| Unit Name: | Legio VI Victrix |
| Dates: | 41 BC to after 2nd century |
| Country: | Roman Republic and Roman Empire |
| Type: | Roman legion (Marian) |
| Role: | Infantry assault (some cavalry support) |
| Size: | Varied over unit lifetime. |
| Garrison: | Perusia (41 BC) |
| Nickname: | Victrix, "Victorious" |
| Battles: | Perusia (41 BC) Cantabrian wars (29–19 BC) |
| Notable Commanders: | Galba |
Legio VI Victrix ("Victorious Sixth Legion") was a legion of the Imperial Roman army founded in 41 BC by the general Octavian (who, as Augustus, later became Rome's first emperor). It was the twin legion of VI Ferrata and perhaps held veterans of that legion, and some soldiers kept to the traditions of the Caesarian legion.
The legion saw its first action in Perusia in 41 BC. It also served against the Sextus Pompeius, who occupied Sicily and made threats to discontinue sending grain to Rome. In 31 BC the legion fought in the Battle of Actium against Mark Antony.
The legion took part in the final stage of the Roman conquest of Hispania, participating in Augustus' major war against the Cantabrians, from 29 BC to 19 BC,[1] that brought all of the Iberian Peninsula under Roman rule.
The legion stayed in Spain for nearly a century and received the surname Hispaniensis, founding the city of Legio (modern-day León).[2] Soldiers of this unit and X Gemina numbered among the first settlers of Caesaraugusta, what became modern-day Zaragoza. The cognomen Victrix (Victorious) dates back to the reign of Nero. But Nero was unpopular in the area, and when the governor of Hispania Tarraconensis, Galba, said he wished to overthrow Nero, the legion supported him and he was proclaimed Emperor in the VI Victrix legionary camp. Galba created VII Gemina and marched on Rome, where Nero killed himself.
For a brief period (approximately 110 AD to 119), the legion was stationed along the Rhine river in the province of Germania Inferior.
In 119, Hadrian relocated the legion to northern Britannia, to assist those legions already present in quelling the resistance there. Victrix was key in securing victory, and would eventually replace the diminished IX Hispana at Eboracum.[3] In 122 the legion started work on Hadrian's Wall which would sustain the peace for two decades.
Twenty years later, they helped construct the Antonine Wall and its forts such as Castlecary[4] and Croy Hill[5] but it was largely abandoned by 164. In 2020 a replica of the Eastermains stone was installed in Twechar. The original was found on Eastermains Farm (which adjoins Whitehill), west of Inchbelly Bridge, east of Kirkintilloch and is often associated with Auchendavy.[6] It has been scanned and a video produced.[7] It is similar to two other distance slabs of the Sixth Legion on the Antonine Wall.[8] [9]
In 175, the Roman emperor, Marcus Aurelius, defeated the Iazyges tribe of Sarmatians. He took them into Roman service and settled 5,500 of them in Britain; it has been claimed without evidence and contrary to legionary recruitment practices that some were assigned to Legio VI Victrix based in York. The only detachment attested in Britain is a unit at Ribchester, south of Lancaster. Less certain is evidence from Bainesse, near Catterick, where lost tiles apparently stamped BSAR may be evidence for the presence of a Sarmatian unit there.
Legio VI was awarded the honorary title "Britannica" by Commodus in AD 184 following his own adoption of the title. [10]
In 185, the British legions mutinied and put forward one legate Priscus, a commander of their own (about whom little other information is known, but possibly Caerellius Priscus), to replace the unpopular Emperor Commodus, but the former declined. The mutiny was suppressed by Pertinax, who would later become emperor himself after Commodus was murdered.
The large fort at Carpow in Scotland was occupied from about 184 by Legio VI who completed the fort with the principia and praetorium which they roofed with tiles bearing their new cognomen.[11]
The Legate of the legion in the late second century, Claudius Hieronymianus, dedicated a temple to Serapis in Eboracum in advance of the arrival of Septimius Severus in AD208.[12]
An altar to Hercules was dedicated by Gaius Vitellius Atticianus, Centurion of the Legio VI Victrix, at Whitley Castle (Epiacum), illustrated above left.[13]
| Name | Rank | Time frame | Province | Source | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Marcus Pompeius Macrinus Neos Theophanes[14] | legatus legionis | between 100 and 110 | Germania Inferior | ||
| Publius Tullius Varro[15] | legatus legionis | 118 | Britannica | ||
| Lucius Valerius Propinquus[16] | legatus legionis | c. 120 | Britannica | ||
| Lucius Minicius Natalis Quadronius Verus | legatus legionis | 131 | Britannica | ||
| Quintus Antonius Isauricus[17] | legatus legionis | 130s | Britannica | ||
| Publius Mummius Sisenna Rutilianus | legatus legionis | c. 130 | Britannica | ||
| Lucius Junius Victorinus Flavius Caelianus[18] | legatus legionis | 150s | Britannica | ||
| Quintus Camurius Numisius Junior[19] | legatus legionis | 155-158 | Britannica | ||
| Claudius Hieronymianus[20] | legatus legionis | between 190 and 212 | Britannica | ||
| Gaius Minicius Italus | tribunus angusticlavius | c. 80 | Hispania Tarraconensis | = ILS 1374; | |
| Marcus Macrinius Avitus Catonius Vindex | tribunus angusticlavius | 160s | Britannica | ||
| Publius Helvius Pertinax | tribunus angusticlavius | 170s | Britannica | ||
| Lucius Funisulanus Vettonianus | tribunus laticlavius | c. 58 | Hispania Tarraconensis | ||
| Gaius Calpetanus Rantius Quirinalis Valerius Festus | tribunus laticlavius | c. 60 | Hispania Tarraconensis | = ILS 989 | |
| Marcus Pontius Laelianus[21] | tribunus laticlavius | 122-124? | Britannica | ||
| Quintus Licinius Silvanus Granianus Quadronius Proculus[22] | tribunus laticlavius | 120s | Britannica | ||
| Aulus Titius Severus | centurio | 89-122 | Germania Inferior |
The legion is mentioned in Robert Heinlein's novel Have Space Suit – Will Travel and in the book From Scythia to Camelot by C. Scott Littleton and Linda A. Malcor.It is also mentioned in the video game as the only Western Roman legion in Britannia
A modern reenactment group based in Los Angeles reenacts this legion.
Another one exists based in Denmark and Sweden found under the name Legionord
Legio VI Victrix, Eboracum reenacts this legion in York.
The Antonine Guard, a living history society based in Scotland, recreates a unit of Legio VI during the Antonine occupation of Caledonia in the 2nd century AD.[23]