Aeolic Greek Explained

Aeolic Greek
Also Known As:Aeolian dialect
Lesbian dialect
Lesbic dialect
Nativename:Αἰολικός
Region:Aeolis, Boeotia, Lesbos, Thessaly
Familycolor:Indo-European
Fam2:Hellenic
Fam3:Ancient Greek
Fam4:Central
Script:Greek alphabet (uncial and cursive forms)
Eastern Archaic Greek alphabet (up to 4th century BC)
Linglist:grc-aeo
Glotto:aeol1234
Glottorefname:Aeolic
Ancestor:Proto-Greek
Map:AncientGreekDialects_(Woodard)_en.svg
Isoexception:dialect
Dia1:Boeotian
Dia2:Thessalian
Dia3:Lesbian

In linguistics, Aeolic Greek, also known as Aeolian, Lesbian or Lesbic dialect, is the set of dialects of Ancient Greek spoken mainly in Boeotia; in Thessaly; in the Aegean island of Lesbos; and in the Greek colonies of Aeolis in Anatolia and adjoining islands.

The Aeolic dialect shows many archaisms in comparison to the other Ancient Greek dialects (Arcadocypriot, Attic, Ionic, and Doric varieties), as well as many innovations.

Aeolic Greek is widely known as the language of Sappho and of Alcaeus of Mytilene. Aeolic poetry, which is exemplified in the works of Sappho, mostly uses four classical meters known as the Aeolics: Glyconic (the most basic form of Aeolic line), hendecasyllabic verse, Sapphic stanza, and Alcaic stanza (the latter two are respectively named for Sappho and Alcaeus).

In Plato's Protagoras, Prodicus labelled the Aeolic dialect of Pittacus of Mytilene as "barbarian",[1] because of its difference from the Attic literary style:[2] "He didn't know to distinguish the words correctly, being from Lesbos, and having been raised with a barbarian dialect".

Phonology

Consonants

Labiovelars

Proto-Indo-European and Proto-Greek

changed to Aeolic p everywhere. By contrast, PIE * changed to Attic/Ionic, Arcadocypriot, and Doric t before e and i.

Similarly PIE/PGk * always became b and PIE * > PGk * always became ph (whereas in other dialects they became alternating b/d and ph/th before back/front vowels).

Labiovelars were treated the same way in the P-Celtic languages and the Sabellic languages.

Sonorant clusters

A Proto-Greek consonant cluster with h (from Indo-European) and a sonorant (r, l, n, m, w, y) changed to a double sonorant (rr, ll, nn, mm, ww, yy) in Lesbian and Thessalian (sub-dialects of Aeolic) by assimilation. In Attic/Ionic, Doric, and Boeotian Aeolic, the h assimilated to the vowel before the consonant cluster, causing the vowel to lengthen by compensatory lengthening.

PIE VsR or VRs → Attic/Ionic-Doric-Boeotian VVR.

PIE VsR or VRs → Lesbian-Thessalian VRR.[3]

Loss of h

Lesbian Aeolic lost initial h- (psilosis "stripping") from Proto-Indo-European s- or y-. By contrast, Ionic sometimes retains it, and Attic always retains it.

Retention of w

In Thessalian and Boeotian (sub-dialects of Aeolic) and Doric, the Proto-Indo-European and Proto-Greek semi-vowel w (digamma) was retained at the beginning of a word.

Vowels

Long a

In Aeolic and Doric, Proto-Greek long ā remains. By contrast, in Attic, long ā changes to long ē in most cases; in Ionic, it changes everywhere.[4]

Compensatory lengthening

Compensatory lengthening of a, e, o in Lesbian gives ai, ei, oi (in Attic, it would be ā, ei, ou) for example in the accusative plural of a and o stem nouns, or in many 3 Pl verb conjugations.

Boeotian

In Boeotian, the vowel-system was, in many cases, changed in a way reminiscent of the modern Greek pronunciation.

Accent

In Lesbian Aeolic, the accent of all words is recessive (barytonesis), as is typical only in the verbs of other dialects.[5]

Morphology

Contracted or vowel-stem verbs that are thematic in Attic/Ionic are often athematic (-mi) in Aeolic.[6]

Aeolic athematic infinitive active ends in -men or (Lesbian) -menai. ~ Attic/Ionic has -enai.

In the Lesbian dialect this ending also extends to the thematic conjugation, where Attic/Ionic has -ein. All three of these Aeolic endings occur in Homer.

Proto-Greek -ans and -ons-ais and -ois (first- and second declension accusative plural) ~ Attic/Ionic -ās and -ōs (-ους).[7] [8]

Dative plural -aisi and -oisi ~ Attic/Ionic -ais and -ois.

The participle has -ois and -ais for Attic -ōs (-ους), -ās.[9]

Glossary

Below is a list of several words in the Aeolian dialect, written in the Greek alphabet, along with a transcription in the Latin alphabet. Each word is followed by its meaning and compared to similar words in other ancient Greek dialects. The "notes" section provides additional information, and if applicable, an etymology is given.

Aeolian

Aeolian lemma Transcription Meaning Correspondence to other Greek dialects Notes
Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ἀέλιος 'sun' Derives from PIE *seh₂u-el- 'sun'.
Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: βᾶμα bama
  • Doric βᾶμα bama
    * Attic βῆμα bema 'walking, step'
Per Beekes, both forms derive from root βῆ-, itself from PIE *gʷeh₂-. Corresponds to Avestan gā-man- 'step, pace'.
Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: βελφιν
Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: Βέλφοι
belphin
Belphoi
Attic delphis Per Beekes, βέλφινες occurs in Lesbian, while Βελφοί is Aeolic.
Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: βραδινός bradinos 'slender, soft' Attic rhadinos Attested in Sapph. 90,104.
Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: βράκος brakos 'expensive garment'
  • Homeric ῥάκος rhakos 'rag, shred, wrinkles, remnants'
    * ϝράκος wrakos
Attested in Sapph. 70. Per Beekes, of uncertain etymology.
Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: βρίζα briza 'root' Attic rhiza
Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: βρόδον brodon 'rose' Attic ῥόδον rhodon 'rose' Possible Eastern borrowing (cf. Arm vard 'rose' < Old Iranian *u̯ṛda 'id'). Also means vagina metaphorically in Erotic Glossary
Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: δνόφος dnophos 'darkness' Also appears in Ionic; Attic Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ζόφος zophos Per Beekes, the word "recalls" zóphos, knéphas and pséphas.
Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: Ἐννησιάδες Ennesiades
Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ἐπιάλτης
ήπιάλης
epialtēs
epialēs
'nightmare' Attic ephialtēs Epialtēs attested in Alcaeus. Cf. Ephialtes, one of the Aloadae.
Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ἴρον iron 'holy'
  • Attic Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ἱερόν hierón
    * Doric hiarón
    * Ionic hirón
Derives from PIE *ish₁ro- 'holy'.
Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: κλᾷδες klaides
  • Doric klaides
    * Attic kleides 'bars, bolts, keys'
Derives from PIE *kleh₂u- 'lock', although Beekes suggests the original meaning must have been 'nail, pin, hook', as in, instruments to lock a door.
Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: μέσσυϊ
Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: μέσσος
messui
messos
  • Attic ἐν μέσῳ 'in the middle'
    * Cret./Boet. Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: μέττος
Identical to Sanskrit mádhya-, Latin medius, Gothic midjis, all from PIE *médʰ-io- 'in the middle'.
Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: πέμπε pempe 'five'
  • Attic Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: πέντε pente
    * Pamphylian Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: πέ(ν)δε pede
From PIE *pénkʷe 'five'.
Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: πέσδος pésdos 'pedestrian', 'infantry' (as a collective) Attic Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: πεζός pezós Per Beekes, formally identical to Sanskrit pád-ya 'regarding the foot' < PIE *ped-i̯o-.
Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: πέσσον pesson 'plain'
  • Attic Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: πεδίον pedion 'surface, plain, field'
    * Cypriot Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: πεδίjα 'plain'.
From PIE *ped- 'foot'.
Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: πέσσυρες pessyres 'four'
  • Lesbian Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: πίσυρες pisyres
    * Boeotian Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: πέτταρες pettares
    * Attic Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: τέσσαρες tessares
    * Doric tetores
Derives from PIE *kʷetuer- 'four'.
Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ξέννος xennos'foreigner, guest-friend, strange' Attic xenos; Ionic xeinos Beekes supposes it could be Pre-Greek.
Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: στρότος strótos 'army, troop' Attic Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: στρατός stratós Per Beekes, exact correspondence to Sanskrit str̩ta- 'thrown down', Avestan stərəta- 'spread out'.
Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ὔσδος usdos 'branch, twig, bough, offshoot' Attic ozos 'twig, branch' Derives from PIE *h₃esdo- > *Hosdo-.
Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: φηρία phēria 'wild animal' Attic Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: θηρία thēria 'beasts' Derives from PIE *ǵʰueh₁r-.
Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: Ψάπφω Psapphō Attic Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: Σαπφώ Sapphō

Boeotian

Boeotian lemma Transcription Meaning Correspondence to other Greek dialects Notes
Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ἄας
Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ἀεστητόν
aas
aestēton
'tomorrow' Attic Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: αὔριον aurion cf. Attic ēōs 'dawn'
Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: βανά
Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: βανῆκες
bana
banēkes
'woman'
'women' (pl.)
Attic gunē
Attic gunaikes
Derived from PIE *gʷḗn-h₂.
Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: Δεύς Deus Also attested in:
* Laconian Δεύς Deús
* Rhodian Δεύς Deús
Derived from PIE
  • Dyeus
('sky-god').
Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: γάδου
Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ϝάδου
gadou
wadou
'sweet, pleasant'
  • Attic Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ἡδύ hēdú 'sweet, tasteful, pleasant, pleasing'
Attested in Corinna.17. Derived from PIE *sueh₂d-ú- 'sweet'.
Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: κᾶρουξ karoux[10]
  • Attic κήρυξ kēryx 'herald, messenger'
    * Doric Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: κᾶρυξ káryx
Per Beekes, probably Pre-Greek.

Thessalian

Thessalian lemma Transcription Meaning Correspondence to other Greek dialects Notes
Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: Ἄπλουν Aploun Apollo (Olympic deity; brother to Artemis)
  • Attic Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: Ἀπόλλων Apollōn
    * Doric/Pamphylian Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: Ἀπέλο̄ν Apelon
Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: δάμοσσος dámossos public Attic dēmósios See iddioûstikos below.
Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: δέσποινα despoina 'woman' Feminine form of despotes. In Attic gunē, in Doric guna mean 'woman'. See also Despoina.
Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ἰδδιούστικος iddioûstikos privative Attic idiōtikós[13] [14]
Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: κίς kis 'who, anyone'
  • Attic tis
    * Laconian tir
    * Arcadocypriot sis
Derived from PIE *kʷi- (interrogative/relative pronoun).
Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: κῦῤῥος kyrrhos or kyrros 'sir, master' Attic kyrios
Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: Μακετοὺν Maketoun[15] 'Macedonian man' Attic Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: Μακεδών Makedōn 'id' Thessalian suffix Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: -ουν '-oun' parallels Attic suffix Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ων ōn in both nominative and genitive of participles, pronouns and nouns.
Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: ματτύη mattuē a meat-dessert of Macedonian or Thessalian origin (in Athenaeus)[16] Cf. Macedonian mattuēs 'a kind of bird'.
Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: Πέτθαλος
Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: Πεθθάλειος
Pétthalos 'Thessalian man'
  • Boeotian Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: Φέτταλος Phéttalos
    * Attic Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: Θετταλός Thettalós
    * Ionic/Koine Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: Θεσσαλός Thessalós 'id'
Per Beekes, a Pre-Greek word derived from *Kʷettʸal-.

See also

General references

Further reading

General studies

On the Boeotian dialect

On the Lesbian dialect

On the Thessalian dialect

Notes and References

  1. https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0178%3Atext%3DProt.%3Asection%3D341c Protagoras
  2. https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3atext%3a1999.04.0092&query=section%3d%23159 James A. Towle, Commentary on Plato: Protagoras 341c
  3. V = vowel, R = sonorant, s is itself. VV = long vowel, RR = doubled or long sonorant.
  4. Smyth, Greek Grammar, par. 30 and note, 31: Attic long e, long a
  5. Smyth, par. 162 note: (Lesbian) Aeolic recessive accent
  6. Smyth, Greek Grammar, par. 656: contract verbs in Aeolic
  7. Smyth, par. 214 note 9: first declension in dialects
  8. Smyth, par. 230 note: second declension in dialects
  9. Smyth, par. 305 note
  10. http://epigraphy.packhum.org/inscriptions/oi?ikey=146713&bookid=13&region=3&subregion=6 Boiotia — Orchomenos — early 1st century BC
  11. Athenaeus Deipnosophists -9.369
  12. http://epigraphy.packhum.org/inscriptions/oi?ikey=147697&bookid=13&region=3&subregion=6 Boiotia —Anthedon
  13. Selected Papers in Greek and Near Eastern History https://books.google.com/books?id=V_w5AaqqiGAC&amp;pg=PA67 by David Malcolm Lewis, Peter John Rhodes
  14. [Skotoussa]
  15. Thessalia — Larisa — 220-210 BC - SEG 27:202
  16. http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/Literature/Literature-idx?type=turn&entity=Literature.AthV3.p0247&isize=XL&pview=hide Deipnosophists 14.663-4 (pp.1059-1062)
  17. Krannon — c. 250 - 215 BC SEG 23:437, 7
  18. [Magnesia Prefecture|Magnesia]