Levittown, New York Explained

Official Name:Levittown, New York
Settlement Type:Hamlet and census-designated place
Mapsize:260px
Pushpin Map:USA New York Long Island#New York
Pushpin Map Caption:Location on Long Island##Location within the state of New York
Pushpin Label:Levittown, New York
Pushpin Label Position:Location of Levittown in Long Island##Location of Levittown in the State of New York##Location of Levittown in The US
Subdivision Type:Country
Subdivision Name: United States
Subdivision Type1:State
Subdivision Type2:County
Subdivision Name2:Nassau
Area Footnotes:[1]
Area Total Km2:17.71
Area Land Km2:17.64
Area Water Km2:0.06
Area Total Sq Mi:6.84
Area Land Sq Mi:6.81
Area Water Sq Mi:0.03
Population As Of:2020
Population Total:51758
Population Density Km2:2933.51
Population Density Sq Mi:7598.06
Timezone:Eastern (EST)
Utc Offset:−5
Timezone Dst:EDT
Utc Offset Dst:−4
Elevation M:25
Elevation Ft:82
Coordinates:40.7244°N -73.5111°W
Postal Code Type:ZIP Code
Postal Code:11756
Area Code:516, 363
Blank Name:FIPS code
Blank Info:36-42081
Blank1 Name:GNIS feature ID
Blank1 Info:0955234
Website:www.levittown.li
Unit Pref:Imperial
Subdivision Name3:Hempstead
Subdivision Type3:Town
Named For:Levitt & Sons
Other Name:Island Trees, New York
Area Code Type:Area codes

Levittown is a hamlet and census-designated place (CDP) in the Town of Hempstead in Nassau County, on Long Island, in New York. It is a suburb of New York City, located halfway between the villages of Hempstead and Farmingdale. The CDP had a total population of 51,758 at the time of the 2020 census, making it the most populous unincorporated CDP in Nassau County and the second most populous CDP on Long Island, behind Brentwood.

Levittown gets its name from its builder, the firm of Levitt & Sons, Inc. founded by Abraham Levitt on August 2, 1929, which built the district as a planned community for returning World War II veterans between 1947 and 1951.[2] Sons William and Alfred served as the company's president and chief architect and planner, respectively. Levittown was the first truly mass-produced suburb and is widely regarded as the archetype for postwar suburbs throughout the country.[3] William Levitt, who assumed control of Levitt & Sons in 1954, is considered the father of modern suburbia in the United States.[4] [5]

There have been multiple proposals in the past to incorporate Levittown either as a village or as the third city in Nassau County.[6]

History

Overview

The building firm, Levitt & Sons, headed by Abraham Levitt and his two sons, William and Alfred, built four planned communities called "Levittown", in New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Puerto Rico; the Levittown in New York was the first. Additionally, Levitt & Sons' designs are featured prominently in the older portion of Buffalo Grove, Illinois; Vernon Hills, Illinois; Willingboro Township, New Jersey; the Belair section of Bowie, Maryland; and the Greenbriar section of Fairfax, Virginia.

The Levitt firm began before World War II, as a builder of custom homes in upper middle-class communities on Long Island. During the war, however, the home building industry languished under a general embargo on private use of scarce raw materials. William "Bill" Levitt served in the Navy in the Seabees – the service's construction battalions – and developed expertise in the mass-produced building of military housing using uniform and interchangeable parts. He was insistent that a postwar building boom would require similar mass-produced housing, and was able to purchase options on large swaths of onion and potato fields in undeveloped sections of Long Island.[7]

Returning to the firm after war's end, Bill Levitt persuaded his father and brother to embrace the utilitarian system of construction he had learned in the Navy. With his brother, Alfred, who was an architect, he designed a small one-floor house with an unfinished "expansion attic" that could be rapidly constructed and as rapidly rented to returning GIs and their young families. Levitt & Sons built the community with an eye towards speed, efficiency, and cost-effective construction; these methods led to a production rate of 30 houses a day by July 1948.[8] They used pre-cut lumber and nails shipped from their own factories in Blue Lake, California, and built on concrete slabs, as they had done in a previous planned community in Norfolk, Virginia. This necessitated negotiating a change in the building code which, prior to the building of this community, did not permit concrete slabs. Given the urgent need for housing in the region, the town agreed. Levitt & Sons also controversially utilized non-union contractors in the project, a move which provoked picket lines. On the other hand, they paid their workers well and offered multiple incentives that allowed them to earn extra money, so that they often could earn twice as much a week as elsewhere.[9] The company also cut out middlemen and purchased many items, including lumber and televisions, directly from manufacturers. The building of every house was reduced to 26 steps, with sub-contractors responsible for each step. His mass production of thousands of houses at virtually the same time allowed Levitt to sell them, with kitchens fully stocked with modern appliances, and a television in the living room, for as little as $8,000 each (equal to $ today), which, with the G.I. Bill and federal housing subsidies, reduced the up-front cost of a house to many buyers to around $400 (equal to $ today).

The planned 2,000 home rental community was quickly successful, with the New York Herald Tribune reporting that half of the properties had been rented within two days of the community being announced on May 7, 1947. As demand continued, exceeding availability, the Levitts expanded their project with 4,000 more homes, as well as community services, including schools and postal delivery. With the full implementation of federal government supports for housing, administered under the Federal Housing Administration (FHA), the Levitt firm switched from rental to sale of their houses, offering ownership on a 30-year mortgage with no down payment and monthly costs the same as rental. The resulting surge in demand pressed the firm to further expand its development, which changed its name from Island Trees to Levittown shortly thereafter.

Levittown was designed to provide a large amount of housing at a time when there was a high demand for affordable family homes.[10] This suburban development would become a symbol of the "American Dream" as it allowed thousands of families to become home owners.

Unsuccessful incorporation proposals

In 1952, Carl Sigman, who was running as the Democratic candidate for County Executive, stated that he felt it would be wise for Levittown to incorporate itself as a city. If successful, the never-realized Incorporated City of Levittown would have been the third city to incorporate within Nassau County, joining Glen Cove and Long Beach.

Previously, locals had proposed incorporating their hamlet as a village.[11]

Discriminatory practices

As well as a symbol of the American Dream, Levittown would also become a symbol of racial segregation in the United States, due to Clause 25 of the standard lease agreement signed by the first residents of Levittown, who had an option to buy their homes. This "restrictive covenant" stated in capital letters and bold type that the house could not "be used or occupied by any person other than members of the Caucasian race."[12]

Such discriminatory housing standards were consistent with government policies of the time.[13] The Federal Housing Administration allowed developers to justify segregation within public housing. The FHA offered mortgages only to non-mixed developments, which discouraged developers from creating racially integrated housing.[14] Before the sale of Levittown homes began, the sales agents were aware that no applications from black families would be accepted. As a result, American veterans who wished to purchase a home in Levittown were unable to do so if they were black.[15]

William Levitt attempted to justify their decision to only sell homes to white families by saying that it was in the best interest for business.[15] He claimed their actions were not discriminatory but intended to maintain the value of their properties. The company explained that it was not possible to reduce racial segregation while they were attempting to reduce the housing shortage. Levitt said "As a Jew, I have no room in my heart for racial prejudice. But the plain fact is that most whites prefer not to live in mixed communities. This attitude may be wrong morally, and someday it may change. I hope it will."[16] The Levitts explained that they would open up applications to blacks after they had sold as many homes to white people as possible.[15] They believed that potential white buyers would not want to buy a house in Levittown if they were aware they would have black neighbors.

Though the Levitts were Jewish, they did not wish to sell homes to Jewish families either; despite this, by 1960, although it was still a completely "white" suburb,[17] the population of Levittown was roughly a third Jewish, with the remainder about a third Catholic, and a third Protestant.[18]

An opposition group was formed, the Committee to End Discrimination in Levittown, to protest the restricted sale of Levittown homes, and to push for an integrated community. In 1948 the United States Supreme Court, in Shelley v. Kraemer, declared that property deeds stipulating racial segregation were "unenforceable as law and contrary to public policy".[19] Only well after the 1954 racial integration decisions, including Brown v. Board of Education, was Levittown racially integrated, and even as late as the 1990 census, only a tiny fraction of the community was non-white.[20] Starting primarily in the 2010s, Levittown's demographics have been shifting as it has been attracting middle-class South Asian and Hispanic residents to the community.

Spread of the planned community

While the Levitts are generally credited with designing a postwar "planned community," with common public amenities such as swimming pools and community centers, they were quick to release these high-maintenance, low-profit elements to the surrounding towns; the development sprawled across municipal boundaries, causing legal and administrative difficulties and requiring major initiatives within those existing municipalities to provide for and fund schools, sewage and water systems, and other infrastructure elements.

In 1949, Levitt and Sons changed focus, unveiling a new plan which it termed a "ranch" house. Larger, 32by, and more modern, these homes were only offered for sale, with a planned price of $7,990 (equal to $ today). The ranch homes were similar to the rental properties in that they were built on concrete slabs, included an expandable attic but no garage, and were heated with hot-water radiant heating pipes. Five models were offered that were effectively identical with differences in details such as exterior color and window placement. Again, demand was high, requiring that the purchasing process be streamlined as the assembly process had been, reaching the point that a buyer could walk through the process of selecting a house through contracting for its purchase in three minutes. This ranch model was altered in 1950 to include a carport and a built-in television. In 1951, a partially finished attic was added to the design.

Levittown proved successful. By 1951, it and surrounding regions included 17,447 homes constructed by Levitt & Sons.

On November 9, 2007, Levitt & Sons of Fort Lauderdale became the nation's largest builder to file for bankruptcy as the housing market boom of the early 21st century continued to crumble.[21]

Timeline

Place in American culture

As the first and one of the largest mass-produced suburbs, Levittown quickly became a symbol of postwar suburbia. Although Levittown provided affordable houses in what many residents felt to be a congenial community, critics decried its homogeneity, blandness. Today, "Levittown" is used as a term to describe overly sanitized suburbs consisting largely of identical housing. Similarly, places have earned names like "Levittown-of-X" or "Levittown-on-the-X" as seen in Long Island's Bayville "Levittown on the Sound" and Fire Island's Dunewood "Levittown on the Bay." Oddly enough, although Levittown is remembered largely for its homogeneity, the majority of houses in Levittown have by now been so thoroughly expanded and modified by their owners that their original architectural form can be somewhat difficult to see; however, with diligent observation, several original examples can still be seen today. Levittown continues to hold a reputation of being an affordable, family-centered community.

Levittown has become so ingrained in American culture that the Smithsonian Institution in Washington has expressed interest in displaying an entire Levittown house. Bill Yeingst, a historian with Smithsonian's National Museum of American History Domestic Life Division,[23] said "An original ranch model would be ideal. We would like someone to donate their Levittown house, or we would like to find a donor to provide the funds so that we could secure a Levittown house." He noted that "The stories played out in suburban Levittown are the stories of America. They are stories important to everyone." Although "None of this is set in concrete," according to Yeingst, "the Levittown house would be dismantled at the site, transported to Washington and reconstructed. Then it would be exhibited along with other innovations in American home life."[24]

Geography

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 6.9 square miles (17.8 km2), all land.[25] It does not conform to the U.S. Postal Service boundaries nor to the extent of the development built by Levitt & Sons; it also includes areas built by other developers.

Levittown, New York, is an unincorporated area in Nassau County, New York. It can be defined in three overlapping but non-conforming ways.[26] The most common use is Levittown as defined by the United States Postal Service's Zip Code 11756. Another definition is the extent of the Levitt & Sons development built from 1947 to 1951. A third is the Census Designated Place (CDP) called Levittown as defined by the United States Census Bureau.

The United States Postal Service ZIP code called Levittown, New York, is 11756 and what is most commonly used to mean Levittown, New York. It does not include all the houses built in this area by Levitt & Sons and it does include houses built by other developers. The actual Levitt built development sprawls over three other postal zones, Wantagh NY (11793) and Westbury, NY (11590) in the Town of Hempstead, and Hicksville, NY (11801) in the Town of Oyster Bay.

Climate

Levittown has a hot-summer humid continental climate (Dfa) and average monthly temperatures in the central CDP in the vicinity of Hempstead Turnpike (NY 24) and Jerusalem Avenue range from 31.6F in January to 74.5F in July.[27] The hardiness zone is borderline between 7a and 7b, meaning that the average annual absolute minimum temperature is approximately 5F.[28]

Demographics

As of the 2020 United States census, there were 51,758 people, 16,833 households, and 14,031 families residing in the community. The population density was 7598.1sp=usNaNsp=us. There were 17,447 dwelling units at an average density of 2531.9sp=usNaNsp=us. The racial makeup of the CDP was 75.7% White, 9.3% Asian, 1.3% Black, less than 0.1% Native American, and less than 0.1% Pacific Islander. Hispanics or Latinos of any race made up 16.3% of the population.[29] [30] [31]

In the community, the population was spread out, with 18.2% under the age of 18, 7.0% from 18 to 24, 31.4% from 25 to 44, 23.0% from 45 to 64, and 16.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.4 males.The median income for a household in the community was $124,995, and the median income for a family was $132,887 (these figures had risen from $95,979 and $99,845 respectively as of a 2007 estimate).[32] Males had a median income of $94,803 versus $79,962 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $45,917. 1.0% of the population and 0.1% of families were below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 0.2% of those under the age of 18 and 0.3% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line.

Education

Levittown is served primarily by two public school districts, the Island Trees Union Free School District with approximately 2,574 students and the Levittown Union Free School District with approximately 7,380 students. A small portion of the northwest corner of the hamlet is served by the East Meadow Union Free School District.[33] The Island Trees Union Free School District serves northeastern Levittown, and portions of Bethpage, Seaford and Plainedge. The district hosts Island Trees High School, Island Trees Memorial Middle School, Michael F. Stokes Elementary School, and J. Fred Sparke Elementary School.[34]

In 1982, Island Trees gained national attention from the United States Supreme Court case Board of Education v. Pico. The case determined that students' first amendment rights were violated when the school board removed several books it found objectionable from the high school's library.[35]

The Levittown Union Free School District, which also serves North Wantagh and the northern portion of Seaford, has two high schools: Division Avenue and General Douglas MacArthur, one career and technical institute: Gerald R. Claps Career & Technical Center, two middle schools: Wisdom Lane and Jonas Salk, and six elementary schools: Abbey Lane, East Broadway, Gardiners Avenue, Lee Road, Northside, and Summit Lane.[34] The Levittown School District dates back to the 19th century, originally called the Jerusalem School District of the Town of Hempstead.

Private schools include the Maria Montessori School, The Progressive School of Long Island,[34] and the South Shore Christian Elementary and Secondary School located in the former Geneva M Gallow Elementary School building.[36] Vocational schools available are the Brittany Beauty School, Hunter Business School,[34] and the New York Chiropractic College.[37]

Infrastructure

Transportation

Although there is no passenger rail service in Levittown proper, the Long Island Rail Road provides service from the Hicksville and Bethpage stations on its Main Line and from the Wantagh and Bellmore stations on the Babylon Branch.

Levittown, along with the remainder of Nassau County, is served by the Nassau Inter-County Express (NICE) bus system along Hempstead Turnpike.

Republic Airport, in neighboring East Farmingdale, handles general aviation and charter services; the nearest commercial airports are Long Island MacArthur Airport in Ronkonkoma and John F. Kennedy International Airport and LaGuardia Airport in New York City proper.

Major roads

NY 24 runs west–east directly through the town, otherwise known as Hempstead Turnpike. This road features many prominent chains as well as locally owned family businesses, it is the busiest and most congested road in Levittown.

Wantagh Parkway marks the western border of Levittown, with an exit onto Loring Road, a north–south local roadway. Gardiners Avenue also runs north-south through the center of the town, which becomes Jerusalem Avenue north of NY 24. Wantagh Avenue is the main north-south road on the eastern edge of Levittown.

North Jerusalem Road (Old Jerusalem Road east of Gardiners Avenue) is a major west–east road that marks the southern border of Levittown to Wantagh.

Emergency services

Ambulance

The Wantagh-Levittown Volunteer Ambulance Corps provides paramedic level of care.[38] Founded in 1956 by Homer K. Moore as a means for transport for the residents of Wantagh and Levittown, WLVAC provides emergency care on ambulances staffed with trained volunteers.[39]

Fire

Levittown is protected by three volunteer fire departments, the Levittown Fire Department with 231 members operating out of 3 stations, Station 3 of the East Meadow Fire Department which covers portions of Levittown west of Division Avenue, and Station 2 of the Wantagh Fire Department which serves portions of Levittown South of Abbey Lane School.[40]

Police

Levittown is patrolled by the eighth precinct of the Nassau County Police Department.[41]

Notable people

People born in Levittown:

People at one point living in Levittown:

In popular culture

See also

References

Informational notes

Citations

Bibliography

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: ArcGIS REST Services Directory . United States Census Bureau . September 20, 2022.
  2. Web site: Levittown, the prototypical American suburb – a history of cities in 50 buildings, day 25 . Marshall. Colin. 2015-04-28 . The Guardian . en. 2018-07-01.
  3. Levittown: The Archetype for Suburban Development . American History Magazine . October 2007.
  4. Web site: Little boxes.(brief history of William Levitt's Levittowns) . Canada and the World Backgrounder . February 11, 2010.
  5. Web site: Marquis Who's Who – William Levitt . Marquis Who's Who . February 11, 2010.
  6. News: August 22, 1952. Dems Urge Levittown City; Slap Rep. Hall . . ProQuest.
  7. Web site: A Brief History of Levittown, New York . Levittown Historical Society . December 30, 2008 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20081220063637/http://www.levittownhistoricalsociety.org/history.htm . December 20, 2008 .
  8. Web site: The Baby Boom and the Age of the Subdivision . 1985 . Jackson . Kenneth T. . January 12, 2009 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110720114703/http://us.history.wisc.edu/hist102/readings/Jackson_BabyBoom.pdf . July 20, 2011 . mdy .
  9. Halberstam, David (1993–1994) The Fifties, New York. p.138
  10. Gans, Herbert, J. (1967) The Levittowners: Ways of Life and Politics in a New Suburban Community. New York: Pantheon Books. p.3
  11. News: July 27, 1949. Levittown Civics Shelve Village Plan. Newsday. ProQuest.
  12. Lambert, Bruce (December 28, 1997) "At 50, Levittown Contends With Its Legacy of Bias" The New York Times
  13. Gotham, Kevin Fox (Summer 2000) "Racialization and the State: The Housing Act of 1934 and the Creation of the Federal Housing Administration," Sociological Perspectives, 43/2 p.309
  14. Kushner, David (2009) Levittown: Two Families, One Tycoon, and the Fight for Civil Rights in America's Legendary Suburb. New York: Walker & Company. p.43
  15. Kushner 2009, p.44.
  16. "When the Niggers Moved into Levittown: a review of David Kushner's Levittown: Two Families, One Tycoon, and the Fight for Civil Rights in America's Legendary Suburb" Journal of Blacks in Higher Education 63 (Spring 2009): 80–81
  17. Gotham 2000, p.309
  18. Manton, Paul (May 9, 2013) "The Ecclesiastical History of the Levittown People " Levittown Patch
  19. Jones, Michael E. (2004) The Slaughter of Cities: Urban Renewal as Ethnic Cleansing. South Bend, Indiana: St. Augustine's Press. p. 188.
  20. Hales, Peter Bacon (September 2016) "Levittown's Palimpsest: Colored Skin" in Levittown: Documents of an Ideal American Suburb
  21. News: Fort Lauderdale-based home builder Levitt & Sons files for bankruptcy. Owers. Paul. November 9, 2007. South Florida Sun-Sentinel. August 17, 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20071110204723/http://www.sun-sentinel.com/business/realestate/sfl-1109levitt%2C0%2C3663427.story. November 10, 2007. dead.
  22. Book: Winsche, Richard. The History of Nassau County Community Place-Names. October 1, 1999. Empire State Books. 978-1557871541. Interlaken, New York.
  23. Web site: NMAH | William H. Yeingst . americanhistory.si.edu . October 8, 2008 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20090418065050/http://americanhistory.si.edu/about/staff.cfm?key=12&staffkey=278 . April 18, 2009 . mdy-all.
  24. Briefly mentioned on Desperate Housewives on October 9, 2011.News: LONG ISLAND JOURNAL – New York Times. New York Times Company Inc.. November 5, 1989. October 8, 2008. Ketcham. Diane.
  25. Web site: 2011-02-12. 2010 Census Gazetteer Files. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20121220032143/http://www.census.gov/geo/maps-data/data/gazetteer2010.html. December 20, 2012. 2016-07-20. United States Census Bureau.
  26. Web site: Long Island Index: Interactive Map . 2022-05-11 . www.longislandindexmaps.org.
  27. Web site: PRISM Climate Group at Oregon State University.
  28. Web site: Interactive Map USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map . planthardiness.ars.usda.gov . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120128011725/http://planthardiness.ars.usda.gov/PHZMWeb/InteractiveMap.aspx . 2012-01-28.
  29. https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/levittowncdpnewyork
  30. Web site: Explore Census Data . April 17, 2016 .
  31. Web site: Levittown: Race and Hispanic or Latino Origin 2010 table. American FactFinder. U.S. Census. 17 April 2016.
  32. Web site: U.S. Census Bureau, 2005–2007 American Community Survey . Levittown CDP, New York . American FactFinder . . 2007 . August 16, 2009 . https://archive.today/20200211181359/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ACSSAFFFacts?_event=Search&geo_id=16000US3637044&_geoContext=01000US%7C04000US36%7C16000US3637044&_street=&_county=levittown&_cityTown=levittown&_state=04000US36&_zip=&_lang=en&_sse=on&ActiveGeoDiv=geoSelect&_useEV=&pctxt=fph&pgsl=160&_submenuId=factsheet_1&ds_name=ACS_2007_3YR_SAFF&_ci_nbr=null&qr_name=null&reg=null:null&_keyword=&_industry= . February 11, 2020 . dead .
  33. Web site: Search For Public School Districts. National Center for Education Statistics. March 3, 2012.
  34. Web site: US Dept of Education, Institute of Educational Sciences, National Center for Education Statistics. October 7, 2008.
  35. Web site: Findlaw Cases and Codes. October 3, 2008.
  36. Web site: Senator Hannon's Guide to Levittow. https://archive.today/20071019045957/http://www.kemphannon.com/Levitt%20Comm%20Page.htm. dead. October 19, 2007. October 7, 2008.
  37. Web site: New York Chiropractic College Levittown Center . October 7, 2008 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20080920072553/http://www.nycchealthcenters.com/Levit_Home.htm . September 20, 2008 .
  38. Web site: New York State Dept of Health. October 7, 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20080923123955/http://www.health.state.ny.us/nysdoh/ems/counties/nassau.htm. September 23, 2008. dead. mdy-all.
  39. Web site: WLVAC – Wantagh-Levittown Volunteer Ambulance Corps. 2021-01-17. wlvac.com.
  40. Web site: Land Record Viewer. www.nassaucountyny.gov. October 9, 2008.
  41. Web site: Patrol Division Nassau County Police. October 7, 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20080926151117/http://www.police.co.nassau.ny.us/8th_pct.htm. September 26, 2008. dead. mdy-all.
  42. News: Jenny . Eliscu . Hot Band: Brand New, When is emo worth a million dollars? When it's made by these guys . https://web.archive.org/web/20071001212039/http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/brandnew/articles/story/5938668/hot_band_brand_new . dead . October 1, 2007 . Rolling Stone Magazine . Rolling Stone L.L.C. . New York, NY . September 10, 2003 . October 4, 2008.
  43. Hamilton, Anita (April 30, 2006) "He's a Dog's Best Friend" Time
  44. Web site: It Came From Levittown . Newsday . Newsday Inc. . Melville, NY . October 4, 2008 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20080512151030/http://www.newsday.com/community/guide/lihistory/ny-levittown-hslevpop%2C0%2C393870.story . May 12, 2008 .
  45. News: Leslie . Maitla . Lufthansa Trial Witness Tells of an Earlier Theft; Ideal Hour Selected . New York Times . New York, NY . May 9, 1979. October 4, 2008.
  46. News: Ahrens . Frank . April 22, 1998 . Billy Joel, Bard of the 'Burbs' . January 23, 2023 . Washington Post.
  47. News: Glenn . Gamboa . Donnie Klang of Levittown gets a push from Diddy . Newsday . Newsday Inc. . Melville, NY . October 4, 2008.
  48. News: Letta . Tayler . Sounding Off in Suburbia . Newsday . Newsday Inc. . Melville, NY . October 4, 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090309062030/http://www.newsday.com/entertainment/music/ny-ffmus5818719aug31a,0,2659580.story . March 9, 2009 . dead . mdy-all .
  49. Web site: Sticking With You . October 4, 2008 . Powers . Ann . June 1, 2005 . eMusic.com . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110613045159/http://www.emusic.com/features/spotlight/277_200506.html . June 13, 2011 .
  50. Web site: Housing's Historic Levittown Turns 50 . Realty Times . July 26, 2002 . January 6, 2008 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20071226071413/http://realtytimes.com/rtpages/20020726_levittown.htm . December 26, 2007 . mdy-all .
  51. Book: Horowitz, Gene . The Ladies of Levittown: a Novel . R. Marek . New York . 1980 . 0-399-90076-4 . 5676402 .
  52. Book: Wetherell, W. . The Man Who Loved Levittown . University of Pittsburgh Press . Pittsburgh . 1985 . 0-8229-3520-1 . 11866793.
  53. Book: The Man Who Loved Levittown. 0-8229-3520-1. Wetherell. W. D.. December 2, 1985. University of Pittsburgh Press .
  54. Web site: How They Made It: The Pastel Suburbs of 'Edward Scissorhands' . www.theringer.com . July 31, 2023.
  55. Web site: Catalog . www.cinemaguild.com . October 9, 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20080702050200/http://www.cinemaguild.com/catalog/catalog_american_studies.htm . July 2, 2008 . dead . mdy .
  56. Web site: IMDb: Wonderland . . July 7, 2007.
  57. Book: Shapiro, Anna . Living on Air . Soho Press . New York . 2006 . 978-1-56947-431-0 . 62282541 .
  58. Book: Palmieri, Marc . Levittown . Dramatists Play Service . New York . 2007 . 978-0-8222-2189-0 . 163577211.
  59. News: Levitt or Leave It. . October 7, 2008.
  60. News: That Family Room? It has a Certain Star Quality . The New York Times. April 7, 2010 . Steven . McElroy . July 12, 2009.
  61. Bolger, Timothy. "Center Lane Stationery in Levittown Closing Despite Cash Mob." Long Island Press, 2014. https://www.longislandpress.com/2014/12/24/center-lane-stationery-in-levittown-closing-despite-cash-mob/

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