Leiopelma Explained

Leiopelma is a genus of New Zealand primitive frogs, belonging to the suborder Archaeobatrachia. It is the only genus in the monotypic family Leiopelmatidae. The leiopelmatids' relatively basal form indicates they have an ancient lineage.^[1] While some taxonomists have suggested combining the North American frogs of the genus Ascaphus in the family Ascaphidae with the New Zealand frogs of the genus Leiopelma in the family Leiopelmatidae, the current consensus is that these two groups constitute two separate families.^{[2] [3]} The three extant species of Leiopelmatidae are only found in New Zealand.^[4]

Overview

The New Zealand primitive frogs' defining characteristics are their extra vertebrae (for a total of nine) and the remains of the tail muscles (the tail itself is absent in adults, although it is present in the younger frogs, which need the extra skin surface until their lungs are fully developed). The family Ascaphidae (found only in North America), of the same suborder, shares these primitive characteristics, hence the two have often been described as related, or even part of the same family.

Late jump recovery is unique in Leiopelmatidae. When leiopelmatid species jump, they land in a "belly flop" fashion, repositioning their limbs for takeoff for the next jump only after hitting the ground with the ventral surface of their torsos. The appearance of early jump recovery in more advanced taxa is a key innovation in anuran evolution.^[5]

They are unusually small frogs, only 5cm (02inches) in length. Most species lay their eggs in moist ground, typically under rocks or vegetation. After hatching, the tadpoles nest in the male's back, all without the need for standing or flowing water. However, Hochstetter's frog lays its eggs in shallow ponds and has free-living tadpoles, although they do not swim far from the place of hatching, or even feed, before metamorphosing into adult frogs.^[6] Lifespans may be long (more than 30 years) for such small organisms.^[7]

Introduced fauna are thought to have had a negative impact on these native frogs, with 93% of all reported predation events on native frogs being attributed to introduced fauna,^[8] primarily ship rats.

Taxonomy & systematics

Species

Family Leiopelmatidae

• Genus Leiopelma
  • Archey's frog, Leiopelma archeyi Turbott, 1942
  • Hamilton's frog, Leiopelma hamiltoni McCulloch, 1919
  • Hochstetter's frog, Leiopelma hochstetteri Fitzinger, 1861

Extinct species

Three extinct species are known by subfossil remains, also from New Zealand. They became extinct during the past 1,000 years.^[9]

• †Aurora frog, Leiopelma auroraensis
• †Markham's frog, Leiopelma markhami^[10]
• †Waitomo frog, Leiopelma waitomoensis^[11]

One species from the late Pliocene period has recently been described.^[12]

• †Leiopelma bishopi Easton, Tennyson and Rawlence, 2021

Two species are known from Miocene deposits of the Saint Bathans fauna, with indeterminate remains possibly representing additional species^[13]

• †Leiopelma miocaenale
• †Leiopelma acricarina

Evolutionary history

DNA analysis indicates that Leiopelmatidae share a distant common ancestry with Ascaphidae to the exclusion of all other frogs, and Leiopelmatidae and Ascaphidae diverged from all other frogs around 200 million years ago.^[14] L. archeyi and L. hochstetteri are thought to have diverged from each other between 40 and 50 million years ago, based on genomic divergence estimates. Fossils of the genus are known from the early Miocene (19-16 million years ago) aged St Bathans Fauna of New Zealand.^[15]

See also

• Frogs of New Zealand

Further reading

• Web site: Native frog (Leiopelma ssp.) recovery plan. D.G. Newman. 1996. Department of Conservation, Wellington, New Zealand. 2007-11-07.

External links

• New Zealand Frog Conservation Biology - research on New Zealand frog biology

Notes and References

1. • Roelants. Kim. Franky Bossuyt. Archaeobatrachian paraphyly and Pangaean diversification of crown-group frogs. Systematic Biology. 54. 111–126. February 2005. 10.1080/10635150590905894. 15805014. 1. Pangaea. free .
   • San Mauro. Diego. Miguel Vences. Marina Alcobendas. Rafael Zardoya. Axel Meyer. Initial diversification of living amphibians predated the breakup of Pangaea. 10.1086/429523. American Naturalist. 165. 590–599. May 2005. 10.1086/429523. 15795855. 5. 17021360.
2. Web site: Leiopelmatidae Mivart, 1869. Frost, Darrel R.. 2015. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History. 1 September 2015.
3. • J.M. Conlon et al. / Peptides 30 (2009) 1069–1073
   • Web site: Leiopelmatidae. Leiopelma. Cannatella, David. 2008. The Tree of Life Web Project. 1 September 2015.
4. Web site: DOC: Photo-stage and Archey's Frog. 2005-12-05.
5. Essner. RL Jr. Suffian. DJ. Bishop. PJ. Reilly. SM. 2010. Landing in basal frogs: evidence of saltational patterns in the evolution of anuran locomotion. 20625697. Naturwissenschaften. 97. 10. 935–9. 10.1007/s00114-010-0697-4. 2010NW.....97..935E. 18602582 .
6. Book: Cogger, H.G.. Zweifel, R.G.. Zweifel, Richard G.. 1998. Encyclopedia of Reptiles and Amphibians. Academic Press. San Diego. 85. 978-0-12-178560-4.
7. 10.1080/03014223.2004.9518366. Bell. Ben D.. 2004. The fate of a population of the endemic frog Leiopelma pakeka (Anura: Leiopelmatidae) translocated to restored habitat on Maud Island, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Zoology. 31. 123–131. 2. etal.
8. Egeter. Bastian. Robertson. Bruce C.. Bishop. Phillip J.. 2015. A Synthesis of Direct Evidence of Predation on Amphibians in New Zealand, in the Context of Global Invasion Biology. Herpetological Review. 46. 512–519.
9. • Worthy. Trevor H.. Osteology of Leiopelma (Amphibia: Leiopelmatidae) and descriptions of three new subfossil Leiopelma species. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand. 1987. 17. 3. 201–251. 10.1080/03036758.1987.10418160 .
   • Worthy. Trevor H.. Palaeoecological information concerning members of the frog genus Leiopelma: Leiopelmatidae in New Zealand. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand. 1987. 17. 4. 409–420. 10.1080/03036758.1987.10426482 . free.
   • Web site: Native frog captive husbandry manual. Nadia Webster. 2004. Department of Conservation. 29 January 2015. 4 March 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160304055011/http://www.amphibianark.org/pdf/Husbandry/NZ%20Frog%20Husbandry%20Manual.pdf. dead.
10. Web site: Holotype of Leiopelma markhami. Collections Online. Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa. 17 July 2010.
11. Web site: Holotype of Leiopelma waitomoensis. Collections Online. Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa. 17 July 2010.
12. Easton. Luke J.. Tennyson. Alan J. D.. Rawlence. Nicolas J.. 2021-10-12. A new species of Leiopelma frog (Amphibia: Anura: Leiopelmatidae) from the late Pliocene of New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Zoology. 49 . 3 . 215–224. 10.1080/03014223.2021.1979053. 243120256 . 0301-4223.
13. Updating The Record from the Early Miocene St Bathans Fauna, Central Otago and its Significance for Documenting the Assembly of New Zealand’s Terrestrial Biota, Conference Paper · July 2014
14. Feng. Yan-Jie. Blackburn. David C.. Liang. Dan. Hillis. David M.. Wake. David B.. Cannatella. David C.. Zhang. Peng. 2017-07-18. Phylogenomics reveals rapid, simultaneous diversification of three major clades of Gondwanan frogs at the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. en. 114. 29. E5864–E5870. 10.1073/pnas.1704632114. 0027-8424. 5530686. 28673970. free.
15. Worthy. Th. Tennyson. Ajd. Scofield. Rp. Hand. Sj. December 2013. Early Miocene fossil frogs (Anura: Leiopelmatidae) from New Zealand. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand. en. 43. 4. 211–230. 10.1080/03036758.2013.825300. 0303-6758. 2328/35958. 84562226. free.