Leo Smoschewer Explained

Leo Smoschewer (March 11, 1875 – July 15, 1938, in Breslau) was a German Jewish mechanical engineering entrepreneur and art collector whose business was Aryanized and art collection seized by the Nazis.

Early life

Leo Smoschewer was a son of Emanuel Smoschewer, a grain wholesaler who came to Breslau from Krotoschin, and his wife Henriette Smoschewer née Reich.^[1] Smoschewer married Elise, and they lived together in a villa at Lindenallee 12 in Breslau.

On March 21, 1911, Smoschewer joined the Gesellschaft der Brüder (Society of Brothers).^[2] The family belonged to the Breslau synagogue community, and Leo Smoschewer served on the community board from1927.

Leo Smoschewer was a co-owner of Smoschewer & Co. in Breslau, a company founded in 1899 which manufactured locomotives and wagons for light railroads, road rollers and other machinery. The company had branches in Berlin, Gdansk and Prague, as well as in Romania. Smoschewer had been Romanian consul general in Wroclaw since 1924. In the same year he was also appointed honorary senator of the Technical University of Wroclaw.

Business

Since 1899, the company Feldhahn-Industrie Smoschewer & Co, located at Kaiser Wilhelmstraße 48–50 in Breslau, was engaged in the manufacture and sale of all materials used for the construction and installation of railroad equipment in the broadest sense. Around 1923, the company manufactured all kinds of light railway materials, such as switches, turntables, tipping wagons, special wagons and all other accessories for light railroads.^[3]

The company specialized in light railway operation on farms and supplied all rail material with accessories for the execution of earthworks, for the equipment of small railroads, main railroads, standard-gauge sidings, and also had a special technical office for the design of small and branch railroads. It manufactured locomotives in the Wroclaw suburb of Schmiedefeld, both for construction companies and for industrial railroads, for standard-gauge sidings, for small public railroads, state railroads, etc. It also designed small railroads and branch lines. A particular specialty was the production of small railway locomotives and shunting locomotives as well as fireless locomotives. The locomotive factory was equipped with the most modern devices and also received orders from foreign railroads.^[4]

It also manufactured shunting devices (spills).

The company had an extensive domestic and foreign organization, and had its own branches in Berlin, Leipzig, Görlitz, Gdansk, Bromberg, Katowice, Prague and Bucharest. The main manufacturing plant was located in the Wroclaw suburb of Schmiedefeld, where there was a large locomotive factory and a special light-railway factory for small railroad cars, switches, etc. There were also larger workshops in Bromberg, Berlin and Leipzig. A total of about 800 workers were employed.^[5]

Nazi era persecution

After Adolf Hitler came to power in Germany in 1933, Leo Smoscewer and his family were persecuted by the Nazis because of their Jewish heritage. His company Smoschewer & Co was Aryanized, that is, transferred to non-Jewish owners, in 1938. In the course of the Aryanization, the Feldbahnfabrik F. W. Budich emerged from his company in 1938.

Smoschewer died on July 15, 1938. His widow Elise committed suicide in May 1939.^[6]

Art collection Smoschewer

The Smoschewer art collection included numerous paintings, watercolors and graphics. Represented were mainly German contemporary painters such as Lovis Corinth, Wilhelm Leibl, Max Liebermann, Max Slevogt, Hans Thoma and Wilhelm Trübner, as well as works by teachers from the Wroclaw Academy of Fine Arts, including Alexander Kanoldt, Konrad von Kardorff, Carlo Mense, Oskar Moll, Hans Purrmann and Max Wislicenus. The art collection also included sculptures by August Gaul, Theodor von Gosen and Georg Kolbe.^[7] Elise Smoschewer was portrayed by Lovis Corinth in 1906.

Some artworks have been restituted.^{[8] [9]} In 2003 the Städtische Kunstsammlungen, Görlitz returned Gartenweg zum Sommerhaus (Godramstein) by Max Slevogt to the heirs.^[10] In 2004 Conrad Ansorge am Klavier by Max Slevogt was restituted by the Belvedere Museum in Vienna to the Smoschewer heirs.^[11] It has been seized by Nazis in 1939.^{[12] [13]} Sinnendes Mädchen / Frau mit Schimmel (‘Pensive Girl/Women with White Horse’) (Lost Art-ID 302432) was restituted in 2022.^[14]

The German Lost Art Foundation lists several painting that were seized from the Smoschewers by the Nazis that have not yet been located.^[15]

Selected artworks from the collection

• Lovis Corinth

• Alexander Kanoldt
  • Olevano / Italienische Landschaft

• Max Klinger
  • Weg mit Pappeln /Landstraße

• Max Slevogt
  • Gartenallee
  • Conrad Ansorge am Klavier

• Hans Thoma
  • Sinnendes Mädchen / Frau mit Schimmel^[16]

Literature

• Ramona Bräu: „Arisierung“ in Breslau. Die „Entjudung“ einer deutschen Großstadt und deren Entdeckung im polnischen Erinnerungsdiskurs. VDM Verlag Dr. Müller, Saarbrücken 2008, ISBN 978-3-8364-5958-7, S. 77 ff. (Kapitel 3.4.2 Die großen jüdischen Kunstsammlungen in Schlesien - Kunstraub.)
• Annerose Klammt, Marius Winzeler: „Die Moderne deutsche Kunst musste zur Geltung gebracht werden“. Zur Erwerbung von Kunstwerken aus jüdischem Eigentum für die Kunstsammlungen in Görlitz. In: Ulf Häder (Hrsg.): Beiträge öffentlicher Einrichtungen der Bundesrepublik Deutschland zum Umgang mit Kulturgütern aus ehemaligen jüdischen Besitz. Magdeburg 2001, S. 119–141.
• Marius Winzeler: Jüdische Sammler und Mäzene in Breslau. Von der Donation zur „Verwertung“ ihres Kunstbesitzes. In: Andrea Baresel-Brand, Peter Müller (Red.): Sammeln. Stiften. Fördern. Jüdische Mäzene in der deutschen Gesellschaft. Magdeburg 2006, S. 131–150.
• Małgorzata Stolarska-Fronia: Udział środowisk Żydów wrocławskich w artystycznym i kulturalnym życiu miasta od emancypacji do 1933 roku. Wydawnictwo Neriton, Warszawa 2008.
• Małgorzata Stolarska-Fronia: Jewish art collectors from Breslau and their impact on the city's cultural life at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century. In: Annette Weber (Hrsg.): Jüdische Sammler und ihr Beitrag zur Kultur der Moderne. (Internationales Symposium, 2007, Hochschule für Jüdische Studien / Zentrum für Europäische Kunstgeschichte der Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Raphael Rosenberg) Winter, Heidelberg 2011, ISBN 978-3-8253-5907-2.

External links

• Hans-Joachim Hinz: Leo Smoschewer in: Schlesische Kunstsammlungen

See also

History of Wrocław

List of claims for restitution for Nazi-looted art

Jewish art collectors in Breslau

References

[[Category:1938 deaths]] [[Category:1875 births]] [[Category:German people]] [[Category:Art collectors]] [[Category:German businesspeople]]

Notes and References

1. Kulturwerk Schlesien (Hrsg.): Schlesien, Vierteljahrsschrift für Kunst, Wissenschaft und Volkstum, Band 10/11 (1965), p. 227.
2. Gedruckte Mitgliederliste von 1937 der Centralna Biblioteka Judaistyczna).
3. Web site: Smoschewer & Co., Breslau . 2023-02-06 . www.lokhersteller.de.
4. Web site: Smoschewer & Co., Breslau . 2023-02-06 . www.lokfabriken.de.
5. Web site: Datei:Gesellschaft für Feldbahn-Industrie Smoschewer & Co, Breslau.jpg – Wikipedia . 2023-02-06 . commons.wikimedia.org . de.
6. Web site: Elise Alexander . 2023-02-06 . geni_family_tree . 15 September 1882 . en-US.
7. Tatzkow . Monika . Hinz . Hans-Joachim . 2006 . Bürger, Opfer und die historische Gerechtigkeit: Das Schicksal jüdischer Kunstsammler in Breslau . Osteuropa . 56 . 1/2 . 155–171 . 44932975 . 0030-6428.
8. Rückgabe des Bildes „Conrad Ansorge am Klavier“ (1912 von Max Slevogt) aus dem Bestand der Österreichischen Galerie Belvedere an die Erben Smoschewer laut Restitutionsbericht 2001/2002 des österreichischen Bundesministeriums für Bildung, Wissenschaft und Kultur, p. 12
9. Book: --wesentlich mehr Fälle als angenommen : 10 Jahre Kommission für Provenienzforschung . 2009 . Böhlau . Gabriele Anderl . 978-3-205-78183-7 . Wien . 458 . 301547089.
10. Web site: Ketterer Kunst, Art auctions, Book auctions Munich, Hamburg & Berlin . 2023-02-06 . www.kettererkunst.com . PROVENANCE: Leo Smoschewer, Wroclaw (since 1933). Else Smoschewer, (since 1938). 1939 confiscated. Städtische Kunstsammlungen, Görlitz (acquired in 1940, with address stamp on stretcher). Returned to heirs of Leo and Else Smoschewer, October 2003. Galerie Paffrath, Düsseldorf. Private collection Luxemburg..
11. Web site: Provenance Research Belvedere Museum Vienna . 2023-02-06 . www.belvedere.at.
12. Web site: 2013-11-26 . Slevogt, Max, - Conrad Ansorge am Klavier / Malerei / Kunstobjekte / Schlesische Kunstsammlugen - Rariora Artis . 2023-02-06 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131126022949/http://www.schlesischesammlungen.eu/Kunstobjekte/Malerei/Slevogt-Max-Conrad-Ansorge-am-Klavier . 2013-11-26 . Das Porträt befand sich im Besitz Karl Zimmers in Erlangen bis 1925, wenn es an der Auktion seiner Sammlung bei Paul Cassirer und Hugo Helbing in Berlin versteigert wurde. Danach gelangte es in die Sammlung der jüdischen Besitzer Leo und Else Smoschewer und 1939 wurde durch die NS-Regierung beschlagnahmt. Ein Jahr später wurde es durch die Österreichische Galerie in Wien gekauft. Das Gemälde wurde im Jahr 2004 durch die Wiener Galerie den Nachkommen des Sammlers zurückerstattet. Danach wurde es in Salon Sotheby’s zur Versteigerung angeboten..
13. Web site: Beschluss .
14. Web site: German Lost Art Foundation - News - From lost art research to restitution: how a painting from the Smoschewer Collection found its way to the heirs . 2023-02-06 . www.kulturgutverluste.de.
15. Web site: Suburban road Lost Art Database . 2023-02-06 . www.lostart.de . Leo Smoschewer, Wroclaw (until 15.07.1938); Elise Smoschewer, Wroclaw (until 05.05.1939); 1939 confiscation in Wroclaw; 1940 sale to private, Hirschberg; whereabouts unknown.
16. Web site: 2016-03-04 . Thoma, Hans, - Sinnendes Mädchen / Frau mit Schimmel / Zeichnung / Kunstobjekte / Schlesische Kunstsammlugen - Rariora Artis . 2023-02-06 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160304121333/http://www.schlesischesammlungen.eu/Kunstobjekte/Zeichnung/Thoma-Hans-Sinnendes-Maedchen-Frau-mit-Schimmel . 2016-03-04 .