| Legislature VII of Italy | |
| Native Name: | VII legislatura della Repubblica Italiana |
| Native Name Lang: | it |
| Legislature: | 7th legislature |
| Coa Caption: | Emblems of the Senate and the Chamber of Deputies |
| House Type: | bicameral |
| Houses: | Chamber of Deputies Senate of the Republic |
| Disbanded: | |
| Preceded By: | VI Legislature |
| Succeeded By: | VIII Legislature |
| Leader1 Type: | President of the Senate |
| Leader2 Type: | President of the Chamber of Deputies |
| Seats: | 630 (C) 315+ (S) |
| House1: | Chamber of Deputies |
| House2: | Senate |
| Voting System1: | Proportional |
| Voting System2: | Proportional |
| Last Election3: | 20 June 1976 |
| Meeting Place: | Palazzo Montecitorio, Rome (C) |
| Meeting Place2: | Palazzo Madama, Rome (S) |
| Website: | Seventh Legislature – Chamber of Deputies Seventh Legislature – Senate |
| Constitution: | Constitution of Italy |
The Legislature VII of Italy (Italian: VII Legislatura della Repubblica Italiana) was the 7th legislature of the Italian Republic, and lasted from 5 July 1976 until 19 June 1979.[1] [2] Its composition was the one resulting from the general election of 20 June 1976.
See main article: Historic compromise. After the election which officially certified the historic growth of the communists, Aldo Moro became a vocal supporter of the necessity of starting a dialogue between DC and PCI.[3] Moro's main aim was to widen the democratic base of the government, including the PCI in the parliamentary majority: the cabinets should have been able to represent a larger number of voters and parties. According to him, the DC should have been as the centre of a coalition system based on the principles of consociative democracy.[4] This process was known as Historic Compromise.[5]
Between 1976 and 1977, Enrico Berlinguer's PCI broke with the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, implementing, with Spanish and French communist parties, a new political ideology known as Eurocommunism. Such a move made an eventual cooperation more acceptable for Christian democratic voters, and the two parties began an intense parliamentary debate, in a moment of deep social crises.[6]
The proposal by Moro of starting a cabinet composed by DC and PSI and externally supported by PCI was strongly opposed by both superpowers. The United States feared that the cooperation between PCI and DC might have allowed the communists to gain information on strategic NATO military plans and installations.[7] Moreover, the participation in government of the communists in a Western country would have represented a cultural failure for the USA. On the other hand, the Soviets considered the potential participation by the Italian Communist Party in a cabinet as a form of emancipation from Moscow and rapprochement to the Americans.[8]
The Christian democrat Giulio Andreotti, known as a staunch anti-communist, was called in to lead the first experiment of a cabinet externally supported by the communists. Andreotti's new cabinet, formed in July 1976, included only members of his own DC party but had the indirect support of the communists.[9] The cabinet was called "the government of the not-no confidence", because it was externally supported by all the political parties in the Parliament, except for the neo-fascist Italian Social Movement.[10] In this new climate of cooperation, on 5 July 1976 Pietro Ingrao was the first communist to be elected as President of the Chamber of Deputies.
This cabinet fell in January 1978. In March, the crisis was overcome by the intervention of Aldo Moro, who proposed a new cabinet again formed only by DC politicians, but this time with positive confidence votes from the other parties, including the PCI. This cabinet was also chaired by Andreotti, and was formed on 11 March 1978.
On 16 March 1978, Aldo Moro was kidnapped by the Red Brigades, an ultra-left terrorist group, on the day in which the new government was going to be sworn in before parliament. Despite the huge shock that the kidnapping and the consecutive murder of Aldo Moro caused on the Italian politics, Andreotti continued as Prime Minister of the "National Solidarity" government with the support of the PCI. During this period the Parliament passed a long list of new laws and reforms, including the creation of the Italian National Health Service, the promulgation of the Basaglia Law for the closing down of all psychiatric hospitals and the parliamentary approval of a new law to legalize abortion.
In June 1978, the PCI gave its approval and ultimately active support to a campaign against President Giovanni Leone, accused of being involved in the Lockheed bribery scandal. This resulted in the President's resignation. The party then supported the election of the veteran socialist Sandro Pertini as President of Italy.
On 29 June 1978 the Parliament and the representatives of the 20 Italian regions met to elect the sixth President of Italy. On 8 July 1978 the socialist Sandro Pertini was elected on the sixteenth ballot with 832 votes out of 1011.
| Prime Minister | Party | Term of office | Government | Composition | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Took office | Left office | |||||||
| Giulio Andreotti | Christian Democracy | 29 July 1976 | 11 March 1978 | bgcolor=#D5EFFF | Andreotti III | DC | ||
| 11 March 1978 | 20 March 1979 | bgcolor=#D5EFFF | Andreotti IV | |||||
| 20 March 1979 | 4 August 1979 | bgcolor=#D5EFFF | Andreotti V | bgcolor=#D5EFFF | DC PSI PSDI | |||
| Initial composition[11] (5 July 1976) | Final composition (19 June 1979) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parliamentary group | Seats | Parliamentary group | Seats | Change | |||||
| Christian Democracy | 262 | Christian Democracy | 263 | 1 | |||||
| Italian Communist Party | 228 | Italian Communist Party | 220 | 8 | |||||
| Italian Socialist Party | 57 | Italian Socialist Party | 57 | ||||||
| Italian Social Movement | 35 | Italian Social Movement | 17 | 18 | |||||
| National Democracy | 15 | 15 | |||||||
| Italian Democratic Socialist Party | 15 | Italian Democratic Socialist Party | 15 | ||||||
| Italian Republican Party | 14 | Italian Republican Party | 14 | ||||||
| Proletarian Democracy | 6 | Proletarian Democracy | 5 | 1 | |||||
| Italian Liberal Party | 5 | Italian Liberal Party | 5 | ||||||
| Radical Party | 4 | Radical Party | 5 | 1 | |||||
| Mixed | 4 | Mixed | 14 | 10 | |||||
| Südtiroler Volkspartei | 3 | Südtiroler Volkspartei | 3 | ||||||
| Independent–Non inscrits | 9 | 9 | |||||||
| Total seats | 630 | Total seats | 630 | ||||||
Amintore Fanfani (DC), elected on 5 July 1976
| Initial composition[12] (5 July 1976) | Final composition (19 June 1979) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parliamentary group | Seats | Parliamentary group | Seats | Change | |||||
| Christian Democracy | 135 | Christian Democracy | 135 | ||||||
| Italian Communist Party | 116 | Italian Communist Party | 117 | 1 | |||||
| Italian Socialist Party | 29 | Italian Socialist Party | 29 | ||||||
| Italian Social Movement | 15 | Italian Social Movement | 6 | 9 | |||||
| National Democracy | 9 | 9 | |||||||
| Italian Democratic Socialist Party | 6 | Italian Democratic Socialist Party | 8 | 2 | |||||
| Italian Republican Party | 6 | Italian Republican Party | 6 | ||||||
| Mixed | 8 | Mixed | 8 | ||||||
| Italian Liberal Party | 2 | Italian Liberal Party | 2 | ||||||
| Südtiroler Volkspartei | 2 | Südtiroler Volkspartei | 2 | ||||||
| Independent–Non inscrits | 4 | Independent–Non inscrits | 1 | 3 | |||||
| Total seats | 315 | Total seats | 315 | ||||||
| Senator | Motivation | Appointed by | From | Till | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Giovanni Gronchi | Former President of Italy | ex officio | 17 October 1978 (deceased) | ||
| Cesare Merzagora | Merits in the social field | President Antonio Segni | |||
| Ferruccio Parri | Merits in the social field | President Antonio Segni | |||
| Eugenio Montale | Merits in the literary field | President Giuseppe Saragat | |||
| Pietro Nenni | Merits in the social field | President Giuseppe Saragat | |||
| Giuseppe Saragat | Former President of Italy | ex officio | |||
| Amintore Fanfani | Merits in the social field | President Giovanni Leone | |||
| Giovanni Leone | Former President of Italy | ex officio | 15 June 1978 |