Light Scattering Spectroscopy Explained

Light scattering spectroscopy (LSS) is a spectroscopic technique typically used to evaluate morphological changes in epithelial cells in order to study mucosal tissue and detect early cancer and precancer.[1] [2] [3]

Light scattering spectroscopy relies upon elastic scattering of photons reflected from the epithelium. Most of the signal is generated by light scattering from small intracellular structures, but larger intracellular structures, such as nuclei, also scatter light, with their relative contribution increasing in the backscatter direction. As changes in the morphology of epithelial cells are hallmarks of pre-cancer and early cancer, LSS can be used for early cancer diagnosis.

In addition to photons backscattering from epithelial cells, a major portion of photons penetrates the epithelium, reaching optically turbid connective tissue where they are scattered multiple times and partially absorbed by hemoglobin. As a result, it is not possible to measure single backscattering events directly in human tissue,[4] with polarization gating[5] and spatial gating[6] well-suited for endoscopy applications.[7] [8] [9] [10] [11]

History

Lev T. Perelman, principal scientist at MIT, and Vadim Backman, graduate student in Harvard- MIT Health Sciences and Technology program introduced LSS in 1998.

Applications

Light scattering spectroscopy has been applied for detection of precancer in many organs including esophagus,[12] colon,[13] [14] urinary bladder, oral cavity, cervix,[15] [16] pancreatic cyst,[17] stomach,[18] skin,[19] and bile duct.

Notes and References

  1. Perelman . L. T. . Backman . V. . Wallace . M. . Zonios . G. . Manoharan . R. . Nusrat . A. . Shields . S. . Seiler . M. . Lima . C. . Hamano . T. . Itzkan . I. . Van Dam . J. . Crawford . J. M. . Feld . M. S. . 1998-01-19 . Observation of Periodic Fine Structure in Reflectance from Biological Tissue: A New Technique for Measuring Nuclear Size Distribution . Physical Review Letters . 80 . 3 . 627–630 . 10.1103/PhysRevLett.80.627. 1998PhRvL..80..627P .
  2. Backman . V. . Wallace . M. B. . Perelman . L. T. . Arendt . J. T. . Gurjar . R. . Müller . M. G. . Zhang . Q. . Zonios . G. . Kline . E. . McGillican . T. . Shapshay . S. . Valdez . T. . Badizadegan . K. . Crawford . J. M. . Fitzmaurice . M. . July 2000 . Detection of preinvasive cancer cells . Nature . en . 406 . 6791 . 35–36 . 10.1038/35017638 . 10894529 . 4383575 . 1476-4687.
  3. Wallace . Michael B. . Perelman . Lev T. . Backman . Vadim . Crawford . James M. . Fitzmaurice . Marianne . Seiler . Maurice . Badizadegan . Kamran . Shields . Steven J. . Itzkan . Irving . Dasari . Ramachandra R. . Van Dam . Jacques . Feld . Michael S. . September 2000 . Endoscopic detection of dysplasia in patients with Barrett's esophagus using light-scattering spectroscopy . Gastroenterology . en . 119 . 3 . 677–682 . 10.1053/gast.2000.16511. 10982761 .
  4. Perelman . Lev T . 2006-11-01 . Optical diagnostic technology based on light scattering spectroscopy for early cancer detection . Expert Review of Medical Devices . 3 . 6 . 787–803 . 10.1586/17434440.3.6.787 . 1743-4440 . 17280544. 21857622 .
  5. Backman . V. . Gurjar . R. . Badizadegan . K. . Itzkan . I. . Dasari . R.R. . Perelman . L.T. . Feld . M.S. . July 1999 . Polarized light scattering spectroscopy for quantitative measurement of epithelial cellular structures in situ . IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics . 5 . 4 . 1019–1026 . 10.1109/2944.796325 . 1999IJSTQ...5.1019B . 1558-4542.
  6. Zhang . Lei . Pleskow . Douglas K. . Turzhitsky . Vladimir . Yee . Eric U. . Berzin . Tyler M. . Sawhney . Mandeep . Shinagare . Shweta . Vitkin . Edward . Zakharov . Yuri . Khan . Umar . Wang . Fen . Goldsmith . Jeffrey D. . Goldberg . Saveli . Chuttani . Ram . Itzkan . Irving . 2017-03-13 . Light scattering spectroscopy identifies the malignant potential of pancreatic cysts during endoscopy . Nature Biomedical Engineering . en . 1 . 4 . 1–7 . 10.1038/s41551-017-0040 . 29057146 . 5646377 . 2157-846X.
  7. Mourant . Judith R. . Johnson . Tamara M. . Freyer . James P. . 2001-10-01 . Characterizing mammalian cells and cell phantoms by polarized backscattering fiber-optic measurements . Applied Optics . EN . 40 . 28 . 5114–5123 . 10.1364/AO.40.005114 . 18364793 . 2001ApOpt..40.5114M . 2155-3165.
  8. Myakov . Alexey V. . Nieman . Linda T. . Wicky . Lorenz . Utzinger . Urs . Richards-Kortum . Rebecca R. . Sokolov . Konstantin V. . July 2002 . Fiber optic probe for polarized reflectance spectroscopy in vivo: design and performance . Journal of Biomedical Optics . 7 . 3 . 388–397 . 10.1117/1.1483314 . 12175288 . 23316164 . 1083-3668. free . 2002JBO.....7..388M .
  9. Qiu . Le . Pleskow . Douglas K. . Chuttani . Ram . Vitkin . Edward . Leyden . Jan . Ozden . Nuri . Itani . Sara . Guo . Lianyu . Sacks . Alana . Goldsmith . Jeffrey D. . Modell . Mark D. . Hanlon . Eugene B. . Itzkan . Irving . Perelman . Lev T. . May 2010 . Multispectral scanning during endoscopy guides biopsy of dysplasia in Barrett's esophagus . Nature Medicine . en . 16 . 5 . 603–606 . 10.1038/nm.2138 . 20383155 . 3052700 . 1546-170X.
  10. Qiu . Le . Chuttani . Ram . Pleskow . Douglas K. . Turzhitsky . Vladimir . Khan . Umar . Zakharov . Yuri N. . Zhang . Lei . Berzin . Tyler M. . Yee . Eric U. . Sawhney . Mandeep S. . Li . Yunping . Vitkin . Edward . Goldsmith . Jeffrey D. . Itzkan . Irving . Perelman . Lev T. . April 2018 . Multispectral light scattering endoscopic imaging of esophageal precancer . Light: Science & Applications . en . 7 . 4 . 17174 . 10.1038/lsa.2017.174 . 30839534 . 6060057 . 2047-7538.
  11. Pleskow . Douglas K. . Sawhney . Mandeep S. . Upputuri . Paul K. . Berzin . Tyler M. . Coughlan . Mark F. . Khan . Umar . Glyavina . Maria . Zhang . Xuejun . Chen . Liming . Sheil . Conor J. . Cohen . Jonah M. . Vitkin . Edward . Zakharov . Yuri N. . Itzkan . Irving . Zhang . Lei . 2023-01-07 . In vivo detection of bile duct pre-cancer with endoscopic light scattering spectroscopy . Nature Communications . en . 14 . 1 . 109 . 10.1038/s41467-022-35780-7 . 36611024 . 9825389 . 2023NatCo..14..109P . 2041-1723.
  12. Georgakoudi . Irene . Jacobson . Brian C. . Van Dam . Jacques . Backman . Vadim . Wallace . Michael B. . Müller . Markus G. . Zhang . Qingguo . Badizadegan . Kamran . Sun . Don . Thomas . Gordon A. . Perelman . Lev T. . Feld . Michael S. . 2001-06-01 . Fluorescence, reflectance, and light-scattering spectroscopy for evaluating dysplasia in patients with Barrett's esophagus . Gastroenterology . en . 120 . 7 . 1620–1629 . 10.1053/gast.2001.24842 . 11375944 . 0016-5085. free .
  13. Gurjar . Rajan S. . Backman . Vadim . Perelman . Lev T. . Georgakoudi . Irene . Badizadegan . Kamran . Itzkan . Irving . Dasari . Ramachandra R. . Feld . Michael S. . November 2001 . Imaging human epithelial properties with polarized light-scattering spectroscopy . Nature Medicine . en . 7 . 11 . 1245–1248 . 10.1038/nm1101-1245 . 11689891 . 10756302 . 1546-170X.
  14. Backman . V. . Gopal . V. . Kalashnikov . M. . Badizadegan . K. . Gurjar . R. . Wax . A. . Georgakoudi . I. . Mueller . M. . Boone . C.W. . Dasari . R.R. . Feld . M.S. . November 2001 . Measuring cellular structure at submicrometer scale with light scattering spectroscopy . IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics . 7 . 6 . 887–893 . 10.1109/2944.983289 . 2001IJSTQ...7..887B . 1558-4542.
  15. Georgakoudi . Irene . Sheets . Ellen E. . Müller . Markus G. . Backman . Vadim . Crum . Christopher P. . Badizadegan . Kamran . Dasari . Ramachandra R. . Feld . Michael S. . 2002-03-01 . Trimodal spectroscopy for the detection and characterization of cervical precancers in vivo . American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology . en . 186 . 3 . 374–382 . 10.1067/mob.2002.121075 . 11904594 . 0002-9378.
  16. 10.1364/OE.5.000302 . Reflectance spectroscopy with polarized light: Is it sensitive to cellular and nuclear morphology . 1999 . Sokolov . Konstantin . Drezek . Rebekah . Gossage . Kirk . Richards-Kortum . Rebecca . Optics Express . 5 . 13 . 302–317 . 19401735 . free . 1999OExpr...5..302S .
  17. Pogue . Brian W. . Wang . Kenneth K. . 2017-04-12 . Cancer diagnostics: Light scattering by pancreatic cysts . Nature Biomedical Engineering . en . 1 . 4 . 1–2 . 10.1038/s41551-017-0060 . 90919028 . 2157-846X.
  18. Tuniyazi . Abudusalamu . Mu . Tingkui . Jiang . Xiaosa . Snapshot polarized light scattering spectroscopy using spectrally-modulated polarimetry for early gastric cancer detection . Journal of Biophotonics. 2021 . 14 . 9 . e202100140 . 10.1002/jbio.202100140 . 34089571 . 235346068 .
  19. Canpolat . Murat . Gökhan . A. Güzide . Çiftçioğlu . M. Akif . Erin . Nuray . June 2008 . Differentiation of Melanoma from Non-Cancerous Tissue in an Animal Model Using Elastic Light Single-Scattering Spectroscopy . Technology in Cancer Research & Treatment . en . 7 . 3 . 235–240 . 10.1177/153303460800700309 . 18473495 . 41845322 . 1533-0346.

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