Leslie Valiant Explained

Leslie Valiant
Birth Name:Leslie Gabriel Valiant
Birth Date:1949 3, df=yes
Birth Place:Budapest, Hungarian Republic
Nationality:British
Fields:Mathematics
Theoretical computer science
Computational learning theory
Theoretical neuroscience
Doctoral Advisor:Mike Paterson
Thesis Title:Decision Procedures for Families of Deterministic Pushdown Automata
Thesis Url:http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/34701/
Thesis Year:1974

Leslie Gabriel Valiant [1] [2] (born 28 March 1949) is a British American computer scientist and computational theorist.[3] He was born to a chemical engineer father and a translator mother.[4] He is currently the T. Jefferson Coolidge Professor of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics at Harvard University.[5] [6] Valiant was awarded the Turing Award in 2010, having been described by the A.C.M. as a heroic figure in theoretical computer science and a role model for his courage and creativity in addressing some of the deepest unsolved problems in science; in particular for his "striking combination of depth and breadth".

Education

Valiant was educated at King's College, Cambridge,[7] [8] Imperial College London, and the University of Warwick where he received a PhD in computer science in 1974.[9]

Research and career

Valiant is world-renowned for his work in Theoretical Computer Science. Among his many contributions to Complexity Theory, he introduced the notion of

  1. P-completeness
("Sharp-P completeness") to explain why enumeration and reliability problems are intractable. He created the Probably Approximately Correct or PAC model of learning that introduced the field of Computational Learning Theory and became a theoretical basis for the development of Machine Learning. He also introduced the concept of Holographic Algorithms inspired by the Quantum Computation model. In computer systems, he is most well-known for introducing the Bulk Synchronous Parallel processing model. Analogous to the von Neumann model for a single computer architecture, BSP has been an influential model for parallel and distributed computing architectures. Recent examples are Google adopting it for computation at large scale via MapReduce, MillWheel,[10] Pregel[11] and Dataflow, and Facebook creating a graph analytics system capable of processing over 1 trillion edges.[12] [13] There have also been active open-source projects to add explicit BSP programming as well as other high-performance parallel programming models derived from BSP. Popular examples are Hadoop, Spark, Giraph, Hama, Beam and Dask. His earlier work in Automata Theory includes an algorithm for context-free parsing, which is still the asymptotically fastest known. He also works in Computational Neuroscience focusing on understanding memory and learning.

Valiant's 2013 book is Probably Approximately Correct: Nature's Algorithms for Learning and Prospering in a Complex World.[14] In it he argues, among other things, that evolutionary biology does not explain the rate at which evolution occurs, writing, for example, "The evidence for Darwin's general schema for evolution being essentially correct is convincing to the great majority of biologists. This author has been to enough natural history museums to be convinced himself. All this, however, does not mean the current theory of evolution is adequately explanatory. At present the theory of evolution can offer no account of the rate at which evolution progresses to develop complex mechanisms or to maintain them in changing environments."

Valiant started teaching at Harvard University in 1982 and is currently the T. Jefferson Coolidge Professor of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics in the Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Sciences. Prior to 1982 he taught at Carnegie Mellon University, the University of Leeds, and the University of Edinburgh.

Awards and honors

Valiant received the Nevanlinna Prize in 1986, the Knuth Prize in 1997, the EATCS Award in 2008,[15] and the Turing Award in 2010.[16] [17] He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1991,[1] a Fellow of the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AAAI) in 1992,[18] and a member of the United States National Academy of Sciences in 2001.[19] Valiant's nomination for the Royal Society reads:

The citation for his A.M. Turing Award reads:

Personal life

His two sons Gregory Valiant[20] and Paul Valiant[21] are both also theoretical computer scientists.

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Leslie Valiant FRS. Royal Society. London. 1991.
  2. http://royalsociety.org/DServe/dserve.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqDb=Catalog&dsqCmd=show.tcl&dsqSearch=(RefNo==%27EC%2F1991%2F35%27) DServe Archive Catalog Show
  3. Hoffmann . L. . Q&A: Leslie Valiant discusses machine learning, parallel computing, and computational neuroscience. 10.1145/1953122.1953152 . Communications of the ACM. 54 . 6 . 128 . 2011 . free .
  4. Web site: A. M. Turing Award Oral History Interview with Leslie Gabriel Valiant .
  5. Book: 10.1145/1536414.1536415. The work of Leslie Valiant. Proceedings of the 41st annual ACM symposium on Symposium on theory of computing - STOC '09. 1–2. 2009. Wigderson . A. . 9781605585062. 15370663.
  6. Valiant . Leslie . 1984 . A theory of the learnable . Communications of the ACM . 27 . 11 . 1134–1142 . 10.1145/1968.1972. 12837541 .
  7. Web site: CV of Leslie G. Valiant . Harvard University . January 9, 2019.
  8. Web site: Leslie G. Valiant - A.M. Turing Award Laureate . A.M. Turing Award . January 9, 2019.
  9. PhD. University of Warwick. Decision procedures for families of deterministic pushdown automata. Leslie. Valiant. 1973. . warwick.ac.uk. 726087468.
  10. https://research.google/pubs/pub41378/ MillWheel: Fault-Tolerant Stream Processing at Internet Scale
  11. https://research.google/pubs/pub37252/ Pregel: a system for large-scale graph processing
  12. https://engineering.fb.com/2016/10/19/core-data/a-comparison-of-state-of-the-art-graph-processing-systems/ A comparison of state-of-the-art graph processing systems
  13. https://research.facebook.com/publications/one-trillion-edges-graph-processing-at-facebook-scale/ One Trillion Edges: Graph Processing at Facebook-Scale
  14. https://www.hachettebookgroup.com/titles/leslie-valiant/probably-approximately-correct/9780465037902/?lens=basic-books,
  15. David Peleg The EATCS Award 2008 – Laudatio for Professor Leslie Valiant European Association of Theoretical Computer Science.
  16. Josh Fishman "‘Probably Approximately Correct’ Inventor, From Harvard U., Wins Turing Award" Chronicle of Higher Education 9 March 2011.
  17. http://www.acm.org/news/featured/turing-award-2010 ACM Turing Award Goes to Innovator in Machine Learning
  18. https://www.aaai.org/Awards/fellows-list.php Elected AAAI Fellows
  19. http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/members/40085.html Member Directory: Leslie G. Valiant
  20. http://theory.stanford.edu/~valiant/ Gregory Valiant Homepage
  21. https://www.cs.purdue.edu/homes/pvaliant/ Paul Valiant's homepage