List of African-American United States representatives explained

The United States House of Representatives has had 157 elected African-American members, of whom 151 have been representatives from U.S. states and 6 have been delegates from U.S. territories and the District of Columbia.^[1] The House of Representatives is the lower house of the bicameral United States Congress, which is the legislative branch of the federal government of the United States.

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the term "African American" includes all individuals who identify with one or more nationalities or ethnic groups originating in any of the black racial groups of Africa.^[2] The term is generally used for Americans with at least partial ancestry in any of the original peoples of sub-Saharan Africa. During the founding of the federal government, African Americans were consigned to a status of second-class citizenship or enslaved.^[3] No African American served in federal elective office before the ratification in 1870 of the Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. The Fifteenth Amendment prohibits the federal and state governments from denying any citizen the right to vote because of that citizen's race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

Joseph Rainey was the first African-American representative to be seated in the U.S. House. He served South Carolina's 1st congressional district beginning in 1870 during the Reconstruction era following the American Civil War. The first African-American woman to serve as a representative was Shirley Chisholm from New York's 12th congressional district in 1969 during the Civil Rights Movement.

Many African-American members of the House of Representatives serve majority-minority districts.^[4] Some of these congressional districts are gerrymandered, limiting serious challenges to their re-election, and limiting their abilities to represent a larger, more diverse constituency.^[4] The Voting Rights Act of 1965 includes restrictions on the ability of States to diminish minority representation during redistricting. In the elections of 2016 and 2018, an increasing number of non-majority-minority districts have elected racial minority representatives.

Overall, 31 of the 50 U.S. states, plus the U.S. Virgin Islands and the District of Columbia, have elected an African American to represent them in the U.S. House of Representatives, with Rhode Island being the most recent to elect its first (in 2023); out of these, 23 states, plus U.S. Virgin Islands and the District of Columbia, have elected an African-American woman to represent them in the U.S. House. Illinois's 1st congressional district has the longest continuous streak of electing African-American representatives, a tendency that has occurred from 1928 to the present. There currently are 57 African-American representatives and two African-American delegates in the United States House of Representatives, representing 29 states, plus the U.S. Virgin Islands and the District of Columbia. Most are members of the Congressional Black Caucus.

List of states represented by African Americans

State	Current members	Previous members	Total	First African-American member	Political party of first African-American member	Years with African-American members
	1	5	6			Republican	1871–1877, 1993–present
	0	0	0
	0	0	0
	0	0	0
	3	10	13			Democratic	1963–present
	1	0	1			Democratic	2019–present
	1	1	2			Republican	1991–1997, 2019–present
	1	0	1			Democratic	2017–present
	4	8	12			Republican	1871–1876, 1993–present
	5	6	11			Republican	1871, 1973–1977, 1987–present
	0	0	0
	0	0	0
	4	13	17			Republican	1929–present
	1	2	3			Democratic	1982–1985, 1997–present
	0	0	0
	0	0	0
	0	0	0
	1	4	5			Republican	1875–1877, 1991–2009, 2011–present
	0	0	0
	2	5	7			Democratic	1971–present
	1	0	1			Democratic	2019–present
	1	8	9			Democratic	1955–present
	1	1	2			Democratic–Farmer–Labor	2007–present
	1	2	3			Republican	1873–1877, 1882–1883, 1987–present
	2	3	5			Democratic	1969–present
	0	0	0
	0	0	0
	1	0	1			Democratic	2013–2015, 2019–present
	0	0	0
	1	2	3			Democratic	1989–present
	0	0	0
	5	8	13			Democratic	1945–present
	3	8	11			Republican	1875–1877, 1883–1887, 1889–1893, 1897–1901, 1992–present
	0	0	0
	3	3	6			Democratic	1969–present
	0	1	1			Republican	1995–2003
	0	0	0
	2	4	6			Democratic	1958–present
	1	0	1			Democratic	2023–present
	1	9	10			Republican	1870–1879, 1882–1887, 1890–1891, 1893–1897, 1993–present
	0	0	0
	0	2	2			Democratic	1975–2007
	5	6	11			Democratic	1973–present
	1	1	2			Republican	2015–2019, 2021–present
	0	0	0
	2	2	4			Republican	1890–1891, 1993–present
	1	0	1			Democratic	2021–present
	0	0	0
	1	0	1			Democratic	2005–present
	0	0	0

Reconstruction and early post-Reconstruction era, 1870–1887

Political party

Representative	Congressional district	Took office	Left office	Party	Congress	Former slave?	Notes
		Joseph Rainey	South Carolina's 1st			Republican	41st	Yes	Lost reelection^[5]
45th
		Jefferson F. Long	Georgia's 4th			Republican	41st	Yes	Retired^[6]
		Robert C. De Large	South Carolina's 2nd			Republican	42nd	No	Unseated in 1873 due to a contested election that involved Christopher C. Bowen, the previous seat holder.^[7] ^[8]
		Robert B. Elliott	South Carolina's 3rd			Republican	42nd	No	Resigned^[9]
43rd
		Benjamin S. Turner	Alabama's 1st			Republican	42nd	Yes	Lost reelection^[10]
		Josiah T. Walls	Florida's at-large			Republican	42nd	Yes	Unseated in 1873 and 1876 due to contested elections that involved Silas L. Niblack^[11] and Jesse Finley,^[12] respectively.^[13]
					43rd
Florida's 2nd					44th
		Richard H. Cain	South Carolina's at-large			Republican	43rd	No	Retired^[14]
South Carolina's 2nd					45th
		John R. Lynch	Mississippi's 6th			Republican	43rd	Yes	Lost reelection^[15]
44th
					47th
		Alonzo J. Ransier	South Carolina's 2nd			Republican	43rd	No	Retired^[16]
		James T. Rapier	Alabama's 2nd			Republican	43rd	No	Lost reelection^[17]
		Jeremiah Haralson	Alabama's 1st			Republican	44th	Yes	Lost reelection^[18]
		John Adams Hyman	North Carolina's 2nd			Republican	44th	Yes	Lost renomination^[19]
		Charles E. Nash	Louisiana's 6th			Republican	44th	No	Lost reelection^[20]
		Robert Smalls	South Carolina's 5th			Republican	44th	Yes	Lost reelection^[21]
45th
					47th		Lost reelection
South Carolina's 7th					48th		Retired
					49th
		James E. O'Hara	North Carolina's 2nd			Republican	48th	No	Lost reelection^[22]
49th

Late post-Reconstruction, Populist, and early Jim Crow era, 1887–1929

Political party

Representative	Congressional district	Took office	Left office	Party	Congress	Former slave?	Notes
		Henry P. Cheatham	North Carolina's 2nd			Republican	51st	Yes	Lost reelection^[23]
52nd
		John Mercer Langston	Virginia's 4th			Republican	51st	No	Lost reelection^[24]
		Thomas E. Miller	South Carolina's 7th			Republican	51st	No	Lost reelection^[25] ^[26]
		George W. Murray	South Carolina's 7th			Republican	53rd	Yes	Lost reelection^[27]
South Carolina's 1st					54th
		George Henry White	North Carolina's 2nd			Republican	55th	Yes	Retired^[28]
56th

Late Jim Crow and Civil Rights era, 1929–1970

Political parties

Representative	Congressional district	Took office	Left office	Party	Congress	Notes
		Oscar Stanton De Priest	Illinois's 1st			Republican	71st	Lost reelection^[29]
72nd
73rd
		Arthur W. Mitchell	Illinois's 1st			Democratic	74th	Retired^[30]
77th
		William L. Dawson	Illinois's 1st			Democratic	78th	Died in office^[31]
91st
		Adam Clayton Powell Jr.	New York's 22nd			Democratic	79th	Lost renomination^[32]
82nd
New York's 16th					83rd
					87th
New York's 18th					88th
					89th
					90th
					91st
		Charles Diggs	Michigan's 13th			Democratic	84th	Resigned after being convicted of mail fraud^[33]
96th
		Robert N. C. Nix Sr.	Pennsylvania's 4th			Democratic	85th	Lost renomination^[34]
87th
Pennsylvania's 2nd					88th
					95th
		Augustus F. Hawkins	California's 21st			Democratic	88th	Retired^[35]
93rd
California's 29th					94th
					101st
		John Conyers	Michigan's 1st			Democratic	89th	Resigned after being accused of sexual harassment.^[36]
102nd
Michigan's 14th					103rd
					112th
Michigan's 13th					113th
					115th
		Shirley Chisholm	New York's 12th			Democratic	91st	Retired^[37]
97th
		Bill Clay	Missouri's 1st			Democratic	91st	Retired^[38]
106th
		Louis Stokes	Ohio's 21st			Democratic	91st	Retired^[39]
102nd
Ohio's 11th					103rd
					105th
		George W. Collins	Illinois's 6th			Democratic	91st	Died in office^[40]
92nd

Modern era, 1971–present

Representatives

Political parties

Representative	Congressional district	Took office	Left office	Party	Congress	Notes
		Ron Dellums	California's 7th			Democratic	92nd	Resigned^[41]
93rd
California's 8th					94th
					102nd
California's 9th					103rd
					105th
		Ralph Metcalfe	Illinois's 1st			Democratic	92nd	Died in office^[42]
95th
		Parren Mitchell	Maryland's 7th			Democratic	92nd	Retired to run unsuccessfully for Lieutenant Governor of Maryland.^[43]
99th
		Charles Rangel	New York's 18th			Democratic	92nd	Retired^[44]
New York's 19th					93rd
					97th
New York's 16th					98th
					102nd
New York's 15th					103rd
					112th
New York's 13th					113th
					114th
		Yvonne Brathwaite Burke	California's 37th			Democratic	93rd	Retired to run unsuccessfully for Attorney General of California.^[45]
California's 28th					94th
					95th
		Barbara Jordan	Texas's 18th			Democratic	93rd	Retired^[46]
94th
95th
		Andrew Young	Georgia's 5th			Democratic	93rd	Resigned to become the United States Ambassador to the United Nations.^[47]
94th
95th
		Cardiss Collins	Illinois's 7th			Democratic	93rd	Retired^[48]
104th
		Harold Ford Sr.	Tennessee's 8th			Democratic	94th	Retired^[49]
97th
Tennessee's 9th					98th
					104th
		Julian Dixon	California's 28th			Democratic	96th	Died in office^[50]
102nd
California's 32nd					103rd
					106th
		William H. Gray III	Pennsylvania's 2nd			Democratic	96th	Resigned to become President of the United Negro College Fund.^[51]
102nd
		Mickey Leland	Texas's 18th			Democratic	96th	Died in office^[52]
101st
		Bennett Stewart	Illinois's 1st			Democratic	96th	Lost renomination^[53]
		George Crockett Jr.	Michigan's 13th			Democratic	96th	Retired^[54]
101st
		Mervyn Dymally	California's 31st			Democratic	97th	Retired^[55]
102nd
		Gus Savage	Illinois's 2nd			Democratic	97th	Lost renomination.^[56]
102nd
		Harold Washington	Illinois's 1st			Democratic	97th	Resigned to become Mayor of Chicago^[57]
98th
		Katie Hall	Indiana's 1st			Democratic	97th	Lost renomination^[58]
98th
		Major Owens	New York's 12th			Democratic	98th	Retired^[59]
102nd
New York's 11th					103rd
					109th
		Edolphus Towns	New York's 11th			Democratic	98th	Retired^[60]
102nd
New York's 10th					103rd
					112th
		Alan Wheat	Missouri's 5th			Democratic	98th	Retired to run unsuccessfully for the United States Senate^[61]
103rd
		Charles Hayes	Illinois's 1st			Democratic	98th	Lost renomination^[62]
102nd
		Alton Waldon	New York's 6th			Democratic	99th	Lost renomination^[63]
		Mike Espy	Mississippi's 2nd			Democratic	100th	Resigned to become the United States Secretary of Agriculture.^[64]
103rd
		Floyd Flake	New York's 6th			Democratic	100th	Resigned to become a pastor at the Allen African Methodist Episcopal Church.^[65]
105th
		John Lewis	Georgia's 5th			Democratic	100th	Died in office^[66]
116th
		Kweisi Mfume	Maryland's 7th			Democratic	100th	Resigned to become Executive Director of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).^[67]
104th
				Incumbent	116th
					118th
		Donald M. Payne	New Jersey's 10th			Democratic	101st	Died in office^[68]
112th
		Craig Washington	Texas's 18th			Democratic	101st	Lost renomination^[69]
102nd
103rd
		Barbara-Rose Collins	Michigan's 13th			Democratic	102nd	Lost renomination^[70]
Michigan's 15th					103rd
					104th
		Gary Franks	Connecticut's 5th			Republican	102nd	Lost reelection^[71]
103rd
104th
		William J. Jefferson	Louisiana's 2nd			Democratic	102nd	Lost reelection after being indicted for bribery, of which he was later convicted.^[72]
110th
		Maxine Waters	California's 29th			Democratic	102nd	^[73]
California's 35th					103rd
					112th
California's 43rd				Incumbent	113th
					118th
		Lucien Blackwell	Pennsylvania's 2nd			Democratic	102nd	Lost renomination^[74]
103rd
		Eva Clayton	North Carolina's 1st			Democratic	102nd	Retired^[75]
107th
		Sanford Bishop	Georgia's 2nd		Incumbent	Democratic	103rd	^[76]
117th
		Corrine Brown	Florida's 3rd			Democratic	103rd	Lost renomination after being indicted for fraud and tax-evasion, of which she was later convicted^[77]
112th
Florida's 5th					113th
					114th
		Jim Clyburn	South Carolina's 6th		Incumbent	Democratic	103rd	^[78]
118th
		Cleo Fields	Louisiana's 4th			Democratic	103rd	Retired^[79]
104th
		Alcee Hastings	Florida's 23rd			Democratic	103rd	Died in office^[80] ^[81]
112th
Florida's 20th					113th
					117th
		Earl Hilliard	Alabama's 7th			Democratic	103rd	Lost renomination^[82]
107th
		Eddie Bernice Johnson	Texas's 30th			Democratic	103rd	Retired^[83]
117th
		Cynthia McKinney	Georgia's 11th			Democratic	103rd	Lost renomination in 2002 and 2006^[84]
104th
Georgia's 4th					105th
					107th
					109th
		Carrie Meek	Florida's 17th			Democratic	103rd	Retired^[85]
107th
		Mel Reynolds	Illinois's 2nd			Democratic	103rd	Resigned after being convicted on 12 counts of sexual assault, obstruction of justice and solicitation of child pornography and being sentenced to five years in prison.^[86]
104th
		Bobby Rush	Illinois's 1st			Democratic	103rd	Retired^[87]
117th
		Bobby Scott	Virginia's 3rd		Incumbent	Democratic	103rd	^[88]
118th
		Walter R. Tucker III	California's 37th			Democratic	103rd	Resigned after being convicted of tax-evasion and extortion^[89]
104th
		Mel Watt	North Carolina's 12th			Democratic	103rd	Resigned to become Director of the Federal Housing Finance Agency^[90]
113th
		Albert Wynn	Maryland's 4th			Democratic	103rd	Resigned after losing renomination.^[91]
110th
		Bennie Thompson	Mississippi's 2nd		Incumbent	Democratic	103rd	^[92]
118th
		Chaka Fattah	Pennsylvania's 2nd			Democratic	104th	Resigned following loss of renomination and convictions for racketeering, fraud, and money laundering.^[93]
114th
		Sheila Jackson Lee	Texas's 18th		July 19, 2024	Democratic	104th	Died in office. ^[94]
118th
		J. C. Watts	Oklahoma's 4th			Republican	104th	Retired from office.^[95]
107th
		Jesse Jackson Jr.	Illinois's 2nd			Democratic	104th	Resigned after being convicted of wire and mail fraud^[96]
112th
		Juanita Millender-McDonald	California's 37th			Democratic	104th	Died in office^[97]
110th
		Elijah Cummings	Maryland's 7th			Democratic	104th	Died in office^[98]
116th
		Julia Carson	Indiana's 10th			Democratic	105th	Died in office^[99]
107th
Indiana's 7th					108th
					110th
		Danny Davis	Illinois's 7th		Incumbent	Democratic	105th	^[100]
118th
		Harold Ford Jr.	Tennessee's 9th			Democratic	105th	Retired to run unsuccessfully for the United States Senate^[101]
109th
		Carolyn Cheeks Kilpatrick	Michigan's 15th			Democratic	105th	Lost renomination^[102]
107th
Michigan's 13th					108th
					111th
		Gregory Meeks	New York's 6th			Democratic	105th	^[103]
112th
New York's 5th				Incumbent	113th
					118th
		Barbara Lee	California's 9th			Democratic	105th	^[104] Would forgo re-election to U.S. House of Representatives in 2024 to unsuccessfully run for U.S. Senate seat.^[105]
112th
California's 13th					113th
					117th
California's 12th				Incumbent	118th
		Stephanie Tubbs Jones	Ohio's 11th			Democratic	106th	Died in office^[106]
110th
		Lacy Clay	Missouri's 1st			Democratic	107th	Lost renomination^[107]
116th
		Diane Watson	California's 32nd			Democratic	107th	Retired^[108]
California's 33rd					108th
					111th
		Frank Ballance	North Carolina's 1st			Democratic	108th	Resigned after being convicted of mail fraud and money laundering^[109]
		Artur Davis	Alabama's 7th			Democratic	108th	Retired to run unsuccessfully for the Democratic nomination for Governor of Alabama.^[110]
111th
		Denise Majette	Georgia's 4th			Democratic	108th	Retired from office to run unsuccessfully for the United States Senate^[111]
		Kendrick Meek	Florida's 17th			Democratic	108th	Retired from office to run unsuccessfully for the United States Senate^[112]
111th
		David Scott	Georgia's 13th		Incumbent	Democratic	108th	^[113]
118th
		G. K. Butterfield	North Carolina's 1st			Democratic	108th	Retired^[114]
117th
		Emanuel Cleaver	Missouri's 5th		Incumbent	Democratic	109th	^[115]
118th
		Al Green	Texas's 9th		Incumbent	Democratic	109th	^[116]
118th
		Gwen Moore	Wisconsin's 4th		Incumbent	Democratic	109th
118th
		Yvette Clarke	New York's 11th			Democratic	110th	^[117]
112th
New York's 9th				Incumbent	113th
					118th
		Keith Ellison	Minnesota's 5th			Democratic	110th	Retired to run successfully for Attorney General of Minnesota^[118]
115th
		Hank Johnson	Georgia's 4th		Incumbent	Democratic	110th	^[119]
118th
		Laura Richardson	California's 37th			Democratic	110th	Lost reelection^[120]
111th
112th
		André Carson	Indiana's 7th		Incumbent	Democratic	110th	^[121]
118th
		Donna Edwards	Maryland's 4th			Democratic	110th	Retired to run unsuccessfully for the Democratic nomination for the United States Senate^[122]
114th
		Marcia Fudge	Ohio's 11th			Democratic	110th	Resigned to become Secretary of Housing and Urban Development.^[123]
117th
		Karen Bass	California's 33rd			Democratic	112th	Resigned to become the Mayor of Los Angeles^[124]
California's 37th					113th
					117th
		Hansen Clarke	Michigan's 13th			Democratic	112th	Lost renomination^[125]
		Cedric Richmond	Louisiana's 2nd			Democratic	112th	Resigned to become Senior Advisor to the President and Director of the Office of Public Engagement^[126]
117th
		Tim Scott	South Carolina's 1st			Republican	112th	After winning reelection, was appointed to the United States Senate and resigned early to take the Senate seat.^[127]
		Terri Sewell	Alabama's 7th		Incumbent	Democratic	112th	^[128]
118th
		Allen West	Florida's 22nd			Republican	112th	Lost reelection^[129]
		Frederica Wilson	Florida's 17th			Democratic	112th	^[130]
Florida's 24th				Incumbent	113th
					118th
		Donald Payne Jr.	New Jersey's 10th			Democratic	112th	Died in office^[131]
118th
		Joyce Beatty	Ohio's 3rd		Incumbent	Democratic	113th	^[132]
118th
		Steven Horsford	Nevada's 4th			Democratic	113th	Lost reelection^[133]
				Incumbent	116th
					118th
		Hakeem Jeffries	New York's 8th		Incumbent	Democratic	113th	^[134]
118th
		Marc Veasey	Texas's 33rd		Incumbent	Democratic	113th	^[135]
118th
		Robin Kelly	Illinois's 2nd		Incumbent	Democratic	113th	^[136]
118th
		Alma Adams	North Carolina's 12th		Incumbent	Democratic	113th	^[137]
118th
		Bonnie Watson Coleman	New Jersey's 12th		Incumbent	Democratic	114th	^[138]
118th
		Will Hurd	Texas's 23rd			Republican	114th	Retired^[139]
115th
116th
		Brenda Lawrence	Michigan's 14th			Democratic	114th	Retired^[140]
117th
		Mia Love	Utah's 4th			Republican	114th	Lost reelection^[141]
115th
		Dwight Evans	Pennsylvania's 2nd			Democratic	114th	^[142]
115th
Pennsylvania's 3rd				Incumbent	116th
					118th
		Anthony Brown	Maryland's 4th			Democratic	115th	Retired to successfully run for Attorney General of Maryland^[143]
116th
117th
		Val Demings	Florida's 10th			Democratic	115th	Retired to unsuccessfully run for United States Senate^[144]
116th
117th
		Al Lawson	Florida's 5th			Democratic	115th	Lost reelection after redistricting^[145]
116th
117th
		Donald McEachin	Virginia's 4th			Democratic	115th	Died in office^[146]
116th
117th
		Lisa Blunt Rochester	Delaware's at-large		Incumbent	Democratic	115th	^[147] ^[148]
118th
		Brenda Jones	Michigan's 13th			Democratic	115th	Lost nomination to the next term^[149]
		Colin Allred	Texas's 32nd		Incumbent	Democratic	116th	^[150]
118th
		Antonio Delgado	New York's 19th			Democratic	116th	Resigned to become Lieutenant Governor of New York.
117th
		Jahana Hayes	Connecticut's 5th		Incumbent	Democratic	116th	^[151]
118th
		Lucy McBath	Georgia's 6th			Democratic	116th	^[152]
117th
Georgia's 7th				Incumbent	118th
		Joe Neguse	Colorado's 2nd		Incumbent	Democratic	116th	^[153] ^[154]
118th
		Ilhan Omar	Minnesota's 5th		Incumbent	Democratic	116th	^[155]
118th
		Ayanna Pressley	Massachusetts's 7th		Incumbent	Democratic	116th	^[156]
118th
		Lauren Underwood	Illinois's 14th		Incumbent	Democratic	116th	^[157]
118th
		Kwanza Hall	Georgia's 5th			Democratic	116th	Retired^[158]
		Jamaal Bowman	New York's 16th		Incumbent	Democratic	117th	^[159] Lost renomination in 2024 primary.^[160]
118th
		Cori Bush	Missouri's 1st		Incumbent	Democratic	117th	^[161] Lost renomination in 2024 primary.^[162]
118th
		Byron Donalds	Florida's 19th		Incumbent	Republican	117th	^[163]
118th
		Mondaire Jones	New York's 17th			Democratic	117th	Lost renomination after redistricting^[164]
		Burgess Owens	Utah's 4th		Incumbent	Republican	117th	^[165]
118th
		Marilyn Strickland	Washington's 10th		Incumbent	Democratic	117th
118th
		Ritchie Torres	New York's 15th		Incumbent	Democratic	117th	^[166]
118th
		Nikema Williams	Georgia's 5th		Incumbent	Democratic	117th	^[167]
118th
		Troy Carter	Louisiana's 2nd		Incumbent	Democratic	117th	^[168]
118th
		Shontel Brown	Ohio's 11th		Incumbent	Democratic	117th	^[169]
118th
		Sheila Cherfilus-McCormick	Florida's 20th		Incumbent	Democratic	117th	^[170]
118th
		Jasmine Crockett	Texas's 30th		Incumbent	Democratic	118th
		Don Davis	North Carolina's 1st		Incumbent	Democratic	118th
		Valerie Foushee	North Carolina's 4th		Incumbent	Democratic	118th
		Maxwell Frost	Florida's 10th		Incumbent	Democratic	118th	^[171]
		Wesley Hunt	Texas's 38th		Incumbent	Republican	118th
		Glenn Ivey	Maryland's 4th		Incumbent	Democratic	118th
		Jonathan Jackson	Illinois's 1st		Incumbent	Democratic	118th
		John James	Michigan's 10th		Incumbent	Republican	118th	^[172]
		Sydney Kamlager-Dove	California's 37th		Incumbent	Democratic	118th	^[173]
		Summer Lee	Pennsylvania's 12th		Incumbent	Democratic	118th	^[174]
		Emilia Sykes	Ohio's 13th		Incumbent	Democratic	118th
		Jennifer McClellan	Virginia's 4th		Incumbent	Democratic	118th	^[175]
		Gabe Amo	Rhode Island's 1st		Incumbent	Democratic	118th	^[176]

House delegates (non-voting members)

Political parties

Delegate	Congressional district	Took office	Left office	Party	Congress	Notes
		Walter Fauntroy	District of Columbia's at-large			Democratic	92nd	Retired to run unsuccessfully for Mayor of the District of Columbia.^[177]
101st
		Melvin H. Evans	Virgin Islands' at-large			Republican	96th	Lost reelection^[178]
		Eleanor Holmes Norton	District of Columbia's at-large		Incumbent	Democratic	102nd	^[179]
118th
		Victor O. Frazer	Virgin Islands' at-large			Independent	104th	Lost reelection^[180]
		Donna Christian-Christensen	Virgin Islands' at-large			Democratic	105th	Retired to run unsuccessfully for Governor of Virgin Islands.^[181]
113th
		Stacey Plaskett	Virgin Islands' at-large		Incumbent	Democratic	114th	^[182]
118th

African Americans elected to the House of Representatives, but not seated

Political party

Representative–elect	Congressional district	Year elected	Party	Congress	Former slave?	Notes
		John Willis Menard	Louisiana's 2nd	1868	Republican	41st	No	Denied seat due to a contested election that involved white Democrat Caleb S. Hunt, but was permitted to address the House while in session, the first African American to do so.^[183]
		Samuel Peters	Louisiana's 4th	1872	Republican	43rd	No	Died on September 26, 1873, before the U.S. House of Representatives for the 43rd Congress was assembled.^[184]
		P. B. S. Pinchback	Louisiana's at-large	1872	Republican	43rd	No	Denied seat due to a contested election that involved white Liberal Republican George A. Sheridan.^[185] ^[186]

See also

Federal government

• African Americans in the United States Congress
  • List of African-American United States senators
  • Congressional Black Caucus
  • Congressional Black Caucus Foundation
• List of African American United States Cabinet members

State and local government

• African American officeholders in the United States, 1789–1866
• List of African American U.S. state firsts
• List of first African American mayors

Further reading

• Book: Christopher. Maurine. America's Black Congressmen. 1971. Thomas Y. Crowell Company. 9780690085853.
• Book: Clay. William L.. Bill Clay. Just Permanent Interests: Black Americans in Congress, 1870–1991. 1992. Amistad Press. 1-56743-000-7.
• Book: Dray. Philip. Philip Dray. Capitol Men: The Epic Story of Reconstruction Through the Lives of the First Black Congressmen. 2008. Houghton Mifflin. 978-0-618-56370-8.
• Book: Foner. Eric. Eric Foner. Freedom's Lawmakers: A Directory of Black Officeholders During Reconstruction. 1996. LSU Press. 9780807120828.
• Book: Freedman. Eric. Jones. Stephen A.. African Americans In Congress: A Documentary History. 2008. CQ Press. 9780872893856. registration.
• Book: Gill. LaVerne McCain. African American Women in Congress: Forming and Transforming History. 1997. Rutgers University Press. 9780813523538.
• Book: Hahn. Steven. Steven Hahn. A Nation Under Our Feet: Black Political Struggles in the Rural South from Slavery to the Great Migration. registration. 2005. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. 9780674017658.
• Book: Haskins. James. James Haskins. Distinguished African American Political and Governmental Leaders. 1999. Oryx Press. 9781573561266.
• Book: Lynch. Matthew. Before Obama: A Reappraisal of Black Reconstruction Era Politicians. 2012. ABC-CLIO. 9780313397929.
• Book: Middleton. Stephen. Black Congressmen During Reconstruction: A Documentary Sourcebook. 2002. Greenwood Publishing Group. 9780313322815.
• Book: Rabinowitz. Howard N.. Southern Black Leaders of the Reconstruction Era. 1982. University of Illinois Press. 9780252009723.
• Book: Walton. Hanes Jr.. Puckett. Sherman C.. Deskins. Donald R. Jr.. Donald R. Deskins Jr.. The African American Electorate: A Statistical History. 2012. Congressional Quarterly Press. 9780872895089.
• Book: Wasniewski. Matthew. Matthew Wasniewski. Black Americans in Congress, 1870-2007. 2008. United States Government Printing Office. 9780160801945. The website, Black Americans in Congress maintained by the Clerk of the United States House of Representatives, serves as an ongoing supplement to the book. To download a free copy of the entire publication or a specific portion of the publication, see H. Doc. 108-224 - Black Americans in Congress 1870 - 2007. Made available by the United States Government Printing Office (GPO).

External links

• African American Members of the United States Congress: 1870–2018 A 51-page history produced by the Congressional Research Service, a legislative branch agency within the Library of Congress.
• Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, 1774–present Perform search of desired representative or delegate by last name, first name, position, state, party, by year or congress.
• C-SPAN videos that discuss the history of African Americans in Congress:
  • Black Americans in Congress, 1870–2007 A C-SPAN video with Matthew Wasniewski, historian of the United States House of Representatives, as the presenter. He discusses the history of African Americans in Congress from 1870 to 2007. The video is 164 minutes in length.
  • African Americans in Congress in the 19th Century A C-SPAN video with Matthew Wasniewski and Farar Elliott, historian and curator respectively of the United States House of Representatives, as the presenters. They discuss the history of African Americans in Congress during the nineteenth century. The video is 28:54 minutes in length.
  • African Americans in Congress in the 20th Century A C-SPAN video with Ron Dellums, the former representative of the United States House of Representatives from California's 9th congressional district, and Matthew Wasniewski and Farar Elliott, historian and curator respectively of the United States House of Representatives, as the presenters. They discuss the history of African Americans in Congress during the twentieth century. The video is 43:59 minutes in length.
• Black Americans in Congress Maintained by the Clerk of the United States House of Representatives. The website serves as an ongoing supplement to the book, Black Americans in Congress, 1870–2007.
• Major African American Office Holders Since 1641 Includes a listing for the United States Senate. Maintained by Blackpast.org.

Notes and References

1. Web site: Black Americans in Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives. June 20, 2017.
2. Web site: https://web.archive.org/web/20200312220057/https://2020census.gov/en/about-questions/2020-census-questions-race.html. 2020 Census Questions: Race. March 12, 2020.
3. Web site: Time Line of African American History, 1881-1900. Library of Congress. October 22, 2007.
4. Web site: Senate Likely To Remain Without Black Members For Years. Amanda. Terkel. HuffPost. September 27, 2012. February 9, 2013.
5. Web site: Rainey, Joseph Hayne, (1832 - 1887). July 16, 2013. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
6. Web site: Long, Jefferson Franklin, (1836 - 1901). July 16, 2013. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
7. Book: Rowell. Chester Harvey. A Historical and Legal Digest of all the Contested Election Cases in the House of Representatives of the United States from the First to the Fifty-sixth Congress, 1789-1901. 1901. United States. Congress. House. Committee on House Administration. Subcommittee on Elections. 9785880686292. 282.
8. Web site: De Large, Robert Carlos, (1842 - 1874). July 16, 2013. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
9. Web site: Elliott, Robert Brown, (1842 - 1884). July 16, 2013. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
10. Web site: Turner, Benjamin Sterling, (1825 - 1894). July 16, 2013. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
11. Book: Rowell. Chester Harvey. A Historical and Legal Digest of all the Contested Election Cases in the House of Representatives of the United States from the First to the Fifty-sixth Congress, 1789-1901. 1901. United States. Congress. House. Committee on House Administration. Subcommittee on Elections. 9785880686292. 282–283.
12. Book: Rowell. Chester Harvey. A Historical and Legal Digest of all the Contested Election Cases in the House of Representatives of the United States from the First to the Fifty-sixth Congress, 1789-1901. 1901. United States. Congress. House. Committee on House Administration. Subcommittee on Elections. 9785880686292. 305–308.
13. Web site: Walls, Josiah Thomas, (1842 - 1905). July 16, 2013. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
14. Web site: Cain, Richard Harvey, (1825 - 1887). July 16, 2013. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
15. Web site: Lynch, John Roy, (1847 - 1939). July 16, 2013. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
16. Web site: Ransier, Alonzo Jacob, (1834 - 1882). July 16, 2013. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
17. Web site: Rapier, James Thomas, (1837 - 1883). July 16, 2013. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
18. Web site: Haralson, Jeremiah, (1846 - 1916). July 16, 2013. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
19. Web site: Hyman, John Adams, (1840 - 1891). July 16, 2013. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
20. Web site: Nash, Charles Edmund, (1844 - 1913). July 16, 2013. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
21. Web site: Smalls, Robert, (1839 - 1915). July 16, 2013. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
22. Web site: O'Hara, James Edward, (1844 - 1905). July 16, 2013. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
23. Web site: Cheatham, Henry Plummer, (1857 - 1935). July 16, 2013. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
24. Web site: Langston, John Mercer, (1829 - 1897). July 16, 2013. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
25. Book: Rowell. Chester Harvey. A Historical and Legal Digest of all the Contested Election Cases in the House of Representatives of the United States from the First to the Fifty-sixth Congress, 1789-1901. 1901. United States. Congress. House. Committee on House Administration. Subcommittee on Elections. 9785880686292. 461–464.
26. Web site: Miller, Thomas Ezekiel, (1849 - 1938). July 16, 2013. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
27. Web site: Murray, George Washington, (1853 - 1926). July 16, 2013. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
28. Web site: White, George Henry, (1852 - 1918). July 16, 2013. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
29. Web site: De Priest, Oscar Stanton, (1871 - 1951). July 16, 2013. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
30. Web site: Mitchell, Arthur Wergs, (1883 - 1968). July 16, 2013. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
31. Web site: Dawson, William Levi, (1886 - 1970). July 16, 2013. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
32. Web site: Powell, Adam Clayton Jr. (1908–1972). July 16, 2013. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
33. Web site: Diggs, Charles Coles Jr. (1922–1998). July 16, 2013. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
34. Web site: Nix, Robert Nelson Cornelius Sr. (1898–1987). July 16, 2013. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
35. Web site: Hawkins, Augustus Freeman (Gus) (1907 - 2007). July 16, 2013. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
36. Web site: Conyers, John Jr. (1929–). July 16, 2013. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
37. Web site: Chisholm, Shirley Anita (1924 - 2005). July 16, 2013. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
38. Web site: Clay, William Lacy Sr. (1931–). July 16, 2013. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
39. Web site: Stokes, Louis (1925 - 2015). July 16, 2013. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
40. Web site: Collins, George Washington (1925 - 1972). July 16, 2013. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
41. Web site: Dellums, Ronald V. (1935–). July 16, 2013. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
42. Web site: Metcalfe, Ralph Harold (1910–1978). July 16, 2013. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
43. Web site: Mitchell, Parren James (1922–2007). July 16, 2013. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
44. Web site: Rangel, Charles B. (1930–). July 16, 2013. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
45. Web site: Burke, Yvonne Brathwaite (1932–). July 16, 2013. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
46. Web site: Jordan, Barbara Charline (1936–1996). July 16, 2013. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
47. Web site: Young, Andrew Jackson Jr. (1932–). July 16, 2013. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
48. Web site: Collins, Cardiss (1931–2013). July 16, 2013. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
49. Web site: Ford, Harold Eugene (1945–). July 16, 2013. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
50. Web site: Dixon, Julian Carey (1934–2000). July 16, 2013. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
51. Web site: Gray, William Herbert, III (1941–2013). July 16, 2013. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
52. Web site: Leland, George Thomas (Mickey) (1944 - 1989). July 16, 2013. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
53. Web site: Stewart, Bennett McVey (1912–1988). July 16, 2013. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
54. Web site: Crockett, George William Jr. (1909–1997). July 16, 2013. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
55. Web site: Dymally, Mervyn Malcolm (1926–2012). July 16, 2013. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
56. Web site: Savage, Gus (1925–2015). July 16, 2013. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
57. Web site: Washington, Harold (1922–1987). July 16, 2013. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
58. Web site: Hall, Katie Beatrice (1938–2012). July 16, 2013. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
59. Web site: Owens, Major Robert Odell (1936 - 2013). July 16, 2013. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
60. Web site: Towns, Edolphus (1934–). July 16, 2013. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
61. Web site: Wheat, Alan Dupree (1951–). July 16, 2013. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
62. Web site: Hayes, Charles Arthur (1918 - 1997). July 16, 2013. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
63. Web site: Waldon, Alton R. Jr. (1936–2023). July 16, 2013. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
64. Web site: Espy, Alphonso Michael (Mike) (1953–). July 16, 2013. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
65. Web site: Flake, Floyd Harold (1945–). July 16, 2013. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
66. Web site: Lewis, John R. (1940–2020). July 16, 2013. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
67. Web site: Mfume, Kweisi (1948–). July 16, 2013. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
68. Web site: Payne, Donald Milford (1934 - 2012). July 16, 2013. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
69. Web site: Washington, Craig Anthony (1941–). July 16, 2013. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
70. Web site: Collins, Barbara-Rose (1939–). July 16, 2013. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
71. Web site: Franks, Gary A. (1953–). July 16, 2013. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
72. Web site: Jefferson, William Jennings (1947–). July 16, 2013. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
73. Web site: Waters, Maxine (1938–). July 16, 2013. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
74. Web site: Blackwell, Lucien Edward (1931 - 2003). July 16, 2013. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
75. Web site: Clayton, Eva M. (1934–). July 16, 2013. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
76. Web site: Bishop, Sanford Dixon Jr. (1947–). July 16, 2013. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
77. Web site: Brown, Corrine (1946–). July 16, 2013. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
78. Web site: Clyburn, James Enos (1940–). July 16, 2013. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
79. Web site: Fields, Cleo (1962–). July 16, 2013. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
80. News: Congressman Alcee Hastings, after career of triumph, calamity and comeback, dies at 84. Sun-Sentinel. April 6, 2021. April 6, 2021. Man. Anthony.
81. Web site: Hastings, Alcee Lamar (1936–2021). July 16, 2013. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
82. Web site: Hilliard, Earl Frederick (1942–). July 16, 2013. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
83. Web site: Johnson, Eddie Bernice (1935–). July 16, 2013. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
84. Web site: McKinney, Cynthia Ann (1955–). July 16, 2013. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
85. Web site: Meek, Carrie P. (1926–). July 16, 2013. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
86. Web site: Reynolds, Mel (1952–). July 16, 2013. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
87. Web site: Rush, Bobby L. (1946–) . July 16, 2013. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
88. Web site: Scott, Robert Cortez (1947–). July 16, 2013. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
89. Web site: Tucker, Walter R. III (1957–). July 16, 2013. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
90. Web site: Watt, Melvin L. (1945–). July 16, 2013. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
91. Web site: Wynn, Albert Russell (1951–). July 16, 2013. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
92. Web site: Thompson, Bennie (1948–). July 16, 2013. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
93. Web site: Fattah, Chaka (1956–). July 16, 2013. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
94. Web site: Shen . Michelle . 2024-07-20 . Sheila Jackson Lee, long-serving Democratic congresswoman and advocate for Black Americans, dies at 74 CNN Politics . 2024-07-20 . CNN . en.
95. Web site: Watts, Julius Caesar Jr. (J. C.) (1957–). July 16, 2013. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
96. Web site: Jackson, Jesse L. Jr. (1965–). July 16, 2013. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
97. Web site: Millender-McDonald, Juanita (1938 - 2007). July 16, 2013. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
98. Web site: Cummings, Elijah Eugene (1951–2019). July 16, 2013. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
99. Web site: Carson, Julia May (1938 - 2007). July 16, 2013. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
100. Web site: Davis, Danny K. (1941–). July 16, 2013. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
101. Web site: Ford, Harold Jr. (1970–). July 16, 2013. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
102. Web site: Kilpatrick, Carolyn Cheeks (1945–). July 16, 2013. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
103. Web site: Meeks, Gregory W. (1953–). July 16, 2013. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
104. Web site: Lee, Barbara (1946–). July 16, 2013. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
105. News: Rep. Barbara Lee defeated in California Senate primary. Daniela. Altimari. Roll Call. March 6, 2024. July 20, 2024.
106. Web site: Jones, Stephanie Tubbs (1949 - 2008). July 16, 2013. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
107. Web site: Clay, William Lacy Jr. (1956–). July 16, 2013. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
108. Web site: Watson, Diane Edith (1933–). July 16, 2013. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
109. Web site: Ballance, Frank W. Jr. (1942–). July 16, 2013. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
110. Web site: Davis, Artur (1967–) . July 16, 2013 . . Biographical Directory of the United States Congress . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20130310095224/http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=D000602 . March 10, 2013 .
111. Web site: Majette, Denise L. (1955–). July 16, 2013. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
112. Web site: Meek, Kendrick B. (1966–). July 16, 2013. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
113. Web site: Scott, David (1945–). July 16, 2013. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
114. Web site: Butterfield, George Kenneth Jr. (G.K.) (1947–). August 22, 2013. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
115. Web site: Cleaver, Emanuel, II (1944–). July 16, 2013. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
116. Web site: Green, Al (1947–). July 16, 2013. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
117. Web site: Clarke, Yvette Diane (1964–). July 16, 2013. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
118. Web site: Ellison, Keith (1963–). July 16, 2013. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
119. Web site: Johnson, Hank (1954–). July 16, 2013. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
120. Web site: Richardson, Laura (1962–). July 16, 2013. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
121. Web site: Carson, André (1974–). July 16, 2013. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
122. Web site: Edwards, Donna F. (1958–). July 16, 2013. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
123. Web site: Fudge, Marcia L. (1952–). July 16, 2013. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
124. Web site: Bass, Karen (1953–). July 16, 2013. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
125. Web site: Clarke, Hansen (1957–). July 16, 2013. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
126. Web site: Richmond, Cedric (1973–). July 16, 2013. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
127. Web site: Scott, Tim (1965–). July 16, 2013. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
128. Web site: Sewell, Terri (1965–). July 16, 2013. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
129. Web site: West, Allen (1961–). July 16, 2013. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
130. Web site: Wilson, Frederica (1942–). July 16, 2013. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
131. Web site: Payne, Donald Jr. (1958–). July 16, 2013. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
132. Web site: Beatty, Joyce (1950–). July 16, 2013. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
133. Web site: Horsford, Steven (1973–). July 16, 2013. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
134. Web site: Jeffries, Hakeem (1970–). July 16, 2013. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
135. Web site: Veasey, Marc (1971–). November 17, 2014. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
136. Web site: Kelly, Robin L. (1956–). July 16, 2013. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
137. Web site: Adams, Alma (1946–). November 13, 2014. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
138. Web site: Watson Coleman, Bonnie (1945–). January 6, 2015. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
139. Web site: Hurd, William Ballard (1977–). January 6, 2015. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
140. Web site: Lawrence, Brenda L. (1954–). January 6, 2015. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
141. Web site: Love, Ludmya Bourdeau (Mia) (1975–). January 6, 2015. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
142. Web site: Evans, Dwight (1954–). January 3, 2017. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
143. Web site: Brown, Anthony Gregory (1961–). January 3, 2017. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
144. Web site: Demings, Valdez Butler (1957–). January 3, 2017. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
145. Web site: Lawson, Alfred Jr. (1948–). January 3, 2017. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
146. Web site: McEachin, Aston Donald (1961–2022). January 3, 2017. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
147. News: Byrne. Tom. Blunt Rochester Scores History-making Win in Delaware's U.S. House Race. May 26, 2017. Delaware Public Media. November 9, 2016.
148. Web site: Blunt Rochester, Lisa (1962–). January 3, 2017. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
149. News: Melissa Nann . Burke . Jones Sworn into Congress After Deal Reached . The Detroit News . November 29, 2018 . November 29, 2018.
150. News: Jeffers . Gromer Jr. . Democrat Colin Allred Grabs Dallas-area U.S. House Seat From GOP's Pete Sessions . November 9, 2018 . Dallas Morning News . November 6, 2018.
151. News: Altimari . Daniela . Lurye . Rebecca . Jahana Hayes Wins, Becomes 1st Black Woman From Connecticut In Congress . November 9, 2018 . Hartford Courant . November 6, 2018.
152. News: Mother On a Mission: Gun Control Advocate Lucy McBath Wins House Race . November 9, 2018 . Yahoo Finance . November 8, 2018.
153. News: Bounds . Amy . Joe Neguse Wins 2nd Congressional District Seat, Becomes Colorado's 1st Black Congressman . November 9, 2018 . The Denver Post . November 7, 2018.
154. News: Joe Neguse Becomes First African-American To Represent Colorado In Congress . November 9, 2018 . CBS Denver . November 6, 2018.
155. News: Cole . Devan . Serfaty . Sunlen . On the Eve of Her Swearing-in to Congress, Rep.-elect Ilhan Omar Remembers Arriving as a Refugee to the US . January 4, 2019 . CNN . January 3, 2019.
156. News: Kole . William J. . Ayanna Pressley is Officially Massachusetts's First Black Congresswoman . November 9, 2018 . Associated Press News . November 6, 2018.
157. News: Keilman . John . Gutowski . Christy . McCoppin . Robert . Lauren Underwood On Stunning Upset Against 4-term GOP Congressman: 'Together We Have Built a Movement' . November 9, 2018 . Chicago Tribune . November 7, 2018.
158. News: King . Michael . Kwanza Hall Sworn in as U.S. Congressman . December 6, 2020 . 11 Alive . December 3, 2020.
159. News: Election 2020: Democrat Jamaal Bowman Wins Race In 16th Congressional District . November 10, 2020 . CBSN New York . November 3, 2020.
160. News: Jamaal Bowman becomes first member of the 'Squad' to lose 2024 primary as Democrats divide over Israel . . June 25, 2024 . Waddick . Karissa . July 21, 2024.
161. News: Missouri's First Black Congresswoman-elect Cori Bush: 'This is Our Moment' . November 10, 2020 . Yahoo! News . November 7, 2020.
162. News: Cori Bush Becomes Second Squad Member to Lose 2024 Primary. Ed. Kilgore. New York Magazine. August 7, 2024. August 7, 2024.
163. News: Williams . Amy Bennett . 'Blessed and Highly Favored' Byron Donalds Wins Election for U.S. Congressional District 19, Pledges Water Quality No. 1 Priority . November 10, 2020 . Naples Daily News . November 3, 2020.
164. News: Avery . Dan . Mondaire Jones Joins Ritchie Torres as First Gay Black Men Elected to Congress. November 10, 2020 . NBC News . November 5, 2020.
165. News: Marcos . Christina . Mcadams Concedes to Owens in Competitive Utah District . November 16, 2020 . . November 16, 2020.
166. News: Graeber . Dan . Who Is Ritchie Torres? New York's New Congressman Makes History. November 10, 2020 . CNN . November 4, 2020.
167. News: Hargett-Robinson . Adisa . Nikema Williams Wins John Lewis' Congressional Seat. November 10, 2020 . ABC News . November 6, 2020.
168. News: Marcos . Cristina . Carter sworn in as House member to replace Richmond, padding Democrats' majority. May 11, 2020 . The Hill . May 11, 2021.
169. News: DeNatale . Dave "Dino" . Simmons . Brandon . Sloop . Hope . Shontel Brown sworn in as representative for Ohio's 11th Congressional District. November 5, 2021 . WKYC Studios . November 4, 2021.
170. News: Burke . Peter . Sheila Cherfilus-McCormick sworn in as Florida's newest member of Congress. January 19, 2022 . Associated Press . WPTV 5 . January 18, 2022.
171. News: Astor . Maggie . November 9, 2022 . 25-Year-Old Florida Democrat Secures Generation Z's First House Seat . en-US . The New York Times . November 19, 2022 . 0362-4331.
172. Web site: John James wins Michigan's 10th congressional seat, beating Carl Marlinga . November 19, 2022. Detroit Free Press . en-US.
173. Web site: AP . Democrat Sydney Kamlager wins election to U.S. House in California's 37th Congressional District . November 17, 2022 . The Bakersfield Californian . en.
174. Web site: Rittmeyer . Brian C. . November 8, 2022 . Summer Lee wins 12th District race, poised to become Pa.'s first Black woman in Congress . November 19, 2022 . TribLIVE.com . en-US.
175. Web site: Who is Jennifer McClellan? Legislator makes history as 1st Black woman elected to Congress in Virginia . February 23, 2023 . Yahoo! News . 22 February 2023 . en-US.
176. News: Rhode Island elects its first Black representative to Congress, Gabe Amo . November 8, 2023 . . . November 7, 2023.
177. Web site: Fauntroy, Walter Edward (1933–). July 16, 2013. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
178. Web site: Evans, Melvin Herbert (1917 - 1984). July 16, 2013. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
179. Web site: Norton, Eleanor Holmes (1937–). July 16, 2013. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
180. Web site: Frazer, Victor O. (1943–). July 16, 2013. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
181. Web site: Christensen, Donna Marie (1945–). July 16, 2013. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
182. Web site: Plaskett, Stacey M. (1966–). January 6, 2015. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
183. Web site: Office of the Historian. John Willis Menard of Louisiana became the first African American to address the U.S. House, February 27, 1869. Historical Highlights, History, Art & Archives. Office of the Clerk, House of Representatives of the United States. July 16, 2013.
184. Web site: Office of the Historian. The Election of Samuel Peters of Louisiana. Historical Highlights, History, Art & Archives. Office of the Clerk, House of Representatives of the United States. August 22, 2023.
185. Book: Rowell. Chester Harvey. A Historical and Legal Digest of all the Contested Election Cases in the House of Representatives of the United States from the First to the Fifty-sixth Congress, 1789–1901. 1901. United States. Congress. House. Committee on House Administration. Subcommittee on Elections. 9785880686292. 293–297.
186. Web site: Office of the Historian. 'Crafting an Identity,' Fifteenth Amendment in Flesh and Blood. Black Americans in Congress. Office of the Clerk, House of Representatives of the United States. August 7, 2013. November 11, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131111074345/http://history.house.gov/Exhibitions-and-Publications/BAIC/Historical-Essays/Fifteenth-Amendment/Crafting-Identity/. dead.