| Above: | Linguolabial |
| Ipa Symbol: | ◌̼ |
Linguolabials or apicolabials[1] are consonants articulated by placing the tongue tip or blade against the upper lip, which is drawn downward to meet the tongue. They represent one extreme of a coronal articulatory continuum which extends from linguolabial to subapical palatal places of articulation. Cross-linguistically, linguolabial consonants are very rare. They are found in a cluster of languages in Vanuatu, in the Kajoko dialect of Bijago in Guinea-Bissau, in Umotína (a recently extinct Bororoan language of Brazil), and as paralinguistic sounds elsewhere. They are also relatively common in disordered speech, and the diacritic is specifically provided for in the extensions to the IPA.
Linguolabial consonants are transcribed in the International Phonetic Alphabet by adding the "seagull" diacritic,, to the corresponding alveolar consonant, or with the apical diacritic,, on the corresponding bilabial consonant.[2]
Linguolabials are produced by constricting the airflow between the tongue and the upper lip. They are attested in a number of manners of articulation including stops, nasals, and fricatives, and can be produced with the tip of the tongue (apical), blade of the tongue (laminal), or the bottom of the tongue (sublaminal). Acoustically they are more similar to alveolars than bilabials. Linguolabials can be distinguished from bilabials and alveolars acoustically by formant transitions and nasal resonances.
| IPA (two transcriptions) | Description | Example | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Language | Orthography | IPA | Meaning | ||||||
| text-align:center" | pronounced as /n̼/ | text-align:center" | pronounced as /m̺/ | linguolabial nasal | Araki | '''m̈'''ana | pronounced as /[n̼ana]/ | "laugh"[3] [4] | |
| pronounced as /t̼/ | pronounced as /p̺/ | voiceless linguolabial plosive | Tangoa | '''p̈'''e'''p̈'''e | pronounced as /[t̼et̼e]/ | "butterfly" | |||
| pronounced as /d̼/ | pronounced as /b̺/ | voiced linguolabial plosive | Kajoko dialect of Bijago | pronounced as /[nɔ̀d̼ɔ́ːɡ]/ | "stone" | ||||
| pronounced as /n̼d̼/ | pronounced as /m̺b̺/ | prenasalized voiced linguolabial plosive | Vao | pronounced as /[na<sup>n̼</sup>d̼ak]/ | "bow" | ||||
| pronounced as /θ̼/ | pronounced as /ɸ̺/ | voiceless linguolabial fricative | Big Nambas | pronounced as /[ˈinɛθ̼]/ | "he is asthmatic" | ||||
| pronounced as /ð̼/ | pronounced as /β̺/ | voiced linguolabial fricative | Tangoa | '''v̈'''atu | pronounced as /[ð̼atu]/ | "stone" | |||
| pronounced as /ɾ̼/ | pronounced as /ⱱ̺/ | voiced linguolabial flap | Kajoko dialect of Bijago | pronounced as /[nɔ̀ɾ̼ɔ́ːɡ]/ | "stone" | ||||
| text-align:center" | pronounced as /l̼/ | text-align:center" | — | linguolabial lateral approximant | (common in disordered speech) | ||||
| text-align:center" | pronounced as /ɬ̼/ | text-align:center" | — | voiceless linguolabial lateral fricative | (in disordered speech) | ||||
| text-align:center" | pronounced as /ɮ̼/ | text-align:center" | — | voiced linguolabial lateral fricative | (in disordered speech) | ||||
| text-align:center" | pronounced as /ɺ̼/ | text-align:center" | — | linguolabial lateral flap (uses lower lip) | Piraha (part of allophone for /ɡ/, [ɺ͡ɺ̼]) | too'''g'''ixi | pronounced as /[tòːɺ͡ɺ̼ìʔì]/ | "hoe"[5] | |
| text-align:center" | pronounced as /r̼/ | text-align:center" | pronounced as /ʙ̺/ | linguolabial trill (uses lower lip) | Coatlán Zapotec | (paralinguistic) | pronounced as /r̼ʔ/ | mimesis for a child's flatulence[6] ;(blowing a raspberry) | |
| text-align:center" | pronounced as /ǀ̼/ or pronounced as /ʇ̼/ | text-align:center" | pronounced as /ʘ̺/ | linguolabial click release (multiple consonants) | Coatlán Zapotec | (paralinguistic) | pronounced as /kǀ̼/ | mimesis for eating soup or a pig drinking water | |
In Vanuatu, some of the Santo–Malekula languages have shifted historically from labial to dental consonants via an intermediate linguolabial stage, which remains in other Santo and Malekula languages. In Nese, for example, labials have become linguolabial before nonrounded vowels; in Tolomako, this has gone further, so that (POc *bebe >) p̈ep̈e (pronounced as //t̼et̼e// in Tangoa) later became pronounced as //tete// in Tolomako; likewise, (POc *tama >) tam̈a (Tangoa pronounced as //tan̼a//) became pronounced as //tana//.
pronounced as /navigation/