Liège (Chamber of Representatives constituency) explained

Liège
Nativename:	Dutch; Flemish: Luik German: Lüttich
Constituency Type:	Constituency
Parl Name:	Chamber of Representatives
Map4:	Province de Liège in Belgium.svg
Map Size:	150px
Map Entity:	Belgium
District Label:	Province
District:	Liège
Region Label:	Region
Region:	Wallonia
Population:	1,115,518 (2023)^[1]
Electorate:	794,378 (2019)
Area:	3,857 km² (2023)^[2]
Year:	2003
Seats:	15 (2003–present)
Members Label:	Members^[3]

Liège (nl|Luik; de|Lüttich) is one of the 11 multi-member constituencies of the Chamber of Representatives, the lower house of the Belgian Federal Parliament, the national legislature of Belgium. The constituency was established in 2003 following the re-organisation of constituencies across Belgium along provincial lines. It is conterminous with the province of Liège. The constituency currently elects 15 of the 150 members of the Chamber of Representatives using the open party-list proportional representation electoral system. At the 2019 federal election the constituency had 794,378 registered electors.

Electoral system

Liège currently elects 15 of the 150 members of the Chamber of Representatives using the open party-list proportional representation electoral system.^[4] ^[5] Seats are allocated using the D'Hondt method.^[6] ^[7] Since 2003 only parties that reach the 5% threshold in the constituency compete for seats.^[8] ^[9]

Electors may vote for the list (party) or for individual candidates, either main candidates or substitute candidates or a combination, on the list.^[10] They may vote for as many candidates as there are seats in the constituency.^[11] Split-ticket voting (panachage) is not permitted and will result in the ballot paper being invalidated.^[12] The minimum number of votes a candidate must obtain to get elected - the quotient - is calculated as the total votes received by the party divided by the number of seats in the constituency plus one.^[13] Half the ballot papers where there are no votes for main candidates (i.e. the elector has voted for the list or for substitute candidates only) are redistributed amongst main candidates in the order they appear on the ballot paper so that the candidate's total votes (personal votes plus redistributed votes) equals the quotient.^[13] The seats won by the party are then allocated to the candidates with the most number of total votes.^[13]

Election results

Summary

colspan=3	colspan=3	colspan=3	colspan=3	colspan=3	colspan=3	colspan=3	colspan=3
Election	valign=bottom colspan=3	Workers PTB !	valign=bottom colspan=3	Ecolo Ecolo !	valign=bottom colspan=3	Socialists PS !	valign=bottom colspan=3	Democratic Federalists DéFI / FDF !	valign=bottom colspan=3	Reformists MR !	valign=bottom colspan=3	Les Engagés LE / CDH !	valign=bottom colspan=3	Chez Nous Chez Nous / PP !	valign=bottom colspan=3	National Front FN
Votes	%	Seats	Votes	%	Seats	Votes	%	Seats	Votes	%	Seats	Votes	%	Seats	Votes	%	Seats	Votes	%	Seats	Votes	%	Seats
	101,860	16.45%	3	95,878	15.48%	3	154,232	24.91%	5	22,313	3.60%	0	121,732	19.66%	3	52,167	8.43%	1	21,998	3.55%	0
	50,603	8.08%	1	56,890	9.08%	1	187,897	30.00%	5	13,915	2.22%	0	158,046	25.23%	5	81,759	13.05%	2	32,229	5.15%	1
	18,706	3.09%	0	83,791	13.83%	2	216,827	35.79%	7				135,118	22.30%	4	84,393	13.93%	2	18,642	3.08%	0
	6,323	1.01%	0	84,604	13.55%	2	200,450	32.10%	6				190,699	30.54%	5	88,874	14.23%	2				28,177	4.51%	0
	4,606	0.76%	0	46,026	7.58%	1	216,293	35.62%	6				186,582	30.73%	6	91,469	15.06%	2				29,134	4.80%	0

(Figures in italics represent alliances.)

Detailed

2019

Results of the 2019 federal election held on 26 May 2019:^[14] ^[15] ^[16]

Party	Votes per arrondissement					align=center valign=bottom rowspan=2 width="50"	Total Votes !	align=center valign=bottom rowspan=2 width="50"	% !	align=center valign=bottom rowspan=2	Seats
align=center valign=bottom width="50"	Huy !	align=center valign=bottom width="60"	Liège !	align=center valign=bottom width="50"	Ver -viers !	align=center valign=bottom width="50"	War -emme !	align=center valign=bottom width="50"	Expat -riates
		PS	18,786	94,675	27,493	13,043	235	154,232	24.91%	5
		MR	12,996	57,985	37,190	13,171	390	121,732	19.66%	3
		PTB	10,684	65,845	18,365	6,865	101	101,860	16.45%	3
		Ecolo	11,943	50,175	26,746	6,560	454	95,878	15.48%	3
	align=left style="white-space: nowrap;"		CDH	4,580	21,836	21,859	3,821	71	52,167	8.43%	1
		DéFI	2,784	12,895	4,546	2,061	27	22,313	3.60%	0
		PP	2,029	11,794	6,567	1,563	45	21,998	3.55%	0
	Belgians First		1,123	5,840	2,713	778	9	10,463	1.69%	0
	Destexhe List		1,057	5,438	1,993	798	24	9,310	1.50%	0
			959	4,881	1,792	744	16	8,392	1.36%	0
	Citizen Collective	CC	1,492	3,653	1,501	737	12	7,395	1.19%	0
		VB	357	1,771	1,595	356	14	4,093	0.66%	0
	The Right		371	1,923	1,388	241	26	3,949	0.64%	0
	Rebellious Wallonia		364	1,824	745	320	13	3,266	0.53%	0
			172	1,342	497	120	6	2,137	0.35%	0
align=left colspan=3	Valid Votes	69,697	341,877	154,990	51,178	1,443	619,185	100.00%	15
align=left colspan=3	Rejected Votes	5,664	27,115	18,972	4,222	121	56,094	8.31%
align=left colspan=3	Total Polled	75,361	368,992	173,962	55,400	1,564	675,279	85.01%
align=left colspan=3	Registered Electors	85,868	441,510	202,759	62,141	2,100	794,378
align=left colspan=3	Turnout	87.76%	83.58%	85.80%	89.15%	74.48%	85.01%

The following candidates were elected:^[16] Daniel Bacquelaine (MR), 27,220 votes; Julie Chanson (Ecolo), 8,035 votes; Samuel Cogolati (Ecolo), 6,755 votes; Gaby Colebunders (PTB), 3,524 votes; Laura Crapanzano (PS), 10,850 votes; Frédéric Daerden (PS), 54,898 votes; Julie Fernandez-Fernandez (PS), 16,648 votes; Marc Goblet (PS), 9,504 votes; Philippe Goffin (MR), 14,717 votes; Raoul Hedebouw (PTB), 49,852 votes; Kattrin Jadin (MR), 17,015 votes; Christophe Lacroix (PS), 17,094 votes; Vanessa Matz (CDH), 12,561 votes; Nadia Moscufo (PTB), 7,411 votes; and Sarah Schlitz (Ecolo), 17,728 votes.

Substitutions:^[17]

Laura Crapanzano (PS) resigned on 19 June 2019 and was substituted by Sophie Thémont (PS) on 20 June 2019.
Julie Fernandez-Fernandez (PS) resigned on 19 June 2019 and was substituted by Malik Ben Achour (PS) on 20 June 2019.
Frédéric Daerden (PS) was appointed to the Government of the French Community and was substituted by Hervé Rigot (PS) between 19 September 2019 and 1 July 2021; and by Chanelle Bonaventure (PS) from 1 July 2021.
Marc Goblet (PS) died on 16 June 2021 and was substituted by Hervé Rigot (PS) on 1 July 2021.
Kattrin Jadin (MR) resigned on 22 September 2022 and was substituted by Mathieu Bihet (MR) on the same day.

2014

Results of the 2014 federal election held on 25 May 2014:^[18] ^[19] ^[20]

Party	Votes per arrondissement					align=center valign=bottom rowspan=2 width="50"	Total Votes !	align=center valign=bottom rowspan=2 width="50"	% !	align=center valign=bottom rowspan=2	Seats
align=center valign=bottom width="50"	Huy !	align=center valign=bottom width="60"	Liège !	align=center valign=bottom width="50"	Ver -viers !	align=center valign=bottom width="50"	War -emme !	align=center valign=bottom width="50"	Expat -riates
		PS	24,046	113,076	34,353	16,045	377	187,897	30.00%	5
		MR	17,992	76,936	47,173	15,638	307	158,046	25.23%	5
	align=left style="white-space: nowrap;"		CDH	8,676	36,885	30,103	5,976	119	81,759	13.05%	2
		Ecolo	9,023	27,846	16,123	3,716	182	56,890	9.08%	1
		PTB	4,822	37,400	5,748	2,614	19	50,603	8.08%	1
		PP	3,223	17,087	9,782	2,112	25	32,229	5.15%	1
		FDF	1,821	8,106	2,752	1,215	21	13,915	2.22%	0
			936	5,885	1,962	587	11	9,381	1.50%	0
	The Right		1,136	4,613	2,355	589	21	8,714	1.39%	0
	Wallonia First		790	4,011	1,059	414	21	6,295	1.01%	0
			82	3,367	823	46	14	4,332	0.69%	0
	Pirate		420	2,196	1,063	250	9	3,938	0.63%	0
	Pensioners Party	PP	365	1,840	755	217	1	3,178	0.51%	0
			195	1,583	393	169	2	2,342	0.37%	0
	Citizen Liberal Values	VLC	433	748	526	110	3	1,820	0.29%	0
		RWF	305	836	332	146	3	1,622	0.26%	0
		BUB	221	559	302	104	12	1,198	0.19%	0
	Left Movement	MG	77	697	216	33	1	1,024	0.16%	0
	Walloon Front	FW	41	605	86	20	0	752	0.12%	0
	CIM		134	210	71	15	0	430	0.07%	0
align=left colspan=3	Valid Votes	74,738	344,486	155,977	50,016	1,148	626,365	100.00%	15
align=left colspan=3	Rejected Votes	5,468	20,164	17,941	3,775	84	47,432	7.04%
align=left colspan=3	Total Polled	80,206	364,650	173,918	53,791	1,232	673,797	86.42%
align=left colspan=3	Registered Electors	92,847	425,429	200,290	59,531	1,595	779,692
align=left colspan=3	Turnout	86.39%	85.71%	86.83%	90.36%	77.24%	86.42%

The following candidates were elected:^[20] Daniel Bacquelaine (MR), 46,230 votes; Aldo Carcaci (PP), 6,282 votes; Caroline Cassart-Mailleux (MR), 13,169 votes; Frédéric Daerden (PS), 30,484 votes; Willy Demeyer (PS), 45,590 votes; Julie Fernandez-Fernandez (PS), 15,959 votes; Gilles Foret (MR), 14,760 votes; André Frédéric (PS), 11,242 votes; Muriel Gerkens (Ecolo), 12,883 votes; Philippe Goffin (MR), 15,664 votes; Raoul Hedebouw (PTB), 16,586 votes; Kattrin Jadin (MR), 19,742 votes; Alain Mathot (PS), 20,523 votes; Vanessa Matz (CDH), 10,205 votes; and Melchior Wathelet Jr. (CDH), 34,780 votes.

Substitutions:^[21]

Daniel Bacquelaine (MR) was appointed to the federal government and was substituted by Luc Gustin (MR) on 14 October 2014.
Melchior Wathelet Jr. (CDH) resigned on 20 April 2015 and was substituted by Michel de Lamotte (CDH) on 23 April 2015.

2010

Results of the 2010 federal election held on 13 June 2010:^[22] ^[23] ^[24]

Party	Votes per arrondissement					align=center valign=bottom rowspan=2 width="50"	Total Votes !	align=center valign=bottom rowspan=2 width="50"	% !	align=center valign=bottom rowspan=2	Seats
align=center valign=bottom width="50"	Huy !	align=center valign=bottom width="60"	Liège !	align=center valign=bottom width="50"	Ver -viers !	align=center valign=bottom width="50"	War -emme !	align=center valign=bottom width="50"	Expat -riates
		PS	23,850	136,100	39,182	17,489	206	216,827	35.79%	7
		MR	14,167	68,058	39,248	13,343	302	135,118	22.30%	4
	align=left style="white-space: nowrap;"		CDH	8,172	40,105	30,152	5,834	130	84,393	13.93%	2
		Ecolo	12,855	42,229	22,305	6,166	236	83,791	13.83%	2
		PTB	1,404	14,693	1,836	766	7	18,706	3.09%	0
		PP	1,857	9,912	5,238	1,616	19	18,642	3.08%	0
	Wallonia First		1,295	4,814	2,208	818	35	9,170	1.51%	0
		RWF	1,233	4,417	2,043	768	13	8,474	1.40%	0
	Left Front		741	4,220	1,511	352	9	6,833	1.13%	0
	Pensioners Party	PP	481	4,740	1,160	303	4	6,688	1.10%	0
		Vivant	333	1,475	4,131	257	15	6,211	1.03%	0
		BUB	550	2,910	1,548	379	42	5,429	0.90%	0
	MP Éducation		86	1,564	848	69	5	2,572	0.42%	0
		W+	144	1,148	296	82	5	1,675	0.28%	0
	Socialist Movement Plus	MS+	568	508	162	53	2	1,293	0.21%	0
align=left colspan=3	Valid Votes	67,736	336,893	151,868	48,295	1,030	605,822	100.00%	15
align=left colspan=3	Rejected Votes	5,018	17,677	16,227	3,525	81	42,528	6.56%
align=left colspan=3	Total Polled	72,754	354,570	168,095	51,820	1,111	648,350	86.43%
align=left colspan=3	Registered Electors	82,619	414,009	194,935	57,368	1,171	750,102
align=left colspan=3	Turnout	88.06%	85.64%	86.23%	90.33%	94.88%	86.43%

The following candidates were elected:^[24] Daniel Bacquelaine (MR), 17,777 votes; Guy Coëme (PS), 20,038 votes; Michel Daerden (PS), 72,194 votes; Julie Fernandez-Fernandez (PS), 10,069 votes; André Frédéric (PS), 11,760 votes; Muriel Gerkens (Ecolo), 14,657 votes; Philippe Goffin (MR), 9,153 votes; Kattrin Jadin (MR), 15,515 votes; Éric Jadot (Ecolo), 5,782 votes; Marie-Claire Lambert (PS), 9,945 votes; Mauro Lenzini (PS), 8,487 votes; Alain Mathot (PS), 42,730 votes; Didier Reynders (MR), 61,848 votes; Marie-Dominique Simonet (CDH), 19,346 votes; and Melchior Wathelet Jr. (CDH), 30,563 votes.

Substitutions:^[25]

Marie-Dominique Simonet (CDH) resigned on 28 June 2010 and was substituted by Joseph George (CDH) on 6 July 2010.
Mauro Lenzini (PS) resigned on 5 July 2010 and was substituted by Linda Musin (PS) on 6 July 2010.
Didier Reynders (MR) was appointed to the federal government and was substituted by Luc Gustin (MR) on 7 December 2011.
Guy Coëme (PS) resigned on 25 October 2012 and was substituted by Christophe Lacroix (PS) on the same day.
Thierry Giet (PS) resigned on 24 June 2013 and was substituted by Véronique Bonni (PS) on 26 June 2013.
Melchior Wathelet Jr. (CDH) was appointed to the federal government and was substituted by Benoît Drèze (CDH) on 17 July 2013.

2007

Results of the 2007 federal election held on 10 June 2007:^[26] ^[27]

Party	Votes per arrondissement					align=center valign=bottom rowspan=2 width="50"	Total Votes !	align=center valign=bottom rowspan=2 width="50"	% !	align=center valign=bottom rowspan=2	Seats
align=center valign=bottom width="50"	Huy !	align=center valign=bottom width="60"	Liège !	align=center valign=bottom width="50"	Ver -viers !	align=center valign=bottom width="50"	War -emme !	align=center valign=bottom width="50"	Expat -riates
		PS	22,717	125,766	35,217	16,496	254	200,450	32.10%	6
		MR	21,280	98,656	52,606	17,710	447	190,699	30.54%	5
	align=left style="white-space: nowrap;"		CDH	8,591	40,622	33,964	5,528	169	88,874	14.23%	2
		Ecolo	14,569	44,206	19,917	5,652	260	84,604	13.55%	2
		FN	2,732	16,186	7,671	1,549	39	28,177	4.51%	0
		PTB	292	5,339	481	203	8	6,323	1.01%	0
		RWF	679	2,839	1,261	354	12	5,145	0.82%	0
		PC	646	1,999	1,031	297	20	3,993	0.64%	0
	Wallon		407	2,164	461	142	26	3,200	0.51%	0
		Vivant	245	1,265	1,541	125	5	3,181	0.51%	0
	Federal Christian Democrats	CDF	261	1,327	715	96	25	2,424	0.39%	0
		FNB	183	903	601	141	5	1,833	0.29%	0
			222	685	580	111	22	1,620	0.26%	0
		CAP	145	1,027	222	71	3	1,468	0.24%	0
	MP Éducation		86	815	418	32	11	1,362	0.22%	0
	Union for a Popular Movement – Belgium	UMP-B	106	857	106	36	1	1,106	0.18%	0
align=left colspan=3	Valid Votes	73,161	344,656	156,792	48,543	1,307	624,459	100.00%	15
align=left colspan=3	Rejected Votes	4,706	15,483	13,943	2,974	151	37,257	5.63%
align=left colspan=3	Total Polled	77,867	360,139	170,735	51,517	1,458	661,716	89.07%
align=left colspan=3	Registered Electors	87,403	407,730	190,564	55,521	1,678	742,896
align=left colspan=3	Turnout	89.09%	88.33%	89.59%	92.79%	86.89%	89.07%

The following candidates were elected:^[27] Daniel Bacquelaine (MR), 18,435 votes; Guy Coëme (PS), 29,126 votes; Michel Daerden (PS), 92,922 votes; André Frédéric (PS), 10,764 votes; Muriel Gerkens (Ecolo), 14,866 votes; Philippe Henry (Ecolo), 7,106 votes; Kattrin Jadin (MR), 14,765 votes; Hervé Jamar (MR), 19,235 votes; Pierre-Yves Jeholet (MR), 20,046 votes; Marie-Claire Lambert (PS), 9,096 votes; Alain Mathot (PS), 24,574 votes; Linda Musin (PS), 9,851 votes; Didier Reynders (MR), 102,762 votes; Marie-Dominique Simonet (CDH), 21,482 votes; and Melchior Wathelet Jr. (CDH), 28,538 votes.

Substitutions:^[28]

Hervé Jamar (MR) resigned on 27 June 2007 and was substituted by Olivier Hamal (MR).
Michel Daerden (PS) was appointed to the Government of the French Community and Government of Wallonia and was substituted by Thierry Giet (PS) between 5 July 2007 and 22 June 2009.
Marie-Dominique Simonet (CDH) was appointed to the Government of the French Community and Government of Wallonia and was substituted by Joseph George (CDH) between 5 July 2007 and 22 June 2009.
Didier Reynders (MR) was appointed to the federal government and was substituted by Josée Lejeune (MR) between 21 December 2007 and 22 June 2009.
Melchior Wathelet Jr. (CDH) was appointed Secretary of State in the federal government and was substituted by Marie-Martine Schyns (CDH) from 20 March 2008.
Michel Daerden (PS) resigned on 23 June 2009 and was substituted by Thierry Giet (PS) on 25 June 2009.
Marie-Dominique Simonet (CDH) resigned on 23 June 2009 and was substituted by Joseph George (CDH) on 25 June 2009.
Pierre-Yves Jeholet (MR) resigned on 23 June 2009 and was substituted by Josée Lejeune (MR) on 25 June 2009.
Didier Reynders (MR) was appointed to the federal government and was substituted by Luc Gustin (MR) from 25 June 2009.
Philippe Henry (Ecolo) was appointed to the Government of Wallonia and was substituted by Éric Jadot (Ecolo) from 16 July 2009.

2003

Results of the 2003 federal election held on 18 May 2003:^[29] ^[30]

Party	Votes per arrondissement					align=center valign=bottom rowspan=2 width="50"	Total Votes !	align=center valign=bottom rowspan=2 width="50"	% !	align=center valign=bottom rowspan=2	Seats
align=center valign=bottom width="50"	Huy !	align=center valign=bottom width="60"	Liège !	align=center valign=bottom width="50"	Ver -viers !	align=center valign=bottom width="50"	War -emme !	align=center valign=bottom width="50"	Expat -riates
		PS	25,432	134,115	39,909	16,582	255	216,293	35.62%	6
		MR	22,029	94,919	52,306	16,819	509	186,582	30.73%	6
	align=left style="white-space: nowrap;"		CDH	9,141	43,992	32,409	5,770	157	91,469	15.06%	2
		Ecolo	6,529	25,206	11,206	2,845	240	46,026	7.58%	1
		FN	2,958	17,976	6,578	1,590	32	29,134	4.80%	0
		Vivant	1,163	4,850	4,302	632	24	10,971	1.81%	0
	Federal Christian Democrats	CDF	813	3,533	2,570	484	35	7,435	1.22%	0
		RWF	802	2,648	1,366	360	16	5,192	0.86%	0
		PTB	346	3,419	671	156	14	4,606	0.76%	0
	French People United in a National Action of Co-operation and Emancipation	FRANCE	329	1,617	512	162	13	2,633	0.43%	0
	Communist Party and Resistance, Democracy, Socialism	PC/RDS	182	1,896	354	84	6	2,522	0.42%	0
	Socialist Movement	MS	127	990	447	487	6	2,057	0.34%	0
	Animal Protection	PDA	122	646	575	70	2	1,415	0.23%	0
	Workers' Defence Movement	MDT	60	680	137	35	2	914	0.15%	0
align=left colspan=3	Valid Votes	70,033	336,487	153,342	46,076	1,311	607,249	100.00%	15
align=left colspan=3	Rejected Votes	5,476	16,995	15,019	3,288	160	40,938	6.32%
align=left colspan=3	Total Polled	75,509	353,482	168,361	49,364	1,471	648,187	89.55%
align=left colspan=3	Registered Electors	85,025	398,392	185,809	52,962	1,671	723,859
align=left colspan=3	Turnout	88.81%	88.73%	90.61%	93.21%	88.03%	89.55%

The following candidates were elected:^[31] Daniel Bacquelaine (MR), 15,835 votes; Pierrette Cahay-André (MR), 7,418 votes; Jacques Chabot (PS), 11,668 votes; Michel Daerden (PS), 55,565 votes; Robert Denis (MR), 10,865 votes; André Frédéric (PS), 12,780 votes; Muriel Gerkens (Ecolo), 6,865 votes; José Happart (PS), 28,057 votes; Marie-Claire Lambert (PS), 11,446 votes; Sabine Laruelle (MR), 10,929 votes; Anne-Marie Lizin (PS), 29,327 votes; Philippe Monfils (MR), 15,788 votes; Didier Reynders (MR), 96,854 votes; Louis Smal (CDH), 16,881 votes; and Melchior Wathelet Jr. (CDH), 24,154 votes.

Substitutions:^[32]

Anne-Marie Lizin (PS) was elected to the Senate and was substituted by Alain Mathot (PS) on 23 May 2003.
José Happart (PS) resigned on 2 June 2003 and was substituted by Thierry Giet (PS).
Michel Daerden (PS) was appointed to the Government of Wallonia and was substituted by Danielle Van Lombeek-Jacobs (PS) from 26 June 2003.
Didier Reynders (MR was appointed to the federal government and was substituted by Pierre-Yves Jeholet between 14 July 2003 and 29 June 2004; and by Luc Gustin (MR) from 1 July 2004.
Louis Smal (CDH) resigned on 24 June 2004 and was substituted by Benoît Drèze (CDH) on 1 July 2004.
Sabine Laruelle (MR) was appointed to the federal government and was substituted by Josée Lejeune (MR) on 14 July 2003.

Notes and References

Web site: Population by place of residence, nationality (Belgian/non-Belgian), marital status, age and gender . . 30 May 2024 . Brussels, Belgium.
Web site: Land use according to the land register . . 30 May 2024 . Brussels, Belgium.
Web site: DOC 55 0001/015 Liste des Membres de la Chambre et Leurs Suppléants . . 11 June 2024 . Brussels, Belgium . 11-12 . 24 October 2023 . fr.
Web site: Election for Belgian Chamber of Representatives . Election Guide . . 5 September 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220815003249/https://www.electionguide.org/elections/id/3150/ . 15 August 2022 . Arlington, U.S.A..
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Web site: DOC 55 0001/015 Liste des Membres de la Chambre et Leurs Suppléants . . 1 June 2024 . Brussels, Belgium . 11-12 . 24 October 2023 . fr.
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Web site: Résultat Chambre des Représentants 25 mai 2014 - Circonscription de Liège . Résultats électoraux . . 11 June 2024 . Brussels, Belgium . fr.
Web site: DOC 54 0001/03 Liste des Membres de la Chambre et Leurs Suppléants . . 1 June 2024 . Brussels, Belgium . 10-11 . 24 August 2016 . fr.
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Web site: Résultats – Archives: Elections du 13 juin 2010 – Tableaux des résultats - Chambre - Nombres d’inscrits, de bulletins déposés, de bulletins valables, de bulletins blancs ou nuls par canton . Elections . . 19 August 2022 . Brussels, Belgium . fr.
Web site: Résultat Chambre des Représentants 13 juin 2010 - Circonscription de Liège . Résultats électoraux . . 11 June 2024 . Brussels, Belgium . fr.
Web site: DOC 53 0001/004 Liste des Membres de la Chambre et Leurs Suppléants . . 1 June 2024 . Brussels, Belgium . 15 . 25 April 2014 . fr.
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Web site: DOC 52 0001/008 Liste des Membres de la Chambre et Leurs Suppléants . . 1 June 2024 . Brussels, Belgium . 14-15 . 27 November 2009 . fr.
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Book: Elections Législatives du 18 mai 2003: Résultats officiels - Chambre des Représentants . . Brussels, Belgium . 172-225 . 30 May 2024 . fr.
Web site: DOC 51 0001/005 Liste des Membres de la Chambre et Leurs Suppléants . . 1 June 2024 . Brussels, Belgium . 14-15 . 30 April 2006 . fr.