| Lishan Laomu | |
| Pic: | Lishan Laomu painting.jpg |
| Piccap: | The painting picture of Lishan Laomu |
| L: | The Old Mother of Mount Li |
| T: | 驪山老母 |
| S: | 骊山老母 |
| P: | Líshān Lǎomǔ |
Lishan Laomu is the goddess of Mount Li in Chinese religion. She is a popular female immortal in the Taoist pantheon, and a high-ranking one according to some late sources. Legend has it that Lishan Laomu, whose surname and origin remain mysterious, is a supremely elevated female immortal dwelling deep within the Mount Li. Her origins are said to derive from Nüwa, the legendary creator and mother goddess.
Lishan Laomu is rarely mentioned in Taoist scriptures. She holds considerable influence in Chinese folklore, with many Taoist temples dedicating incense to her. She is often confused or equated with other deities such as Queen Mother of the West (Wangmu Niangniang), Wusheng Laomu, Doumu Yuanjun, Taiyi Yuanjun (Xuan Miao Yuniang), and Jiutian Xuannü. Alternatively, she might be considered a deity derived from the evolution of their divine attributes.
Lishan Laomu is one of the more popular nüxian (Chinese: 女仙, ′female celestial/immortal′) revered in the Chinese folk religion or Taoist belief.[1] The Lishan Laomu legend consists of an accretion of a number of stories about her.
The ancient origins of Lishan Laomu appears lost to "time immemorial". A certain woman of Lishan living at the end of the Shang dynasty has been proposed as a historical prototypeby a late Qing dynasty scholar Yu Yue (d. 1907), who insisted the personage was real and not fictional. However recent scholars have skeptically labeled it as conjecture without firm proof. The historical figure is recorded in the Shiji (Records of the Grand Historian) and Hanshu (The Book of Han). The older text, the Shiji from the Former Han period, states that the Marquis of Shen (Chinese: 申候), ruler during the Zhou dynasty had a certain woman ancestor born at Mount Li, who married a western barbarian chieftain named Xuxuan (Chinese: 胥轩); Xuxuan then swore fealty to Zhou dynasty China and guarded the Western March (Chinese: 西陲), thus bringing the western peoples (the xirong 西戎) under control. The Later Han (Eastern Han) compilation Han shu stated that the "Lady of Li Mountain" once ruled as the Child of Heaven between the Shang (17th-11th cent. BC) and Zhou (11th. cent.-221 BC) dynasties.
A divine woman or "nymph" (神女) associated with the hot spring west or northwest of Mount Li was encountered by the first emperor of China Qin Shi Huang from the nearby capital city of Xianyang, according to a lost Late Han source, the San Qinji (三秦記, ′Record of the Three Qin′), and scholars believe this "nymph" should be identified with Lishan Laomu. At the time of the First Emperor, there was a crossway of eighty li to Mount Li, and people walked over the bridge, carts drove under the bridge. The pillars of metal and stone could still be seen.[2] To the west (or northwest) of Mt. Li, there are hot springs, and it is said that Qin Shi Huang cavorted with (made love to) the divine woman or "nymph" there. As he was ill-mannered, the goddess spat at him, causing sores to develop. The First Emperor apologized, and the divine woman made a hot spring appear, which cured his illness. Because of that, later generations used to bathe there.[3] [2] [4]
During the Tang dynasty, Taoist Li Quan was a military governor fond of the way of the immortals who often travelled to spiritual places in the mountains; according to legend, he met with Lishan Laomu at the foot of Lishan Mountain, and Laomu taught him the Huangdi Yinfujing (The Yellow Emperor's Scripture on "Unconscious Unification").[5]
A local myth collected in Zhongning County, Ningxia Province in 1986 makes Lishan Laomu and Wangmu Niangniang into sisters who collaborated in the task of mending the sky and earth.
Luo Maodeng's popular novel Sanbao taijian xiyang ji states that Lishan Laomu holds a higher status than Sakyamuni Buddha and Jade Emperor. Initially, she had no name due to the absence of writing before the world's creation. However, after giving birth to Pangu, she was referred to as Laomu. And because she resided on Lishan Mountain, she was known as Lishan Laomu. The Taoist classic Lishan Old Mother Xuanmiao Zhenjing records that the Old Mother of Lishan was transformed by Doumu and had a kind and dignified appearance.
According to the Qing dynasty novel written by, Lishan Laomu was considered the ancestor of the earth immortals and held official positions in the heavenly court. It was believed that all women who became earth immortals were related to the old mother of Lishan. Lishan Laomu and other female fairies were guests in Guanghan Palace and seated in the east, while Sunü was seated first in the west.[6]
The Qing dynasty novel Xiuyun Pavilion written by Wei Wenzhong, tells of Lan Xian, Gui Xian, and Ge Xian who fought three battles. Lishan Laomu comes to their rescue when they are faced with the three flower demons, ultimately saving them from disaster.[7]
Her disciples and apprentices include Taoist ascetics such as Li Quan[8] and legendary female heroes, such as Zhongli Chun, Fan Lihua, Bai Suzhen, Zhu Yingtai, Mu Guiying, Liu Jinding, these women are heroine era.[9] The apprentices of Lishan Laomu in literary works include:
In Chapter 23 of the Journey to the West, the bodhisattva Guanyin invited Lishan Laomu to assist in testing Tang Sanzang. Guanyin, Manjushri, and Samantabhadra transformed into attractive girls, while Lishan Laomu took on the appearance of an old widow. Along with the beautiful daughters, they tested Tang Sanzang and his disciples. As a result, Tang Seng and his companions followed the precepts, but Zhu Bajie was tempted by the girls.[16]
In another chapter, after Tang Sanzang and his disciples are defeated by the poison tea of the Hundred-Eyed Demon King, Lishan Laomu disguises herself as a mourning woman and holds her husband's funeral. When Sun Wukong encountered her, she instructed him to go to the Thousand Flowers Cave in Ziyun Mountain and invite the bodhisattva Pilanpo to subdue the monster. After giving her instructions, the woman vanished, and Lishan Laomu appeared in the sky, explaining that she had just returned from the meeting and she saw that Tang Seng was in trouble. She said that is why she had disguised herself as a mourning woman to help Sun Wukong.[16]
The old zaju or operatic version text of The Journey to the West styles the Lishan Laomu as the elder sister of the protagonist, the Monkey King Sun Wukong. The zaju version is made confusing because the title (Chinese: 斉天大聖, 'Great Sage Equal to Heaven') which normally refers to Sun Wukong himself is conferred to a supposed elder brother of his; meanwhile Sun Wukong adopts the slightly different title of Tongtian Dasheng (Chinese: 通天大聖, 'Great Sage Reaching Heaven').
While the text of the romance version of the Journey to the West mentions the concept of the Immortals of the Upper Eight Caves, it only names divinities other than Li Shan Laomu, however, some baojuan scrolls dating to the Qing dynasty period do name her among the "Eight Upper Immortals" (cf., or Eight Immortals of the Upper, Middle, and Lower spheres).
She has often become equated with Nüwa. Certainly there was a place of Nüwa's governance on Mount Li, according to medieval sources.
She has also been conflated with Wuji Laomu (Chinese: 無極老母, 'Old Mother of the Ultimate Nothingness').
Temples dedicated to Lishan Laomu can be found in various locations, with the Lishan Laomu Palace in Xi'an, Shaanxi Province being the most famous among them. The palace is situated on the Xixiu Ridge of Lishan Mountain in the Lintong District of Xi'an.[17]
Some temples dedicated to Lishan Laomu in Taiwan are: