Yukon River Explained

Yukon River
Map:Yukon watershed.png
Subdivision Type1:Countries
Subdivision Type2:State
Subdivision Name2:Alaska
Subdivision Type3:Province/Territory
Width Avg:0.8km (00.5miles) Rampart to Tanana;[1] 820mto1000mm (2,690feetto3,000feetm) (Pilot Station)[2]
Depth Avg:9.1m-12.1mm (29.9feet-39.7feetm) (Rampart to Tanana);
Depth Max:40m (130feet) (Rampart);24.4m (80.1feet) (Pilot Station)
Discharge2 Location:Pilot Station
Discharge2 Min:(Year: 1984)[3]
Discharge2 Avg:(Period: 1976–2023)[4]
Discharge2 Max:(Year: 2005)
Source1:Llewellyn Glacier at Atlin Lake
Source1 Location:Atlin District, British Columbia, Canada
Source1 Coordinates:59.1667°N -183°W
Source1 Elevation:[5]
Mouth:Bering Sea
Mouth Location:Kusilvak, Alaska, U.S.
Mouth Coordinates:62.5986°N -164.8°W
Progression:Bering Sea
River System:Yukon River
Basin Size:[6]
Tributaries Left:White, Fortymile, Birch Creek, Tanana, Nowitna, Innoko
Tributaries Right:Tagish River, Atlin, Teslin, Big Salmon, Pelly, Stewart, Klondike, Porcupine, Christian, Chandalar, Melozitna, Koyukuk, Anvik, Atchuelinguk, Andreafsky
Discharge1 Location:Yukon Delta
Discharge1 Avg:[7] [8]
Discharge3 Location:Stevens Village
Discharge3 Min: (Year: 1997)[9]
Discharge3 Avg:(Period: 1977–2023)[10]
Discharge3 Max: (Year: 1992)
Discharge4 Location:Dawson
Discharge4 Avg:(Period: 1944–1980)[11]
Discharge4 Max: (Year: 1964)[12]
Discharge5 Location:Whitehorse
Discharge5 Avg:(Period: 1944–2010)[13]
Extra:[14]
Wikidata:yes
Zoom:3
Height:250
Stroke-Width:1.5
Display:i

The Yukon River is a major watercourse of northwestern North America. From its source in British Columbia, it flows through Canada's territory of Yukon (itself named after the river). The lower half of the river continues westward through the U.S. state of Alaska. The river is [15] long and empties into the Bering Sea at the Yukon–Kuskokwim Delta. The average flow is .[7] [8] [6] The total drainage area is,[6] of which lies in Canada.[16] The total area is more than 25% larger than Texas or Alberta.

The longest river in Alaska and Yukon, it was one of the principal means of transportation during the 1896–1903 Klondike Gold Rush. A portion of the river in Yukon—"The Thirty Mile" section, from Lake Laberge to the Teslin River—is a national heritage river and a unit of Klondike Gold Rush International Historical Park.[17] [18] Paddle-wheel riverboats continued to ply the river until the 1950s, when the Klondike Highway was completed. After the purchase of Alaska by the United States in 1867, the Alaska Commercial Company acquired the assets of the Russian-American Company and constructed several posts at various locations on the Yukon River.

The Yukon River has a recent history of pollution from military installations, dumps, wastewater, and other sources.[19] However, the Environmental Protection Agency does not list the Yukon River among its impaired watersheds, and water-quality data from the U.S. Geological Survey shows relatively good levels of turbidity, metals, and dissolved oxygen.[20] The Yukon and Mackenzie rivers have much higher suspended sediment concentrations than the great Siberian Arctic rivers.[21]

The Yukon River Inter-Tribal Watershed Council, a cooperative effort of 70 First Nations and tribes in Alaska and Canada, has the goal of making the river and its tributaries safe to drink from again by supplementing and scrutinizing government data.

Name

The name Yukon, or ųųg han, is a contraction of the words in the Gwich'in phrase chųų gąįį han, which means white water river and refers to "the pale colour" of glacial runoff in the Yukon River.[22] [23] The contraction is Ųųg Han, if the /ųų/ remains nasalized, or Yuk Han, if there is no vowel nasalization.[24] In the 1840s, different tribes had different opinions as to the literal meaning of Yukon. In 1843, the Holikachuks had told the Russian-American Company that their name for the river was Yukkhana and that this name meant big river.[25] However, Yukkhana does not literally correspond to a Holikachuk phrase that means big river.[26] [27] Then, two years later, the Gwich'ins told the Hudson's Bay Company that their name for the river was Yukon and that the name meant white water river.[22] White water river in fact corresponds to Gwich'in words that can be shortened to form Yukon.[23] Because the Holikachuks had been trading regularly with both the Gwich’ins and the Yup'iks,[28] the Holikachuks were in a position to borrow the Gwich'in contraction and to conflate its meaning with the meaning of Kuig-pak [River-big], which is the Yup'ik name for the same river. For that reason, the documentary evidence suggests that the Holikachuks had borrowed the contraction Ųųg Han [White Water River] from Gwich'in, and erroneously assumed that this contraction had the same literal meaning as the corresponding Yup'ik name Kuig-pak [River-big].

The Lewes River is the former name of the upper course of the Yukon, from Marsh Lake to the confluence of the Pelly River at Fort Selkirk.

Course

The generally accepted source of the Yukon River is the Llewellyn Glacier at the southern end of Atlin Lake in British Columbia. Others suggest that the source is Lake Lindeman at the northern end of the Chilkoot Trail. Either way, Atlin Lake flows into Tagish Lake (via the Atlin River), as eventually does Lake Lindeman after flowing into Bennett Lake. Tagish Lake then flows into Marsh Lake (via the Tagish River). The Yukon River proper starts at the northern end of Marsh Lake, just south of Whitehorse. Some argue that the source of the Yukon River should really be Teslin Lake and the Teslin River, which has a larger flow when it reaches the Yukon at Hootalinqua. The upper end of the Yukon River was originally known as the Lewes River until it was established that it actually was the Yukon. North of Whitehorse, the Yukon River widens into Lake Laberge, made famous by Robert W. Service's "The Cremation of Sam McGee". Other large lakes that are part of the Yukon River system include Kusawa Lake (into the Takhini River) and Kluane Lake (into the Kluane and then White River).

The river passes through the communities of Whitehorse, Carmacks, (just before the Five Finger Rapids) and Dawson City in Yukon, and crossing Alaska into Eagle, Circle, Fort Yukon, Stevens Village, Rampart, Tanana, Ruby, Galena, Nulato, Grayling, Holy Cross, Russian Mission, Marshall, Pilot Station, St. Marys (which is accessible from the Yukon at Pitkas Point), and Mountain Village. After Mountain Village, the main Yukon channel frays into many channels, sprawling across the delta. There are a number of communities after the "head of passes," as the channel division is called locally: Nunum Iqua, Alakanuk, Emmonak, and Kotlik. Of those delta communities, Emmonak is the largest with roughly 760 people in the 2000 census. Emmonak's gravel airstrip is the regional hub for flights.

Hazards

Navigational obstacles on the Yukon River are the Five Finger Rapids and Rink Rapids downstream from Carmacks.

Bridges

Despite its length, there are only four vehicle-carrying bridges across the river, listed from upstream to downstream:

A car ferry crosses the river at Dawson City in the summer; it is replaced by an ice bridge over the frozen river during the winter. Plans to build a permanent bridge were announced in March 2004, although they are currently on hold because bids came in much higher than budgeted.

There are also two pedestrian-only bridges in Whitehorse, as well as a dam across the river and a hydroelectric generating station. The construction of the dam flooded the White Horse Rapids, which gave the city its name, and created Schwatka Lake.

Transportation is also performed along the river in summer by barge, enabling heavy goods, oil, and vehicles to be transported to communities along the Yukon, Tanana, Innoko, and Koyukuk rivers. This service is performed by Ruby Marine and reaches Tanana on the Yukon River and Nenana on the Tanana River.[29]

Geography and ecology

Some of the upper slopes of this watershed (e.g. Nulato Hills) are forested by Black Spruce.[30] This locale near the Seward Peninsula represents the near westernmost limit of the Black Spruce, Picea mariana,[31] one of the most widespread conifers in northern North America.

The river flows into several parklands and refuges including:

Discharge

Yukon at Pilot Station (121 miles upstream of mouth) minimum, average and maximum discharge:[32] [33] [34] [35]

Water yearDischarge (Period: 1975/10/01 – 2023/09/30)
MinMeanMax
cfsm3/scfs !m3/s km3 !cfsm3/s
1975/76 65,0001,840218,300 6,182 195 700,00019,800
1976/77 44,0001,250204,100 5,779 182 669,00018,900
1977/78 42,0001,190185,300 5,247 166 465,00013,200
1978/79 40,0001,130224,200 6,349 200 587,00016,600
1979/80 50,0001,420236,900 6,708 212 660,00018,700
1980/81 40,0001,130229,600 6,502 205 563,00015,900
1981/82 38,0001,080240,800 6,819 215 866,00024,500
1982/83 45,0001,270218,900 6,199 196 554,00015,700
1983/84 35,000990231,900 6,567 207 642,00018,200
1984/85 40,0001,130239,200 6,773 214 1,100,00031,150
1985/86 50,0001,420231,400 6,553 207 585,00016,600
1986/87 47,0001,330223,800 6,337 200 649,00018,400
1987/88 50,0001,420218,700 6,193 195 680,00019,300
1988/89 55,0001,560225,500 6,385 202 800,00022,650
1989/90 47,0001,330235,400 6,666 210 900,00025,500
1990/91 50,0001,420249,800 7,074 223 1,070,00030,300
1991/92 46,0001,300239,500 6,782 214 788,00022,300
1992/93 50,0001,420240,400 6,807 215 854,00024,200
1993/94 50,0001,420253,700 7,184 227 660,00018,700
1994/95 42,0001,190218,300 6,182 195 696,00019,700
1995/96 36,0001,020209,700 5,938 187 502,00014,200
1996/97 No incomplete data have been used for statistical calculation
1997/98 - 1998/99 - 1999/00
2000/01 46,0001,300249,500 7,067 223 901,00025,500
2001/02 38,0001,080210,400 5,958 188 884,00025,000
2002/03 48,0001,360236,500 6,697 211 543,00015,400
2003/04 46,5001,320211,800 5,998 189 648,00018,350
2004/05 41,0001,160254,600 7,209 228 1,240,00035,100
2005/06 45,0001,270252,300 7,144 226 920,00026,050
2006/07 38,0001,080213,600 6,048 191 531,00015,000
2007/08 40,5001,150231,600 6,558 207 775,00021,950
2008/09 48,0001,360231,900 6,567 207 1,090,00030,900
2009/10 42,0001,190205,600 5,822 184 675,00019,100
2010/11 47,0001,330227,000 6,428 203 670,00019,000
2011/12 44,0001,250247,700 7,014 221 660,00018,700
2012/13 48,5001,370231,700 6,561 207 820,00023,200
2013/14 45,0001,270266,400 7,544 238 553,00015,700
2014/15 55,0001,560229,400 6,499 205 621,00017,600
2015/16 58,0001,640274,600 7,776 245 603,00017,100
2016/17 46,7001,320214,900 6,085 192 562,00015,900
2017/18 48,0001,360257,600 7,294 230 669,00018,900
2018/19 60,9001,730233,300 6,606 208 647,00018,300
2019/20 52,4001,480290,900 8,237 260 704,00019,900
2020/21 50,9001,440262,200 7,425 234 589,00016,700
2021/22 49,4001,400269,900 7,643 241 682,00019,300
2022/2364,9001,840300,9008,5202691,140,00032,300

Fisheries

The Yukon River is home to one of the longest salmon runs in the world. Each year Chinook, coho, and chum salmon return to their terminal streams in Alaska, the Yukon Territory, and British Columbia. As salmon do not eat during their spawning migration, Yukon River salmon must have great reserves of fat and energy to fuel their thousands-mile-long journey. The Chinook, which arrive at the mouth of the Yukon River in early June, have the longest journey – as many as 2,000 miles against the current, with an estimated 35–50% bound for Canada. As a result, Chinook salmon are noted for their especially rich and fatty meat and are the priciest of all Pacific salmon species.

The villages along the Yukon have historically relied on and continue to rely on salmon for their cultural, subsistence, and commercial needs. Salmon are traditionally dried, smoked, and frozen for both human and sled dog consumption. Common methods of fishing on the Yukon include set gillnets, drift nets, dip nets, and fish wheels. The preference of certain gear is largely dependent on the river's varied characteristics in different areas. Some parts of the river do not have eddies to make set-nets successful, whereas in other places the tributaries are small enough to make drifting impractical.

Over the last 20 years salmon recruitment, the number of returning adults, has taken several shocks. The late 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s have been marked by radically reduced runs for various salmon species. In the summer of 2023, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service counted 58,500 Chinook salmon, the second lowest season on record.[36] The United States Department of Commerce issued a Federal Disaster Declaration for the 2008 and 2009 Commercial Chinook Yukon River fisheries, calling for the complete closure of commercial fishing along with restrictions on subsistence fishing. The root cause of these poor returns remains debated, with questions about the effects of climate change on ocean food-supply & disease prevalence in returning adults, the methods of fishing used on the river, and the effects of the Bering Sea Pollock trawl fleet on food supply and salmon bycatch.[37] [38] In 2010, the Alaska Department of Fish & Game's Board of Fisheries issued the first-ever restriction for net mesh size on the Yukon, reducing it to 7.5inches.[39] In 2021, the Alaska Department of Fish & Game's Division of Commercial Fisheries banned all fishing of Chinook and chum salmon, including for subsistence.[40] [41]

Various organizations are involved to protect healthy salmon runs into the future. The Yukon River Drainage Fisheries Association was formed in 1990 by a consensus of fishers representing the entire drainage in response to recent disaster years. Its organizational goals include giving voice to the village fishers that have traditionally managed these resources, enabling communication between fishers and fishery managers, and helping to preserve the ecological integrity of salmon runs and local cultures' Traditional Ecological Knowledge[42]

In March 2001, the U.S. & Canadian governments passed the Yukon River Salmon Agreement to better manage an internationally shared resource and ensure that more Canadian-originated salmon return across the border.[43] The agreement is implemented through the Yukon River Panel, an international body of 12 members, equal-parts American and Canadian, that advises managers of Yukon River fisheries concerning restoration, conservation, and coordinated management.[44]

Tribal organizations such as the Association of Village Council Presidents (AVCP), Council of Athabascan Tribal Governments (CATG), and Tanana Chiefs Conference (TCC) work to sustain Yukon River salmon to promote healthy people, cultures, and communities.

Tributaries

Yukon Territory

Alaska

(tributaries in the Yukon)

(tributaries in Alaska)

List of major tributaries

The main river and tributaries are (sorted in order from the mouth heading upstream):[45] [8]

Lefttributary ! Righttributary Length(km) ! Basin size(km2) Average discharge(m3/s)* - Yukon 3,190 854,700 7,000 - Yukon Delta - Nanvaranak Slough 1,735 28.1 -Archuelinguk 56 705 12.8 - Lower Yukon - 193 5,369 91.4 - Kashunuk(distributary) 362 2,906 51.7 - 266 5,439 73.8 - Reindeer 97 1,191 22 - Talbiksok 129 1,857 26.5 - Kako Creek 550 9.8 - 805 36,517 335.5 - Koserefski 48 897 13.1 - 201 3,108 43.7 -225 4,610 65 - Khotol 137 2,331 40.1 - Nulato 114 2,287 54.2 -805 81,326 770 -Bear Creek 789 10.8 - Kala Creek 893 13 - Yuki 137 2,771 33.4 - 217 7,045 67.6 - Big Creek 814 4.6 - 455 18,596 102.4 - Blind 34 587 3.4 - Boney Creek 72 788 3.9 - Tozitna 134 4,248 28.2 - 1,061 113,959 1,246 - Middle Yukon - Hess Creek 80 3,082 15.6 - 69 1,751 14.2 -129 3,714 17.6 - Old Lost Creek 10.3 - 201 4,323 19.5 - 290 5,426 54.9 - Hadweenzic 150 2,422 19.4 - 241 13,064 127 - 328 24,165 141.8 -225 8,827 67.8 -916 116,431 623 - 142 4,377 22.7 - 132 2,840 19.7 -Nation 113 2,411 24.6 -Tatonduk 110 15.6 - Upper Yukon - Seventymile 93 7.5 - 97 16,602 79.4 - 161 8,044 63.9 -2,242 20.4 - 137 3,719 25.4 - 533 51,023 510 - 322 46,900 566 - 608 48,174 412 - Nordenskiöld 6,371 16 - Little Salmon 3,626 9.7 -240 6,760 67.6 - Teslin393 35,014 331 - 180 6,993 103.1 - 6,812 110

In media

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Rapids Information for Yukon River Panel, Canada. rapidsresearch.com.
  2. Web site: Yukon (Pilot) Site and River, Alaska Fisheries Sonar, Alaska Department of Fish and Game. www.adfg.alaska.gov.
  3. Web site: Water-Year Summary for Site USGS 15565447.
  4. Changing freshwater contributions to the Arctic . 10.1525/elementa.2020.00098 . 2021 . Stadnyk . Tricia A. . Tefs . A. . Broesky . M. . Déry . S. J. . Myers . P. G. . Ridenour . N. A. . Koenig . K. . Vonderbank . L. . Gustafsson . D. . Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene . 9 . 1 . 00098 . 236682638 . free . 2021EleSA...9...98S .
  5. Web site: Atlin Lake . Peakbagger.com . 11 October 2020.
  6. Web site: Environmental and Hydrologic Overview of the Yukon River Basin, Alaska and Canada. Timothy. P. Brabets. 2000.
  7. Book: DISTRIBUTION AND SEASONAL ABUNDANCE OF JUVENILE SALMON AND OTHER FISHES IN THE YUKON DELTA. Douglas. J. Martin. Clifford. J. Whitmus. Lon. E. Hachmeister. 1987.
  8. Web site: Rivers Network - Yukon. Eric. Tilman. Rivers Network.
  9. Web site: Water-Year Summary for Site USGS 15453500.
  10. Web site: USGS Surface Water data for USA: USGS Surface-Water Annual Statistics. waterdata.usgs.gov.
  11. Web site: Transport of Water, Carbon, and Sediment Through the Yukon River Basin. 2008.
  12. Web site: USGS Surface Water for USA: Peak Streamflow. nwis.waterdata.usgs.gov.
  13. Book: Marsh Lake Fall-Winter Storage Concept Hydrology Baseline Report. 2011.
  14. Web site: Brabets, Timothy P . Wang, Bronwen . Meade, Robert H. . Environmental and Hydrologic Overview of the Yukon River Basin, Alaska and Canada . . 2000 . 5 March 2010.
  15. Web site: Yukoninfo.com . Yukoninfo.com . 2013-08-18 . 2013-10-24 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131024100547/http://www.yukoninfo.com/yukonriver/ . dead .
  16. Walvoord . Michelle A. . Striegl . Robert G. . 2007-06-28 . Increased groundwater to stream discharge from permafrost thawing in the Yukon River basin: Potential impacts on lateral export of carbon and nitrogen . Geophysical Research Letters . en . 34 . 12 . L12402 . 10.1029/2007GL030216 . 128894194 . 0094-8276. free . 2007GeoRL..3412402W .
  17. http://www.chrs.ca/Rivers/Yukon/Yukon_e.htm The Thirty Mile (Yukon River) National Heritage River
  18. http://www.pc.gc.ca/eng/lhn-nhs/yt/klondike/natcul/natcul-klondike.aspx Klondike Gold Rush International Historical Park
  19. Web site: Earth Snapshot • Yukon River. Eosnap.com. en-US. 2018-02-09. 2020-10-27. https://web.archive.org/web/20201027183520/http://www.eosnap.com/tag/yukon-river/. dead.
  20. Web site: USGS Water Quality Samples – 1 sites found . Nwis.waterdata.usgs.gov . 2013-08-18.
  21. Web site: Arctic Great Rivers Observatory. Arctic Great Rivers. en-US. 2018-04-10.
  22. "Dear Sir, I have great pleasure in informing you that I have at length after much trouble and difficulties, succeed[ed] in reaching the 'Youcon', or white water River, so named by the (Gwich'in) natives from the pale colour of its water. ..., I have the honour to Remain Your obt Servt, John Bell" Hudson's Bay Company Correspondence to George Simpson from John Bell (August 1, 1845), HBC Archives, D.5/14, fos. 212-215d, also quoted in, Book: Land of the Midnight Sun: A History of the Yukon. 21. Coates, Kenneth S. . William R. Morrison . amp . Hurtig Publishers. 1988. 0-88830-331-9. 2017-10-16.
  23. In Gwich'in, adjectives, such as choo [big] and gąįį [white], follow the nouns that they modify. Thus, white water is chųų gąįį [water white]. White water river is chųų gąįį han [water white river]. Book: Dinjii Zhuh Ginjik Nagwan Tr'iłtsąįį: Gwich'in Junior Dictionary. ii (ą, į, ų are nasalized a, i, u), xii (adjectives follow nouns), 19 (nitsii or choo [big]), 88 (ocean = chųų choo [water big]), 105 (han [river]), 142 (chųų [water]), 144 (gąįį [white]). Peter, Katherine. Univ. of Alaska. 1979. 2017-10-16.
  24. Gwich'in vowels may or may not be nasalized. A hook under a vowel, as in "ų," indicates that the vowel is nasalized. Book: Dinjii Zhuh Ginjik Nagwan Tr'iłtsąįį. Peter. 1979., at page ii (footnote). English, of course, has no nasalized vowels.
  25. "[The Yukon] in the language of the Kang-ulit (Yup'ik) people is Kvikhpak; in the dialect of the downriver Inkilik (Holikachuk), Yukkhana; of those upriver (Koyukon), Yuna. All these terms mean the same thing in translation–'Big River.' I have kept the local names as a clearer indication of the different tribes along the river." Lt. Zagoskin's Note 63 (1848), translated in, Book: Lieutenant Zagoskin's Travels in Russian America, 1842-1844: The First Ethnographic and Geographic Investigations in the Yukon and Kuskokwim Valleys of Alaska. Zagoskin, Lavrenty A. . Henry N. Michael . University of Toronto Press. 1967., at page 295. Zagoskin did not come into contact with the Gwich'in Indians and had no access to the information that Yukon means white water river in Gwich'in – the language from which the word came.
  26. In Holikachuk, big river or big water would be xinmiksekh, xinchux, toomiksekh, or toochux. Book: Holikachuk Noun Dictionary. 19 (xin [river], too [water]). Kari, James . et al.. Univ. of Alaska Fairbanks. 1978. 2017-10-16. ; Book: Lieutenant Zagoskin's Travels. Zagoskin . Michael. 1967., at page 309 (Inkilik proper [Holikachuk] tu [water], miksekh [large]); Book: Vowel quality and duration in Deg Xinag. 29 (note 33: Holikachuk chux [big]). Hargus, Sharon. Univ. of Washington. 2008. 2017-10-16. Adjectives followed the nouns that they modified in Holikachuk.
  27. Thirty-nine pages of cited "Sources," representing over a century of research, did not verify Zagoskin's report that Yukon means big river. Book: Dictionary of Alaska Place Names. Orth. 1967., at pp. 6-44 ("Sources of Names"), 1069 ("The Eskimo ... descriptively called it 'Kuikpak' meaning 'big river.' The Indian name 'Yukon' probably means the same thing."). Orth does not say "probably" when discussing Kuikpak meaning. Orth's use of "probably" is limited to the discussion of Yukon meaning, which indicates that Zagoskin's report that Yukon means big river was never verified. In addition, Orth's "Sources" do not even include the Hudson's Bay Company correspondence, which states that Yukon means white water river in Gwich'in. Nor do Orth's "Sources" include aboriginal dictionaries.
  28. [Lavrenty Zagoskin|Lt. Zagoskin]
  29. Web site: Ruby Marine. Rubymarineinc.com. 11 June 2022.
  30. Scott R. Robinson. 1988. Movement and Distribution of Western Arctic Caribou Herd across the Buckland Valley and Nulato Hills, U.S. Bureau of Land Management Open file Report 23, Alaska
  31. C. Michael Hogan, Black Spruce: Picea mariana, GlobalTwitcher.com, ed. Nicklas Stromberg, November, 2008
  32. Web site: USGS 15565447 YUKON R AT PILOT STATION AK. waterdata.usgs.gov.
  33. Web site: USGS Surface Water data for USA: USGS Surface-Water Daily Statistics. waterdata.usgs.gov.
  34. Web site: USGS Current Conditions for USGS 15565447 YUKON R AT PILOT STATION AK. waterdata.usgs.gov.
  35. Web site: USGS Surface Water data for USA: USGS Surface-Water Annual Statistics. waterdata.usgs.gov.
  36. Web site: 2023 Preliminary Yukon River Salmon Fisheries Review . 2024-08-17 . www.doi.gov.
  37. Thiessen, Mark. Feds declare fisheries disaster for Yukon River . Fairbanks Daily News-Miner. Retrieved 15 March 2010
  38. Hopkins, Kyle. Pollock vs. salmon bycatch issue stirs waters at meeting . Anchorage Daily News. Retrieved 15 March 2010
  39. Associated Press. Fisheries board restricts Yukon salmon gillnets . Anchorage Daily News. Retrieved 15 March 2010
  40. Web site: Salmon are vanishing from the Yukon River — and so is a way of life . November 9, 2023 . November 24, 2023 . Graham . Max . Grist.
  41. Web site: Request Rejected.
  42. Sea Grant Alaska. Yukon Fishermen Celebrate Ten Years. Arctic Science Journeys. Retrieved 15 March 2010
  43. http://yukonriverpanel.com/salmon/about/yukon-river-salmon-agreement/ Yukon River Salmon Agreement
  44. http://yukonriverpanel.com/salmon/about/organizational-structure/yukon-river-panel/ Bylaws of the Yukon River Panel Society
  45. Web site: Alaska Guide - Wilderness Tours and Information. alaska.guide.
  46. Web site: Nat Geo sets summer premieres for adventure series. Real Screen. Daniele. Alcinii. June 26, 2015. August 31, 2015.

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