 9783540065678. 22 May 2017.
130. Book: Jensen. Gary R Steven. Krantz. Steven G. 150 years of mathematics at Washington University in St. Louis : sesquicentennial of mathematics at Washington University, October 3-5, 2003, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri. 2006. American Mathematical Society. Providence, R.I.. 9780821836033. 17. 22 May 2017.
131. Web site: James White – The Mathematics Genealogy Project. www.genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu. North Dakota State University. 28 February 2018.
132. Book: Thornton. Evelyn E. Wilson. Generalised Vietoris-Begle theorems. 1973. University of Houston. Houston, Texas. English. 13690049.
133. Web site: Aytch. Annas. Consistency of complex Noerland transforms. ProQuest Database. University of Pittsburgh. 28 February 2018.
134. Book: Baker. Garth Arnold. Projection methods for boundary value problems for equations of elliptic and parabolic type with discontinuous coefficients. 1973. Cornell University. New York. 63623528.
135. Book: Bozeman. Robert Edward. Periodic solutions in the plane four-body problem of mixed circular-elliptic type. 1973. Vanderbilt University. Nashville TN. 4302397.
136. Book: Gavin. Lloyd Alvin. On some classes of FK-spaces and on summability factors. 1973. Illinois Institute of Technology. Chicago, IL. 44742967.
137. Book: Getu. Seyoum. Generalizing alternative rings. 1973. University of Missouri-Columbia. Columbia, Missouri. 28643630.
138. Web site: Ginn. James Ervin. Product estimators in sample surveys. ProQuest Database. Texas A&M University. 28 February 2018.
139. Book: Herron. Isom Harris. A fluid dynamical theory for the motion of a particle undergoing centrifugation. 1973. Johns Hopkins University. Baltimore, Maryland. 30556659.
140. Web site: Philander Smith College – Course Catalog. Philander.edu. Philander Smith College. 28 February 2018.
141. Web site: Frank A. James – Mathematician of the African Diaspora. www.math.buffalo.edu. Mathematics Department Buffalo University. 28 February 2018.
142. Book: Keepler. Manuel. Backward and forward equations for random evolutions.. 1973. University of New Mexico. Albuquerque, New Mexico. English. 46481452.
143. Book: McCalla. Clement Aynsley Waters. Optimal control of linear hereditary systems with quadratic criterion.. 1973. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Cambridge, Massachusetts. English. 30083969.
144. Book: Payne. Michael Noel. Structural stability and quadratic dynamical systems. 1973. University of California. Berkeley, California. English. 21927407.
145. Book: Seabury. Chester Cornelius. Some extension theorems for regular maps of Stein manifolds. 1973. Stanford University. Stanfird, California. English. 25635595.
146. Book: Wright. Hampton. Coefficient identities derived from symmetric function expansions. 1973. University of North Carolina. Raleigh, North Carolina. English. 5072485.
147. Book: Idowu. Elayne Arrington. The p-Frattini subgroup of a finite group. 1974. University of Cincinnati. Cincinnati, Ohio. English. 1060475.
148. Book: Higgins. Rada R. On the asymptotic behavior of certain sequences. 1974. Ohio State University (Commencement). 5. 28 January 2018.
149. Book: Gentry. Roosevelt. Compact interpolation between Banach spaces. 1974. Rutgers University. New Brunswick, NJ.
150. Book: Gill. Tepper L. Tensor products of contraction semigroups on Hilbert spaces. 1974. Wayne University. Detroit, MI. 18133831.
151. Web site: Houston. Johnny Lee. On the theory of fitting classes in certain locally finite groups. North Dakota State University. 24 February 2018.
152. Book: Jones. Arthur Melvin. On goodness-of-fit tests for normality. 1974. University of Iowa. Iowa City, Iowa. English. 26693781.
153. Book: Knox. Nathaniel. On the inverse semigroup coproduct of an arbitrary non-empty collection of groups. 1974. University of South Carolina. Columbia, SC. 1477568.
154. Book: Osondu. Kevin Ejere. A unified theory of extension of bins to semigroups and of semigroups to groups. 1974. State University of New York. Buffalo, New York. 28 February 2018.
155. Book: Taylor. Willie Elmer. Oscillatory properties of nonselfadjoint fourth order differential equations. 1974. University of Houston. Houston, Texas. English. 13715401.
156. Book: Wallace. Alton Smith. Representation theorems for solutions of differential operator equations. 1974. University of Maryland. College Park, MD. 18243068.
157. Book: Suber Gerelle. Cheryll. A Markov process for predicting adult student behavior. 1975. Kansas State University. Manhattan, KA. 28936884.
158. Book: Saunders. Socrates Walter. Legal aspects of the education of Negroes with special emphasis on the equalization principle. 1942. University of Pittsburgh. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. 25 February 2018.
159. Book: Turner. Ethel M. Consumer mathematics in adult education. 1947. Columbia University. New York. 80717539.
160. Book: Boulware. Caldwell Elwood. The emerging concept of mental arithmetic. 1950. Columbia University. NY. 84287200.
161. Book: Love. Theodore A. The relation of achievement in mathematics to certain abilities in problem-solving. 1951. New York University. New York. 639288635.
162. Book: King. Angie Turner. An analysis of early algebra textbooks used in the American secondary schools before 1900. 1955. University of Pittsburgh. 21 April 2017.
163. Book: Jones. Wendell Primus. The Negro press and the higher education of Negroes, 1933–1952 : a study of news and opinion on higher education in the three leading Negro newspapers. 1954. University of Chicago. Chicago, Illinois. 81121511.
164. Web site: Dr. Thomas E. Bonner. esubu. Emporia State University Black Student Union. 11 February 2018.
165. Book: Eldridge. Henry Madison. A study in the variation in accomplishment and subject preference in different secondary schools. 1956. University of Pittsburgh. Pittsburgh, PA. 24 May 2017.
166. Book: Pitts. Raymond Jackson. An analysis and evaluation of supplementary teaching materials found in selected secondary school textbooks. 1957. University of Michigan. Ann Arbor, Michigan. 68273765.
167. Book: Means. James Horatio. Objectives of mathematics instruction in seven Texas colleges. 1958. Oklahoma State University. Stillwater, Oklahoma. 31989915.
168. Book: Jones. Major Boyd. Techniques, methods, procedures and provisions used in selected Maryland public secondary schools in teaching mathematics to rapid learners. 1959. Cornell University. Ithaca, New York. 63962216.
169. Book: Bradley. Lillian Katie. An Evaluation of the Effectiveness of a Collegiate General Mathematics Course. 1960. University of Texas. Austin, Tx. 21 April 2017.
170. Book: Gasaway. Sadie C. The effectiveness of continued testing in mathematics of freshmen of varying proficiencies at Tennessee Agricultural and Industrial State University. 1961. Cornell University. Ithaca, NY. 11 May 2017.
171. Book: Sutton. Louise Nixon. Concept learning in trigonometry and analytic geometry at the college level : a comparative study of two methods of teaching trigonometry and analytic geometry at the college level. 1962. New York University. New York. 8 April 2017.
172. Book: Awani-Alele. Grace. Dynamics of education in the birth of a new nation: case study of Nigeria. 1963. University of Chicago. 29 January 2018.
173. Book: Hunte. Beryl Eleanor. Demonstrative geometry during the twentieth century : an account of the various sequences used in the subject matter of demonstrative geometry from 1900 to the present time. 1964. New York University. New York, NY. 21 April 2017.
174. Book: Hunter. Ulysses. Essential cluster sets. 1964. 1–44. Purdue University. West Lafayette, Indiana. 22 February 2018.
175. Book: Marshall. Louis Clinton. Approximately continuous transformations on compact metric spaces. 1964. American University. 890259238.
176. Book: Jones. John Arthur. An intensive investigation and analysis of means for improving the mathematics programs in the colleges and universities of the United States with predominantly negro student bodies. 1965. Pennsylvania State University. Pennsylvania. 223411615.
177. Book: Madison. Eugene William. Computable algebraic structures and non-standard arithmetic. 1966. University of Illinois. Urbana-Champaign, Illinois. 932257064.
178. Book: Crawford. Matthew William. An analysis of the mathematics curriculum in the negro public high schools in Louisiana. 1967. Colorado State College. Fort Collins, Colorado. 8096366.
179. Book: King. Calvin Elijah. A comparative study of the effectiveness of teaching a course in remedial mathematics to college students by television and by the conventional method. 1967. Ohio State University. Columbus, Ohio. 27254499.
180. Book: Vance. Irvin Elmer. Geometries of the Erlanger Program. 1867. University of Michigan. Ann Arbor, Michigan. 68277259.
181. Book: Whitfield. Marcus Harold. Theory of maxima and minima and applications. 1967. Oklahoma State University. Stillwater, Oklahoma. 32096503.
182. Eke. Boniface Ihemeotuonye. Structure of inseparable composites. Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 1969. Iowa State University. Ames, Iowa. 10.31274/rtd-180813-841. 27 February 2018.
183. Book: Mohr. Paul Burgette. A study of Negro mathematics faculties in predominantly Negro institutions. 1969. Oklahoma State University. Stillwater, Oklahoma. 32170537.
184. Book: Hytche. William Percy. A comparative analysis of four methods of instruction in mathematics. 1969. Oklahoma State University. Stillwater, Oklahoma. 310106226.
185. Web site: Martin. Benjamin Joseph. On a new integral equation arising in the theory of radiative transfer. 1969. North Dakota State University. 25 February 2018.
186. Book: Price. Richard Lionel. Scholastic aptitude test in mathematics as a predictor of student selection of algebraic versus geometric approaches to problem solving. 1969. Ohio State University. Columbus, Ohio. 54076243.
187. Book: Taylor. Washington Theophilus. A cross sectional study of the modification of attitudes of selected prospective elementary school teachers toward mathematics. 1969. Oklahoma State University. Stillwater, Oklahoma. 32176827.
188. Book: Williams. Vernon. A multi-predictive measure to predict success at two levels in freshman college mathematics. 1969. Oklahoma State University. Stillwater, Oklahoma. 14579533.
189. Book: Knight. Genevieve Madeline. The effect of a sub-culturally appropriate language upon achievement in mathematical content. 1970. University of Maryland. College Park, MD. 17748181.
190. Book: Gipson. Joella Hardeman. Joella Gipson. Teaching probability in the elementary school: an exploratory study. 1971. University of Illinois. Urbana-Champaign. 3803574.
191. Book: Hickman. David James. The Tschebyscheff polynomials for regular polygons inscribed in the unit circle of the complex plane. 1970. University of Notre Dame. Notre Dame, Indiana. 11019990.
192. Book: Pettis. Rufus Grier. An analysis of the methods being used to make provisions for outstanding high school mathematics students in North Carolina. 1970. Oklahoma State University. Stillwater, Oklahoma. 32195254.
193. Book: Braithwaite. Therese Hance. The development of a function theory in education based on a construct of a unity. 1973. University of California. Berkeley. 20567708.
194. Book: Bell. Della Pearl Domonek. Some characteristics of high- and low- achieving seventh grade Black students in mathematics. 1974. University of Texas. Austin, Texas. English. 3305600.
195. Book: Hrabowski. Freeman. A comparison of the graduate academic performance of black students who graduated from predominantly black colleges and from predominantly white colleges. 1975. University of Illinois. Urbana-Champaign, IL. 22 May 2017.
196. Book: Bedini. Silvio A.. The life of Benjamin Banneker : the first African American man of science. 1999. Maryland Historical Soc.. Baltimore. 978-0938420590. 2. ed., rev. and expanded.. registration. 28 February 2018.
197. Book: Hinman. Bonnie. Benjamin Banneker : American mathematician and astronomer. 2000. Chelsea House Publishers. Philadelphia. 978-0791056912. 16 April 2017.
198. Book: Blackwell. David. Wilmot. Nadine. An oral history with David Blackwell. 2003. Bancroft Library. English. 54833905.
199. Web site: David Blackwell and the Deadliest Duel . 2023-01-04 . Royal Fireworks Press . en-US.
200. Book: Williams. SL. To Humbly Serve: Joseph James Dennis and His Contributions to Clark College. 2016. Clark Atlanta University. Atlanta, Ga.
201. Book: Kimbrough. Marjorie L. Accept no limitations: a black woman encounters corporate America. 1991. Abingdon Press. Nashville, Tennessee. English.
202. Book: Verheyden-Hilliard. Mary Ellen. Mathematician and administrator, Shirley Mathis McBay. 1985. Equity Institute. Bethesda, Md.. 978-0932469045. 16 April 2017.
203. Nkwanta . Asamoah . Barber . Janet E. . February 2018 . Episodes in the Life of a Genius: J. Ernest Wilkins Jr. . Notices of the AMS . 65 . 3 . 135–138 . AMS.
204. Borum. Viveka. Hilton. Adriel Adon. Walker. Erica. The Role of Black Colleges in the Development of Mathematicians. Journal of Research Initiatives. 2016. 2. 1. 28 February 2018. en. 2168-9083.
205. Book: Carlson. Cob. Parks. Yolanda. Taylor-Mead. Elizabeth. Hampton. Henry. Blatt. Joseph. Handley. Eric. Taylor. Valerie Elaine. Tapia. Richard A. Porter-Locklear. Freda. Breakthrough: profiles of scientists of color. Working with Numbers.. 1996. Blackside, Inc.. Boston, Massachusetts. English. 39911524.
206. Book: Dean. Nathaniel. African Americans in mathematics: DIMACS workshop, June 26-28, 1996; [volume includes papers by invited speakers and poster presenters at the Second Conference for African-American Researchers in the Mathematical Sciences]. 1997. American Math. Soc.. Providence, RI. 978-0821806784.
207. Book: Farmer. Vernon L. Shepherd-Wynn. Evelyn. Voices of historical and contemporary Black American pioneers. 2012. Praeger. Santa Barbara, California. 9780313392252. English.
208. Book: Harmon. Marylen E. Guertler. Sherry. Visions of a dream: history makers: contributions of Africans and African Americans in science and mathematics. 1994. M.E. Harmon. Roanoke, Virginia. 978-0962823336. English.
209. Book: Houston. Johnny L.. The history of the National Association of Mathematicians (NAM): The first thirty (30) years, 1969–1999. 2000. National Association of Mathematicians. 9780970333209. English.
210. Book: Kenschaft. Patricia Clark. Change is possible : stories of women and minorities in mathematics. 2005. American Mathematical Society. Providence, R.I.. 9780821837481. registration. 10 May 2017.
211. Book: Lang. Mozell P. Contributions of African American scientists and mathematicians. 2007. Harcourt School Publishers. Orlando. 978-0153458484. English.
212. Book: Newell. Virginia K.. Gipson. Joella. Rich. Waldo L.. Stubblefield. Beauregard. Black mathematicians and their works. 1980. Dorrance. Ardmore, Pa.. 9780805925562.
213. Book: Paul. Richard. Moss. Steven. We Could Not Fail: The First African Americans in the Space Program. registration. 2015. University of Texas Press. Texas. 9780292772496.
214. Book: Shetterly. Margot Lee. Hidden Figures: The American Dream and the Untold Story of the Black Women Mathematicians Who Helped Win the Space Race. 2016. William Morrow. 9780062363596. registration.
215. Book: Walker. Erica N.. Beyond Banneker : Black Mathematicians and the Paths to Excellence. 2014. SUNY Press. 978-1438452159. registration.
216. Book: Williams. Lisa D. The trials, tribulations, and triumphs of black faculty in the math and science pipeline: a life history approach. 2000. University of Massachusetts. Amherst, Massachusetts. English. 45126076.
217. Book: Becker. Helaine. Phumiruk. Dow. Counting on Katherine: how Katherine Johnson saved Apollo 13. 2018. Henry Holt & co. New York. 9781250137524. English. 994441045.
218. Book: Pinkney. Andrea Davis Pinkney; illustrated by Brian. Dear Benjamin Banneker. 1998. Harcourt Brace & Co.. San Diego, CA. 9780152018924. 1st Voyager Books.
219. Book: Schwartz. Heather E. NASA mathematician Katherine Johnson. 2018. Lerner Publications. Minneapolis. 9781512457032. English. 961388617.
220. Book: Shetterly. Margot Lee. Conkling. Winifred. Freeman. Laura. Hidden figures: the true story of four black women and the space race. 2018. Harper. New York. 9780062742469. English. 985072992.
221. December 20, 2017. In Memoriam: Rudy L. Horne. The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education. 28 January 2018.
222. Web site: John Urschel's Homepage . 2023-01-04 . math.mit.edu.