Lexington Avenue/51st Street station explained

Lexington Avenue/51 Street
Accessible:yes
Type:complex
Division:IRT/IND
Line:IRT Lexington Avenue Line
IND Queens Boulevard Line
Service:Lexington 51st
Service Header:Lexington 51st header
Connection: NYCT Bus:
MTA Bus:
Address:East 53rd Street & Lexington Avenue
New York, NY
Borough:Manhattan
Locale:Midtown Manhattan
Coordinates:40.7571°N -73.972°W
Structure:Underground
Levels:2

The Lexington Avenue/51st Street station is a New York City Subway station complex on the IRT Lexington Avenue Line and IND Queens Boulevard Line. The station is located on Lexington Avenue and stretches from 51st Street to 53rd Street in Midtown Manhattan. It is served by the 6 and E trains at all times; the M train on weekdays during the day; the <6> train during weekdays in the peak direction; and the 4 train during late nights.

The complex comprises two stations: 51st Street on the Lexington Avenue Line and Lexington Avenue–53rd Street (originally Lexington–Third Avenues) on the Queens Boulevard Line. Originally two separate stations, these were connected in 1988 via a transfer passage, which was opened with the construction of 599 Lexington Avenue. Approximately 50,000 riders transfer between the Lexington Avenue and Queens Boulevard Lines each weekday.[1]

In 2019, the station complex had an annual ridership of 18,957,465, making it the tenth-busiest in the system.

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History

IRT Lexington Avenue Line

Planning and construction

Following the completion of the original subway line operated by the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT), there were plans to construct the Broadway–Lexington Avenue Line along Manhattan's east side.[2] The New York Public Service Commission adopted plans for what was known as the Broadway–Lexington Avenue route on December 31, 1907.[3] The Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company (BRT; after 1923, the Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Corporation or BMT[4]) submitted a proposal to the Commission, dated March 2, 1911, to operate this line as part of the tri-borough system.[5] [6] Originally, the commission had assigned the operation of the Lexington Avenue Line in Manhattan to the BRT, as the IRT had withdrawn from negotiations over the proposed tri-borough system.[7] [8] The IRT proposed in December 1911 that it be assigned the Lexington Avenue Line, in exchange for dropping its opposition to the BRT's operation of the Broadway Line. The Lexington Avenue Line was to connect with the IRT's existing subway north of Grand Central–42nd Street.[9] The IRT submitted an offer for what became its portion of the Dual Contracts on February 27, 1912.[10]

The Dual Contracts, two operating contracts between the city and the BMT and IRT, were adopted on March 4, 1913, and signed on March 19.[11] The IRT was authorized to construct a local station on its Lexington Avenue Line at 51st Street.[12] [13] The Public Service Commission planned to split the original Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT) system from looking like a "Z" system (as seen on a map) to an H-shaped system. The original system would be split into three segments: two north–south lines, carrying through trains over the Lexington Avenue and Broadway–Seventh Avenue Lines, and a west–east shuttle under 42nd Street. This would form a roughly H-shaped system.[14] [15] It was predicted that the subway extension would lead to the growth of the Upper East Side and the Bronx.[16] [17] The IRT was authorized to construct a local station on its Lexington Avenue Line at Lexington Avenue and 51st Street.[12] [13] Contracts for the section of the line south of 53rd Street had still not been awarded by early 1914 because of the changes to the original plans.[18] [19]

In May 1914, the Public Service Commission began soliciting bids for the construction of section 7 of the Lexington Avenue Line, which stretched between 43rd and 53rd Streets and included a station at 51st Street.[20] IRT subsidiary Rapid Transit Subway Construction Company received a $1,915,164 contract to build section 7 the next month.[21] [22] The Public Service Commission received the rights in July 1915 to build subway entrances within the Nursery and Child's Hospital at the southeastern corner of Lexington Avenue and 51st Street, which would have served the IRT station there.[23] Although the Lexington Avenue Line north of 53rd Street was almost completed by the end of 1915, that segment could not be opened because the rest of the line was not complete.[24] [25] In particular, the section between 43rd and 53rd Streets was only 37 percent done.[26] Work on section 7 of the line was delayed in mid-1916 when numerous workers went on strike.[27] Section 7 was 42 percent complete by September 1916[28] and was 77 percent finished by the following March.[29]

Opening and early years

The 51st Street station opened on July 17, 1918, with service initially running between Grand Central–42nd Street and 167th Street via the line's local tracks.[30] [31] On August 1, the "H system" was put into place, with through service beginning on the new east and west side trunk lines, and the institution of the 42nd Street Shuttle along the old connection between the sides.[32] [33] The cost of the extension from Grand Central was $58 million.[34] As part of an experiment, the IRT installed four "feather-weight-pressure" turnstiles at the station in 1921 to speed up passenger flow.[35] The city government took over the IRT's operations on June 12, 1940.[36] [37]

IND Queens Boulevard Line

The Queens Boulevard Line was one of the first built by the city-owned Independent Subway System (IND), and was planned to stretch between the IND Eighth Avenue Line in Manhattan and 178th Street and Hillside Avenue in Jamaica, Queens, with a stop at Lexington Avenue.[38] [39] The line was first proposed in 1925.[40] Bids for the 53rd Street subway tunnel were received in October 1926,[41] and work started in April 1927.[42] The 53rd Street Tunnel was fully excavated between Queens and Manhattan in January 1929.[43] The First Avenue Association suggested that an entrance to the Lexington Avenue/53rd Street station on the Queens Boulevard Line be built on Second Avenue, but the New York City Board of Transportation declined to do so, citing high costs and underground obstructions.[44]

The Lexington Avenue/53rd Street station opened on August 19, 1933, with the opening of the IND Queens Boulevard Line to Roosevelt Avenue in Queens. Service was initially provided by E trains running via the IND Eighth Avenue Line.[45] The opening of the 53rd Street Line caused a steep increase in business activity along the corridor. By January 1934, the Lexington Avenue station was the busiest on the Queens Boulevard Line, surpassing the Roosevelt Avenue station.[46] On December 15, 1940, the IND Sixth Avenue Line opened between West Fourth Street–Washington Square and 59th Street–Columbus Circle. On this date, trains began using this station, diverging west of the station onto the Sixth Avenue Line.[47] [48]

Modifications and station renovations

1960s and 1970s

In 1966, an agreement was reached with the developers of 345 Park Avenue to remove the entrance at the corner of 51st Street and Lexington Avenue and replace it with a new entrance at the same corner adjacent to the building.[49] A group of private citizens, the Fund for Better Subway Stations, announced in September 1968 that it would donate $450,000 to beautify the station. The Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA) intended to provide matching funds for the project,[50] [51] but it had not approved a contract for the renovation by early 1970.[52]

In July 1968, MTA subsidiary New York City Transit Authority (NYCTA) completed plans to construct a 320abbr=NaNabbr=-long free transfer passageway between the north end of the 51st Street station and the Lexington Avenue mezzanine of the Lexington Avenue station. Construction on the project was supposed to start in early 1969.[53] On December 12, 1969, the NYCTA put the estimated $2.5 million contract up for bid.[54] [55] The passageway was not built at the time; passengers still had to exit to the street and pay an extra fare to transfer between the stations. This caused overcrowding on the Flushing Line, which did have direct interchanges with the Lexington Avenue and Queens Boulevard lines.[56] [57] By 1970, the IND's Lexington Avenue station was among the subway system's 12 worst bottlenecks for passenger flow.[58] The escalators at the western end of the IND station were replaced in 1977,[59] and a new subway entrance was built as part of the construction of Citicorp Center in the late 1970s.[60]

1980s

Renovations of the IRT's 51st Street station and the IND's Lexington Avenue station were funded as part of the MTA's 1980–1984 capital plan.[61] Madison Equities, the developer of an office building at 875 Third Avenue, agreed in 1981 to expand the IND station and add a retail arcade in exchange for of additional space. The developer was unable to complete the subway expansion because of the presence of holdout tenants in four brownstones, which occupied the site of the proposed subway entrance.[62] The New York City Planning Commission mandated that two floors of 875 Third Avenue could not be occupied unless the subway improvements were completed, or unless Madison Equities had attempted to buy out the holdout tenants.[63] Following various legal disputes, Madison Equities finally bought out the holdout tenants in the late 1980s and completed the subway expansion.

Boston Properties, which was developing a skyscraper at 599 Lexington Avenue between 52nd and 53rd Streets, proposed in 1984 to construct a passageway between 52nd Street and the IND mezzanine at 53rd Street. The MTA would concurrently build the section of the passageway between 51st and 52nd Streets. The 36-foot-wide passageway would be bisected by a glass wall, which would allow passengers to transfer between the stations within fare control while also allowing the public to use it without paying a fare. In exchange, Boston Properties would be permitted to add to its building,[64] expanding the structure's floor area by 20 percent. Manhattan Community Board 6 endorsed the plans in January 1984,[65] and New York City Board of Estimate approved the proposal that April.[66] [67] Vollmer Associates was hired to design the free transfer passageway.[68] Gerald D. Hines, the developer of the Lipstick Building at 885 Third Avenue, was similarly allowed to expand his building's floor area by 20 percent in late 1984[69] after he agreed to add an entrance to the IND station from just outside his building.[70]

Construction of the transfer passageway had begun by early 1986 and lasted three and a half years.[71] During the passage's construction, in June 1986, an old water main broke and flooded the station.[72] To speed up passenger flow, dozens of platform conductors were assigned to direct crowds on the IND platform during the late 1980s.[73] Additionally, the MTA began installing elevators at the 51st Street IRT station in 1986, making it one of the first wheelchair-accessible stations in the subway system.[74] By December 1988, Boston Properties had completed its half of the transfer passageway and opened a new subway entrance. However, the MTA's portion of the passageway was delayed by the presence of utilities, as well as the fact that workers had encountered solid rock rather than soft ground.[75] The passageway between the IRT and IND platforms opened on June 26, 1989,[76] [77] two years behind schedule. Boston Properties had contributed $13 million on the project,[78] while the MTA spent $10 million. The passageway was expected to be used by 20,000 daily passengers at the time of its completion. A reporter for Newsday wrote: "Were it not for the concept of developer shakedown, those two lines would still not meet."[79]

1990s to present

In April 1993, the New York State Legislature agreed to give the MTA $9.6 billion for capital improvements. Some of the funds would be used to renovate nearly one hundred New York City Subway stations,[80] [81] including the IND station at Lexington Avenue.[82] Amid a funding shortfall, the MTA announced in October 1994 that it had indefinitely postponed plans for renovating the Lexington Avenue/51st Street station.[83] [84] The transfer between the IRT and IND platforms was temporarily closed on May 16, 1996, while the escalators were being replaced; riders were forced to exit the station, walk along street level, and pay another fare to reenter the station.[85] In addition, reverse-peak E and F trains did not stop at the station (northbound during the morning, southbound during the afternoon) to reduce overcrowding, as only the escalators to Third Avenue remained open.[86] During that time, the Gottlieb Group replaced four escalators in the complex for $10.5 million.[87] The work was supposed to be completed in September 1996,[88] but it was pushed back by four months due to the need for asbestos abatement and the large crowds at the station.

Local civic groups reported in the mid-1990s that the station suffered from severe overcrowding.[89] The complex was ranked as the system's sixth-busiest station in 1999, with 16.6 million annual passengers, beating out express stations on the Lexington Avenue Line such as 14th Street–Union Square and 86th Street.[90] According to surveys conducted in the early 2000s by advocacy group Straphangers Campaign, the Lexington Avenue/51st Street station had the worst "cleanliness, security, ease of movement and station information"[91] of any major subway station citywide.[92] The station's escalators were among the system's most heavily used.[93] In early 2001, to reduce overcrowding, the MTA placed orange decals on the Lexington Avenue Line platforms with the words "Step Aside", and it employed platform attendants during rush hours.[94] The V train replaced the F train at the station in December 2001, when the 63rd Street Connection opened. To compensate for the loss of a free transfer between the F and 6 trains, the MTA added a free out-of-system transfer between the Lexington Avenue–63rd Street station and the Lexington Avenue/59th Street station.[95]

By the early 2000s, the MTA was planning to spend $74.7 million on further renovations, including a new passageway.[96] [97] Work commenced in November 2002.[98] During that time, northbound E and V trains skipped the station during morning rush hours, and passengers were not allowed to transfer from the 6 train to the E and V trains. As part of efforts to ease crowding in the station, a mezzanine was added to connect the Lexington Avenue passageway to the Third Avenue end of the IND station.[99] The escalators to the IND platform were also replaced, and a new elevator was added to the IND platform. During this renovation, the transfer passageway was temporarily narrowed to as little as at certain points; this created hazardous conditions during rush hours.[100] The escalators reopened in October 2003, ahead of schedule.

By early 2020, the escalators at the Third Avenue end of the station were operating less than five percent of the time and had not worked at all for over a year.[101] [102] This made the escalators the least reliable privately-operated escalators in the system. As a result, the Third Avenue escalators were closed for several months of repairs in October 2022[103] and had reopened by December 2023.[104]

Station layout

GroundStreet levelExit/entrance
Basement 1Side platform
Northbound local← toward or
← toward late nights (59th Street)
Southbound local toward →
toward late nights (Grand Central–42nd Street)
Side platform
Basement 2Northbound express← do not stop here
Southbound express do not stop here →
Basement 3Southbound← toward
← toward weekdays (Fifth Avenue/53rd Street)
Island platform
Northbound toward →
toward weekdays (Court Square–23rd Street) →

The IRT Lexington Avenue Line station is a local stop with two tracks and two side platforms. It runs north–south under Lexington Avenue from 50th to 52nd Street.[105] The IND Queens Boulevard Line station is an express stop with two tracks and one island platform. It runs west–east under 53rd Street with a mezzanine from Lexington Avenue to Third Avenue. The mezzanine is divided into two sections by three separate fare control areas.

A passageway links the northbound IRT platform and the mezzanine of the IND platform. From the extreme north end of both IRT platforms, a staircase, an elevator, and an escalator lead to an underpass connecting the southbound and northbound IRT platforms, linking to a corridor extending north from the northbound platform. The corridor extends north to the staircases and escalators going down to the IND platform, with a turnstile bank in the center. The corridor is divided into two sections: a shopping arcade outside fare control and a transfer hallway inside fare control. At the north end of the corridor are two escalators (one up-only, the other reversible-direction) and a staircase down to the west end of the IND platform. A down-only escalator, a reversible-direction escalator, and an elevator are located to the east, leading to the center of the IND platform.

Artwork

In 1976, with funding from the Exxon Corporation, this station, as well as three others citywide, received new "artfully humorous graffiti" murals and artwork.[106] Local designer Sperling Elman Inc. received $5,000 to place a new coat of paint on the entrances. The paint was placed "in a variety of colors and in broad stripes".

As part of the MTA Arts & Design program, an artwork by Nina Yankowitz, Tunnel Vision, was installed in the underpass connecting the IRT platforms in 1988[107] or 1989.[108] [109] The artwork consisted of blue tiles within a crack arranged in the shape of a lightning bolt, which was placed against a white-tile wall. According to Yankowitz, the crack was meant to "symbolically open the tunnel to expose the sky". The artwork also included a frieze atop the wall, which was patterned after the skyline of New York City, as well as decorative pilasters. This artwork covered and was removed in 2016.

Abstract painter Al Held designed an artwork in 2004, Passing Through, just prior to his death.[110] It consists of multicolored mosaic tiles along the curving mezzanine walls.[111] The tiles, manufactured by Miotto Mosaic Art Studio,[112] [113] depict various geometric shapes that appear to "float" along the wall, such as rings, checkerboard patterns, clouds, and pipes. The artwork measures about long.

Exits

The section of the transfer corridor outside fare control leads to a staircase and elevator inside the south side of 132 East 53rd Street, which go up to the northeast corner of East 52nd Street and Lexington Avenue. A glass-enclosed staircase outside the same building leads to the southeast corner of 53rd Street and Lexington Avenue. Outside fare control under the Citigroup Center, at the northeast corner of the same intersection, there are two stairs and an elevator.

The southbound Lexington Avenue Line platform has a part-time fare control area near the south end. A seven-step staircase goes up to a turnstile bank. Outside fare control, there is a customer assistance booth and one staircase[114] [115] going up to a plaza at 560 Lexington Avenue on the northwest corner of Lexington Avenue and East 50th Street. This entrance is placed within a curved glass enclosure measuring 10to high; during weekends, the entrance is sealed off by a circular hinged wall. The entrance's current design was part of a renovation of the plaza designed by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill and completed in 2015.[116] [117] The New York Public Library's Terence Cardinal Cooke-Cathedral Branch is within this exit, just outside of fare control. The 2100square feet branch, the second smallest in the NYPL system, became part of the New York Public Library in 1992. Before that, it was a library for the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York.[118]

At Lexington Avenue and 51st Street, eight stairs go up to all four corners of that intersection (two to each corner). The eastern stairs serve the northbound platform, and the western stairs serve the southbound platform.[115] At one point, there was also an entrance from the southbound platform to the basement of the General Electric Building at 51st Street, which opened in 1931 and was sealed,[119] being replaced by a new street entrance in 1965.[120] The connecting passageway was made of marble with aluminum storefronts.[121] The entrance in the General Electric Building's basement replaced the original sidewalk staircases at the southwestern corner of Lexington Avenue and 51st Street.[122]

The Queens Boulevard Line platform has an unstaffed entrance/exit at the east (railroad north) end. Two staircases go up to either western corner of Third Avenue and 53rd Street. A larger staircase goes up to the entrance plaza of 205 East 53rd Street at the northeast corner, and there is also an entrance/exit from under the southeast-corner building. The original name, Lexington–3rd Avenues, came from this exit.[115] The fare control area contains access to both the primary mezzanine, which contains the IRT transfer, as well as a set of staircases and escalators leading directly to the east end of the IND platform.

IRT Lexington Avenue Line platforms

51 Street
Accessible:yes
Address:East 51st Street & Lexington Avenue
New York, NY 40.7571°N -73.972°W
Division:IRT
Line:IRT Lexington Avenue Line
Service:Lexington local
Service Header:Lexington local header
Platforms:2 side platforms
Tracks:2
Hide Traffic:yes

The 51st Street station on the IRT Lexington Avenue Line is a local station with two local tracks and two side platforms. The station is served by the train at all times, the <6> train on weekdays in the peak direction during the day, and the train at night. The two express tracks, used by the and trains during daytime hours, pass through on a lower level and are not visible from the platforms. The station is between to the north and to the south. Both platforms have emergency exits from the lower level express tracks.

The station features modern beige bricks over the original tiles, but the standard IRT-style mosaics remain intact. There is a crossunder at the extreme north end of the platforms with an elevator, a staircase, and an up-only escalator on each side.

The platforms are approximately 25feet below street level and the station's full-time fare control areas are at the center of each. A staircase of seven steps goes up to a turnstile bank, with a token booth and two exits to each corner on each side outside fare control.

This station is the southernmost station on the Lexington Avenue Line to be directly under Lexington Avenue itself. South of here, the line shifts slightly westward to Park Avenue.

Image gallery

IND Queens Boulevard Line platform

Lexington Avenue–53 Street
Former:Lexington–3rd Avenues
Accessible:yes
Service:Queens 53rd
Address:Lexington Avenue & East 53rd Street
New York, NY
Division:IND
Line:IND Queens Boulevard Line
Platforms:1 island platform
Tracks:2
Hide Traffic:yes

The Lexington Avenue–53rd Street station on the IND Queens Boulevard Line opened on August 19, 1933 and has two tracks and one island platform. The E train serves the station at all times, while the M train serves the station on weekdays during the day. The station is between to the east (railroad north) and to the west (railroad south). East of this station, the line goes under the East River to Long Island City, Queens.

It was built 70feet below street level. As a result, long escalators and staircases are required to reach the mezzanine from the platform.[123] [124] At the extreme west end of the Queens Boulevard Line platform, a single staircase and a bank of two escalators (which once had the highest vertical rise of any escalator in the U.S.[125]), a single escalator, and one ADA-accessible elevator go up to the full-time mezzanine. The escalators have a vertical rise of .[126] There are no tiles, trim line, or mosaics on the track walls.

Image gallery

Proposed Second Avenue Subway station

After the MTA indicated in the 1990s that it would construct the Second Avenue Subway,[127] the agency considered including a transfer between the Lexington Avenue/51st Street station complex and the proposed 55th Street station on the Second Avenue Subway, which would be located under Second Avenue between 52nd Street and 56th Street.[128] This would provide a transfer to the proposed T train, which would serve the Second Avenue Line upon completion of Phase 3, although that phase was not funded or scheduled .[129] The transfer was evaluated as part of a 2004 environmental impact statement for the Second Avenue Subway.[130] [131]

If built, the proposed transfer passage would run under 53rd Street between the eastern end of the Queens Boulevard Line platform and Second Avenue, connecting to the southern end of 55th Street station.[132] The MTA projects that providing a transfer between the Queens Boulevard and Second Avenue lines would reduce crowding in the existing transfer passage between the Queens Boulevard and Lexington Avenue lines at the western end of the Queens Boulevard Line platform.

External links

MTA: Arts for Transit:

Google Maps Street View:

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Potential East Midtown Transit Improvements. 28. October 2012. www.cb5.org. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. February 8, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20170106223125/http://www.cb5.org/cb5/projects/east_midtown_rezoning/MTA_East_Midtown_Presentation_-_October.pdf. January 6, 2017. dead.
  2. Book: Walker . James Blaine . Fifty Years of Rapid Transit — 1864 to 1917 . 1918 . Law Printing . New York, N.Y. . 230–233 . November 6, 2016.
  3. [Engineering News-Record|Engineering News]
  4. Book: State of New York Transit Commission Third Annual Report for the Calendar Year 1923 . New York State Transit Commission . 1924 . 501 . v. 3 . May 31, 2023 . May 30, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230530000036/https://books.google.com/books?id=lFxLAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA501 . live .
  5. News: 3 Mar 1911 . New Plan for Subways: B. R. T. Offers to Equip and Operate City Built System . 5 . New-York Tribune . 1941-0646 . .
  6. News: 1911-03-03 . New Subway System Outlined by B.R.T.; Tunnel from Brooklyn, Tube Up Broadway to 59th Street and East to Williamsburg Bridge. . en-US . The New York Times . live . 2023-05-15 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230515145639/https://www.nytimes.com/1911/03/03/archives/new-subway-system-outlined-by-brt-tunnel-from-brooklyn-tube-up.html . May 15, 2023 . 0362-4331.
  7. News: 1911-07-21 . New Subways Formally Awarded to the B.R.T. - Vote 14 to 2 . 3 . Times Union . 2023-05-29 . May 30, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230530005308/https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-new-subways-formally-awarded/125537034/ . live .
  8. News: 1911-07-22 . Subway Digging Starts at Once; B.R.T. Award Ratified and Lexington Avenue Contracts Promptly Signed. . en-US . The New York Times . 2023-05-29 . 0362-4331 . May 30, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230530001336/https://www.nytimes.com/1911/07/22/archives/subway-digging-starts-at-once-brt-award-ratified-and-lexington.html . live .
  9. News: 1911-12-29 . Interboro Prepares New Subway Offer; For Submission Next Week on a Financial Basis Agreeable to the City Officials. . en-US . The New York Times . 2023-05-29 . 0362-4331 . May 30, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230530001335/https://www.nytimes.com/1911/12/29/archives/interboro-prepares-new-subway-offer-for-submission-next-week-on-a.html . live .
  10. News: May 22, 1912 . Petition for Subway in Lexington Ave. . The New York Times . live . February 16, 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220504021130/https://www.nytimes.com/1912/05/22/archives/petition-for-subway-in-lexington-ave-district-residents-object-to.html . May 4, 2022 . 0362-4331 . A petition is being circulated among the residents and property owners of the section just south of the Grand Central Station, in Park and Lexington Avenues, protesting against the proposed abandonment of the construction of the Subway in Lexington Avenue, between Forty-third and Thirty-second Streets..
  11. News: March 20, 1913 . Subway Contracts Solemnly Signed; Cheers at the Ceremonial Function When McCall Gets Willcox to Attest. . en-US . The New York Times . live . January 11, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220504021115/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1913/03/20/100611839.pdf . May 4, 2022 . 0362-4331.
  12. News: May 4, 1913 . Dual Subway Stations: Protesting Owners Should File Petitions for Changes . C8 . New-York Tribune . 1941-0646 . .
  13. News: July 6, 1913 . Station Sites for New Subways; Pamphlet Issued by Utilities Board Contains List of Stops on Dual System. . en-US . The New York Times . live . May 20, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230213035017/https://www.nytimes.com/1913/07/06/archives/station-sites-for-new-subways-pamphlet-issued-by-utilities-board.html . February 13, 2023 . 0362-4331.
  14. News: March 19, 1913. Money Set Aside For New Subways; Board of Estimate Approves City Contracts to be Signed To-day with Interboro and B.R.T.. en-US. The New York Times. November 10, 2017. 0362-4331. July 7, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210707225820/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1913/03/19/104910612.pdf. live.
  15. Book: Engineering News-record. 1916. McGraw-Hill Publishing Company. 846. en. December 28, 2020. May 4, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220504021116/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Engineering_News_record/mONHAQAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=5%2C900+feet+long+clark+street+tunnel&pg=PA846&printsec=frontcover. live.
  16. News: The Seventh and Lexington Avenue Subways Will Revive Dormant Sections — Change in Operation That Will Transform Original Four-Tracked Subway Into Two Four-Tracked Systems and Double Present Capacity of the Interborough. Whitney. Travis H.. March 10, 1918. The New York Times. August 26, 2016. 12. May 4, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220504021133/https://www.nytimes.com/1918/03/10/archives/the-seventh-and-lexington-avenue-subways-will-revive-dormant.html?searchResultPosition=1. live.
  17. News: Public Service Commission Fixes July 15 For Opening of The New Seventh and Lexington Avenue Subway Lines — Will Afford Better Service and Less Crowding — Shuttle Service for Forty-Second Street — How the Various Lines of the Dual System Are Grouped for Operation and List of Stations on All Lines. May 19, 1918. The New York Times. November 6, 2016. 32. May 4, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220504021117/https://www.nytimes.com/1918/05/19/archives/article-1-no-title-east-tank-line-west-trunk-line-park-place.html?searchResultPosition=1. live.
  18. News: 16 Jan 1914 . Snags in Subway's Path . 2 . New-York Tribune . 1941-0646 . .
  19. News: 1914-01-16 . Delays Hold Back Subway System; Chairman McCall Admits the Work Will Not Be Finished by Jan. 1, 1917. . en-US . The New York Times . 2023-06-04 . 0362-4331.
  20. News: 1914-05-20. Subway Bids Invited. 16. The New York Times. 2023-05-30. 0362-4331. May 30, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230530220707/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-new-york-times-subway-bids-invited/125569138/. live.
  21. News: 1914-06-17. Subway Contract Award; Interborough Subsidiary to Build Lexington Avenue Section.. en-US. The New York Times. 2023-05-30. 0362-4331. May 30, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230530220707/https://www.nytimes.com/1914/06/17/archives/subway-contract-award-interborough-subsidiary-to-build-lexington.html. live.
  22. News: 1914-06-17. Subway Construction. 8. The Wall Street Journal. 2023-05-30. May 30, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230530181756/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-wall-street-journal-subway-construct/125569257/. live.
  23. News: 11 Jul 1915 . Have Obtained Valuable Rights: Public Service Gets Free Many Station Entrances on New Routes . C2 . New-York Tribune . 1941-0646 . .
  24. News: 1915-12-19 . Use New Subway Say East Siders; Obstacles in Way of Opening Completed Lexington Ave. Section Explained . en-US . The New York Times . 2023-06-04 . 0362-4331.
  25. News: 1915-12-26 . $182,000,000 Being Spent on Subways in New York City . 10 . The Brooklyn Daily Eagle . 2023-06-04.
  26. News: 26 Dec 1915 . Seeks Haste in Transit Work: Bronx Board of Trade Urges Speedy Completion of New Routes Lexington Av. Line Cause of Delay Section of Subway Below 53d St. Will Hold Back Early Operations . B9 . New-York Tribune . 1941-0646 . .
  27. News: 1916-04-05 . Subway Work Halts as 2,000 More Quit; Drill Runners and Blasters Walk Out -- Oscar S. Straus Hastening Home . en-US . The New York Times . 2023-06-04 . 0362-4331.
  28. News: 1916-09-17 . Tells Year's Work for Rapid Transit; President Shonts Reports Interborough's New Lines All Hearing Completion . en-US . The New York Times . 2023-06-04 . 0362-4331.
  29. News: 1917-03-29 . Rising Costs May Halt New Transit; Contractors with $100,000,000 Worth of Subway Work Want Concessions . en-US . The New York Times . 2023-06-04 . 0362-4331.
  30. News: Lexington Av. Line to be Opened Today. July 17, 1918. The New York Times. April 21, 2020. en-US. 0362-4331. 13. December 14, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211214183011/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1918/07/17/102723156.pdf. live.
  31. News: 1918-07-17. Lexington Subway to Operate To-day. 8. New York Herald. 2023-05-30. May 30, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230530191937/https://www.newspapers.com/article/new-york-herald/66004851/. live.
  32. News: August 2, 1918. Open New Subway Lines to Traffic; Called a Triumph — Great H System Put in Operation Marks an Era in Railroad Construction — No Hitch in the Plans — But Public Gropes Blindly to Find the Way in Maze of New Stations — Thousands Go Astray — Leaders in City's Life Hail Accomplishment of Great Task at Meeting at the Astor. 1. The New York Times. November 6, 2016. January 6, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210106233417/https://www.nytimes.com/1918/08/02/archives/open-new-subway-lines-to-traffic-called-a-triumph-great-h-system.html?searchResultPosition=1. live.
  33. News: 1918-08-02. New "H" System Brings Worst Subway Jam. 1, 6. New-York Tribune. 2023-05-30. May 31, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230531010656/https://www.newspapers.com/article/new-york-tribune-new-h-system-brings-w/125572944/. live.
  34. News: July 11, 1918. Finish a New Link of the Dual Subway; Lexington Avenue Line North of Forty-second Street to Begin Local Service Wednesday. Branch Extends to Bronx Through service, with Times SquareGrand Central Shuttle Connections, to Open Soon. Changes in the Bronx.. 20. The New York Times. January 8, 2017. 0362-4331. May 4, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220504021118/https://www.nytimes.com/1918/07/11/archives/finish-a-new-link-of-the-dual-subway-lexington-avenue-line-north-of.html?searchResultPosition=1. live.
  35. News: 1921-12-27 . I.R.T. Says Nickel Gates Reduce Jams; 96 of Every 100 Passengers Have Change Ready and Don't Have to Wait, Report Shows . en-US . The New York Times . 2023-05-31 . 0362-4331.
  36. News: 1940-06-13 . City Transit Unity Is Now a Reality; Title to I.R.T. Lines Passes to Municipality, Ending 19-Year Campaign . en-US . The New York Times . live . 2022-05-14 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220107193115/https://www.nytimes.com/1940/06/13/archives/city-transit-unity-is-now-a-reality-title-to-irt-lines-passes-to.html . January 7, 2022 . 0362-4331.
  37. News: June 13, 1940 . Transit Unification Completed As City Takes Over I. R. T. Lines: Systems Come Under Single Control After Efforts Begun in 1921; Mayor Is Jubilant at City Hall Ceremony Recalling 1904 Celebration . 25 . New York Herald Tribune . .
  38. See:
  39. News: September 23, 1929. Queens Lauded as Best Boro By Chamber Chief. 40. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. October 4, 2015. October 26, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161026232315/https://www.newspapers.com/image/58266784/?terms=%22178th%22%2Bsubway%2Bqueens. live.
  40. News: 1925-03-21. New Subway Routes in Hylan Program to Cost $186,046,000. en-US. 1. The New York Times. 2020-03-27. 0362-4331. October 30, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211030145539/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1925/03/21/101651400.html?pdf_redirect=true&site=false. live.
  41. News: 1926-10-15. Bids Are Received for New Subway; No Action Can Be Taken on 53d Street Work Until Pending Suit Is Disposed Of.. en-US. The New York Times. 2021-07-15. 0362-4331. July 15, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210715155426/https://www.nytimes.com/1926/10/15/archives/bids-are-received-for-new-subway-no-action-can-be-taken-on-53d.html. live.
  42. News: 3 Apr 1927. New Queens Subway Started: Delaney Turns First Dirt for 53d Street Line. 16. New York Herald Tribune. .
  43. News: March 15, 1930. L.I. City-Jamaica Subway To Open Between Plaza and Manhattan Next Year; City Will Extend Service With Completion of Each Section; Sullivan Reveals Plans of Board of Transportation. 1. Long Island Daily Star. Fultonhistory.com. July 27, 2016. May 4, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220504023210/https://fultonhistory.com/Newspaper%2015/Brooklyn%20NY%20Daily%20Star/Brooklyn%20NY%20Daily%20Star%201930/Brooklyn%20NY%20Daily%20Star%201930%20-%200205.pdf. live.
  44. News: 26 Aug 1931. 53d Street Subway Will Start Operation in 1933. 34. New York Herald Tribune. .
  46. News: 21 Jan 1934 . Business Progress on Lexington Av.: Marked Increase in Passenger Use of 53d Street Crosstown Subway Station . RE1 . The New York Times . 0362-4331 . .
  47. Book: Sparberg, Andrew J.. From a Nickel to a Token: The Journey from Board of Transportation to MTA. October 1, 2014. Fordham University Press. 978-0-8232-6190-1.
    • Linder. Bernard. December 2008. Sixth Avenue Subway Service Changes. New York Division Bulletin. Electric Railroaders' Association. 51. 12. 2–4. August 6, 2016. August 20, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200820104557/https://issuu.com/erausa/docs/2008-12-bulletin/1. live.
    • Web site: New 6th Ave. Tube Will Be Boon to Queens Residents. December 8, 1940. 10. October 4, 2015. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. October 28, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161028085830/https://www.newspapers.com/image/52773641/?terms=%22Ely%2BAve%22%2Bsubway%2Bqueens. live.
  49. Book: Minutes and Proceedings of the New York City Transit Authority. 1968. New York City Transit Authority. 20. en. March 13, 2021. May 4, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220504023209/https://books.google.com/books?id=ArgjAQAAMAAJ&q=%22transfer+passageway%22+%2251st%22. live.
  50. News: Perlmutter . Emanuel . 1968-09-24 . Private Group Gives $450,000 To Help Beautify IRT Station . en-US . The New York Times . 2023-05-31 . 0362-4331 . May 15, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230515221209/https://www.nytimes.com/1968/09/24/archives/private-group-gives-450000-to-help-beautify-irt-station.html . live .
  51. News: 30 Sep 1968 . N.Y. citizens beautify subway . 2 . The Christian Science Monitor . .
  52. News: Burks . Edward C. . 1970-02-21 . Subways' Colored Tile Gets Cover-Up Job . en-US . The New York Times . 2023-05-31 . 0362-4331 . November 6, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201106222122/https://www.nytimes.com/1970/02/21/archives/subways-colored-tile-gets-cover-up-job.html . live .
  53. Book: Transportation Progress: An Interim Report. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. 1968. 8. December 21, 2020. December 21, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201221193030/http://www.thejoekorner.com/lines/mta-pfa-68/status-1/index.html. live.
  54. Book: Engineering News-record. 1969. McGraw-Hill. 142. en. March 13, 2021. May 4, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220504023210/https://books.google.com/books?id=B25IAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Contract+C+-+208%22+subway. live.
  55. Book: Authority, New York City Transit. Proceedings of the New York City Transit Authority Relating to Matters Other Than Operation. 1969. The Authority. 324. en. March 13, 2021. May 4, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220504023210/https://books.google.com/books?id=c-gxGpL_JNQC&q=%22+lexington+avenue+station%22+%2251st+street%22. live.
  56. News: Dunlap . David W. . 1984-01-19 . Builder Offers Subway Tunnel in City Zoning Deal . en-US . The New York Times . 2023-05-31 . 0362-4331 . May 31, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230531160917/https://www.nytimes.com/1984/01/19/nyregion/builder-offers-subway-tunnel-in-city-zoning-deal.html . live .
  57. News: Wiener . Caryn Eve . 1984-01-20 . Free Transfer Between Lines in Tower Plan . 26 . Newsday . 2023-05-31 . May 31, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230531165851/https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-free-transfer-between-lines-in-t/125624852/ . live .
  58. News: Moran . Nancy . 1970-05-30 . 12 Subway Bottlenecks Create Massive Delays Daily . en-US . The New York Times . 2023-05-30 . 0362-4331 . July 1, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220701235103/https://www.nytimes.com/1970/05/30/archives/12-subway-bottlenecks-create-massive-delays-daily-de-kalb-ave-and.html . live .
  59. News: 1977-11-25 . Escalators Being Replaced on New York Subways . en-US . The New York Times . 2023-05-31 . 0362-4331 . April 29, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220429172724/https://www.nytimes.com/1977/11/25/archives/escalators-being-replaced-on-new-york-subways.html . live .
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  62. News: Dunlap . David W. . 1990-10-28 . Commercial Property: 875 Third Avenue; No Longer That 'Building Behind the Liquor Store' . en-US . The New York Times . 2023-05-31 . 0362-4331 . May 31, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230531160747/https://www.nytimes.com/1990/10/28/realestate/commercial-property-875-third-avenue-no-longer-that-building-behind-liquor-store.html . live .
  63. News: Gottlieb . Martin . 1983-08-18 . Tower Zoning Leads to Bitter Court Fight . en-US . The New York Times . 2023-05-31 . 0362-4331 . May 31, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230531161057/https://www.nytimes.com/1983/08/18/nyregion/tower-zoning-leads-to-bitter-court-fight.html . live .
  64. News: Polsky . Carol . 1987-03-09 . Builders' Bonus Draws New Ire . 9 . Newsday . 2023-05-31 . May 31, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230531195908/https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday/79045094/ . live .
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  66. News: 1984-04-13 . The City; Builder Gets O.K. On Subway Link . en-US . The New York Times . 2023-05-31 . 0362-4331 . May 31, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230531194951/https://www.nytimes.com/1984/04/13/nyregion/the-city-builder-gets-ok-on-subway-link.html . live .
  67. News: 1982-04-10 . TA Will Test Selling Packs of 10 Tokens . 11 . Newsday . 2023-05-31 . May 31, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230531224456/https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday/79043373/ . live .
  68. News: Scardino . Albert . 1986-10-27 . Subterranean Engineers . en-US . The New York Times . 2023-05-31 . 0362-4331 . May 31, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230531161100/https://www.nytimes.com/1986/10/27/business/subterranean-engineers.html . live .
  69. News: 1984-09-18 . A 4-Floor Deal . 22 . Newsday . 2023-05-31 . May 31, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230531165838/https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-a-4-floor-deal/125626441/ . live .
  70. News: Sherman . Mark . April 21, 1985 . Midtown Zoning Begins to Reroute Development . en-US . The New York Times . live . July 13, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220703213044/https://www.nytimes.com/1985/04/21/realestate/midtown-zoning-begins-to-reroute-development.html . July 3, 2022 . 0362-4331.
  71. News: 1989-06-24 . Free Subway Transfer . 12 . Newsday (Nassau Edition) . 2023-05-31.
  72. News: Purdum . Todd S. . 1986-06-25 . Main Break and Fire Create Havoc in Rush-hour Service . en-US . The New York Times . 2023-05-31 . 0362-4331 . May 31, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230531160917/https://www.nytimes.com/1986/06/25/nyregion/main-break-and-fire-create-havoc-in-rush-hour-service.html . live .
  73. News: Dwyer . Jim . 31 Aug 1986 . In the Subways TA to Try Its 'stuff' on Subway Riders . 2 . Newsday . 2574-5298 . .
  74. News: Nix . Crystal . 1986-05-21 . From a Wheelchair, Most Doors Are Closed . en-US . The New York Times . 2023-05-31 . 0362-4331 . May 31, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230531160921/https://www.nytimes.com/1986/05/21/garden/from-a-wheelchair-most-doors-are-closed.html . live .
  75. News: Foran . Katherine . 1989-06-24 . A Breakthrough . 6 . Newsday . 2023-05-31 . May 31, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230531211606/https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-a-breakthroughkatherine-foran/125626573/ . live .
  76. News: 1989-06-27 . Subway Transfer Opens . 44 . Newsday . 2023-05-31 . May 31, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230531162233/https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-subway-transfer-opens/125626701/ . live .
  77. News: 1989-06-27 . Tuesday Report . 207 . Daily News . 2023-05-31 . May 31, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230531164306/https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-tuesday-report/125626809/ . live .
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  79. News: Henican . Ellis . 25 Aug 1992 . In the Subways Subway Windfall Nears Last Stop . 6 . Newsday . 2574-5298 . .
  80. News: Benenson . Joel . 1993-04-01 . Albany deal to save the $1.25 fare . 1059 . New York Daily News . 2023-04-28 . April 28, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230428152841/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/123677736/albany-deal-to-save-the-125-farejoel/ . live .
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  82. News: 1993-05-28 . Stop the Fussing . 56 . Newsday . 2023-04-28 . May 3, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230503130326/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/123677942/stop-the-fussing/ . live .
  83. News: McKinley . James C. Jr. . 1994-10-15 . City to Delay Subway Work At 6 Stations . en-US . The New York Times . live . 2022-07-04 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220705215620/https://www.nytimes.com/1994/10/15/nyregion/city-to-delay-subway-work-at-6-stations.html . July 5, 2022 . 0362-4331.
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  88. News: Rein . Lisa . 1996-09-16 . Delays going up in TA's escalator program . 213 . Daily News . 2023-05-31.
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  90. News: Donohue . Pete . 30 Sep 1999 . Subway Plan Stops Short / East Side Facing Crush, Critics Say . 4 . New York Daily News . 2692-1251 . .
  91. News: Urbina . Ian . 2003-10-21 . A Break for E and V Riders At 53rd and Lexington Station . en-US . The New York Times . 2023-05-31 . 0362-4331 . May 31, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230531213721/https://www.nytimes.com/2003/10/21/nyregion/a-break-for-e-and-v-riders-at-53rd-and-lexington-station.html . live .
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  93. News: Kennedy . Randy . 2003-02-04 . Tunnel Vision; Even the Up Escalator Is Down, and It's Not Likely to Be Fixed Soon . en-US . The New York Times . 2023-05-31 . 0362-4331 . January 25, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210125171749/https://www.nytimes.com/2003/02/04/nyregion/tunnel-vision-even-the-up-escalator-is-down-and-it-s-not-likely-to-be-fixed-soon.html . live .
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  95. News: Kershaw . Sarah . 2001-12-17 . V Train Begins Service Today, Giving Queens Commuters Another Option . en-US . The New York Times . 2023-05-31 . 0362-4331 . March 25, 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100325003759/http://www.nytimes.com/2001/12/17/nyregion/v-train-begins-service-today-giving-queens-commuters-another-option.html . live .
  96. News: 1 Dec 2000 . Yankee Stadium Subway Stop a Winner, Too . A08 . The Record . The Associated Press . .
  97. News: Boghossian . Naush . Donohue . Pete . 30 Nov 2000 . Stadium Stop is Tops . 30 . New York Daily News . 2692-1251 . .
  98. News: Virasami . Bryan . 13 Nov 2002 . On Fast Track To More Room / E, V trains bypass Lexington . A16 . Newsday . 2574-5298 . .
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  100. News: Donohue . Pete . 28 Oct 2002 . Subway Fear at 53rd & Lex Somebody Will 'Die' in Station Rehab . 14 . New York Daily News . 2692-1251 . .
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  102. Web site: Krisel . Brendan . February 3, 2020 . Worst Subway Escalator Hasn't Worked In More Than A Year: Report . May 31, 2023 . Midtown-Hell's Kitchen, NY Patch.
  103. October 12, 2022 . Lexington Av/53 St escalators close Oct. 2022 . May 31, 2023 . MTA . April 1, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230401132237/https://new.mta.info/article/lexington-av-53-st-midtown-subway-escalator-closed . live .
  104. 53rd Street and Lexington Avenue Station Escalators are Open . Forte Construction . December 4, 2023 . February 19, 2024.
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  106. Web site: Burks . Edward C. . November 18, 1976 . A Subway Elongatomus? Why, It's Preposterous! . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20200324134338/https://www.nytimes.com/1976/11/18/archives/a-subway-elongatomus-why-its-preposterous.html . March 24, 2020 . September 21, 2016 . The New York Times.
  107. Web site: 51st Street/Lexington Avenue-53rd Street; Nina Yankowitz; Tunnel Vision, 1988 . May 31, 2023 . MTA . December 16, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221216142340/http://web.mta.info/mta/aft/permanentart/permart.html?agency=nyct&line=E&artist=1&station=6 . live .
  108. News: 1989-11-06 . Transit Agency Creates Art Havens in Subways . en-US . The New York Times . 2023-05-31 . 0362-4331 . June 29, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180629102752/https://www.nytimes.com/1989/11/06/nyregion/transit-agency-creates-art-havens-in-subways.html . live .
  109. Web site: Adamson . Glenn . January 12, 2023 . Woman Up: Nina Yankowitz Defies the Patriarchy . May 31, 2023 . ARTnews.com . March 13, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230313201325/https://www.artnews.com/art-in-america/features/nina-yankowitz-defies-the-patriarchy-with-draped-paintings-1234650952/ . live .
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  112. Book: Bloodworth . Sandra . Along the Way: MTA Arts for Transit . Ayres . William S. . Monacelli Press . 2006 . 978-1-58093-173-1 . May 31, 2023.
  113. Web site: Wartell . Christiane . February 3, 2022 . Slideshow: Stephen Miotto's Mosaics . May 31, 2023 . THIRTEEN - New York Public Media . February 13, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230213190650/https://www.thirteen.org/program-content/slideshow-stephen-miottos-mosaics/ . live .
  114. Station Reporter — 51st Street/Lexington Avenue Complex
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  116. News: Dunlap. David W.. 2015-08-12. A Dreary Manhattan Corner Becomes an Unlikely Oasis of Light. en-US. The New York Times. 2022-07-04. 0362-4331. July 5, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220705191743/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/13/nyregion/a-dreary-manhattan-corner-becomes-an-unlikely-oasis-of-light.html. live.
  117. Web site: 2022-06-14 . 560 Lexington Avenue Public Spaces Renovation – SOM . 2022-07-04 . SOM . June 16, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220616140021/https://www.som.com/projects/560-lexington-avenue-public-spaces-renovation/ . live .
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  119. Web site: December 19, 2003. General Electric Building. October 13, 2020. National Register of Historic Places, National Park Service. 11. January 16, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210116201349/https://s3.amazonaws.com/NARAprodstorage/lz/electronic-records/rg-079/NPS_NY/03001514.pdf. live.
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  121. News: March 1, 1931. Underground Arcade of RCA Building Will Be of Marble. E1. New York Herald Tribune. subscription. October 13, 2020. . ProQuest. October 16, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201016050518/https://search.proquest.com/docview/1113777089. live.
  122. News: February 24, 1931. Subway Entrance in Radio Building; Easements Given for Approach in New Edifice at Lexington Av. en-US. The New York Times. October 13, 2020. 0362-4331. May 4, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220504023211/https://www.nytimes.com/1931/02/24/archives/subway-entrance-in-radio-building-easements-given-for-approach-in.html. live.
  123. News: New Queens Subway Service Will Be Launched Tonight; Tunnel From Manhattan Open to Jackson Heights; Service Will Eventually Be Extended Through To Jamaica. July 27, 2016. Long Island Daily Press. Fultonhistory.com. August 18, 1933. 20. October 13, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211013152456/https://fultonhistory.com/highlighter/viewer/?file=http%3A%2F%2Ffultonhistory.com%2FNewspaper%2014%2FJamaica%20NY%20Long%20Island%20Daily%20Press%2FJamaica%20NY%20Long%20Island%20Daily%20Press%201933%2FJamaica%20NY%20Long%20Island%20Daily%20Press%201933%20-%204319.pdf&highlightsFile=http%3A%2F%2Ffultonhistory.com%2Fhighlighter%2Fhits%2F4b038616712c5736ea2d11c006e2761c#page=1. live.
  124. News: New Queens Tube To Open Saturday: Brooklyn-Long Island City Link of City Line Also to Be Put in Operation. July 27, 2016. New York Evening Post. Fultonhistory.com. August 17, 1933. 18. October 13, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211013152418/https://fultonhistory.com/highlighter/viewer/?file=http%3A%2F%2Ffultonhistory.com%2FNewspaper%252011%2FNew%2520York%2520Evening%2520Post%2FNew%2520York%2520NY%2520Evening%2520Post%25201933%2520Grayscale%2FNew%2520York%2520NY%2520Evening%2520Post%25201933%2520Grayscale%2520-%25203621.pdf&highlightsFile=http%3A%2F%2Ffultonhistory.com%2Fhighlighter%2Fhits%2Fdc3270b9b47b7092cbaa4226fb0c5c6c#page=1. live.
  125. News: Bartnett . Edmond J. . 6 Nov 1960 . Escalators Show Popularity Rise . R1 . The New York Times . 0362-4331 . .
  126. News: Miller . David . 14 Apr 1960 . M3 Saved in Times Sq. Subway Station Fire: Fireman Hero; Escalator Ruined; Trains Run, Traffic Is Snagged . 1 . New York Herald Tribune . 1941-0646 . .
  127. Web site: Finder . Alan . September 25, 1991 . Cuomo Ideas for New York City: Some Are Old, Some Are New . April 9, 2018 . The New York Times . April 10, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180410071851/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/09/25/nyregion/cuomo-ideas-for-new-york-city-some-are-old-some-are-new.html . live .
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  129. Web site: January 27, 2017 . Second Avenue Subway expansion to be added to Trump's infrastructure priorities, congresswoman says . January 27, 2017 . New York's PIX11 / WPIX-TV . January 27, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170127045433/http://pix11.com/2017/01/26/second-avenue-subway-expansion-to-be-added-to-trumps-infrastructure-priority-congresswoman-says/ . live .
  130. Web site: Second Avenue Subway Final Environmental Impact Statement (FEIS): Figure 2-1: New York City Subway Service with Second Avenue Subway Line. May 2004. mta.info. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. October 17, 2018. March 4, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003958/http://web.mta.info/capital/sas_docs/feis/figure2-01.pdf. live.
  131. Web site: Second Avenue Subway Final Environmental Impact Statement (FEIS): Chapter 2: Project Alternatives. May 2004. mta.info. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. October 17, 2018. October 5, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181005164409/http://web.mta.info/capital/sas_docs/feis/chapter02.pdf. live.
  132. Web site: Second Avenue Subway Final Environmental Impact Statement (FEIS): Chapter 3: Description of Construction Methods and Activities. May 2004. mta.info. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. October 17, 2018. April 19, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200419105357/http://web.mta.info/capital/sas_docs/feis/chapter03.pdf. live.

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