Legality of cryptocurrency by country or territory explained

The legal status of cryptocurrencies varies substantially from one jurisdiction to another, and is still undefined or changing in many of them.[1] Whereas, in the majority of countries the usage of cryptocurrency isn't in itself illegal, its status and usability as a means of payment (or a commodity) varies, with differing regulatory implications.[2]

While some states have explicitly allowed its use and trade, others have banned or restricted it. Likewise, various government agencies, departments, and courts have classified cryptocurrencies differently.

Detail by intergovernmental organization

Country or territory Legality
Legal----The European Union has passed no specific legislation relative to the status of bitcoin as a currency, but has stated that VAT/GST is not applicable to the conversion between traditional (fiat) currency and bitcoin.

VAT/GST and other taxes (such as income tax) still apply to transactions made using bitcoins for goods and services.

In October 2015, the Court of Justice of the European Union ruled that "The exchange of traditional currencies for units of the 'bitcoin' virtual currency is exempt from VAT" and that "Member States must exempt, inter alia, transactions relating to 'currency, bank notes and coins used as legal tender, making bitcoin a currency as opposed to being a commodity.[3] [4] According to judges, the tax should not be charged because bitcoins should be treated as a means of payment.[5]

According to the European Central Bank, traditional financial sector regulation is not applicable to bitcoin because it does not involve traditional financial actors.[6] Others in the EU have stated, however, that existing rules can be extended to include bitcoin and bitcoin companies.

The European Central Bank classifies bitcoin as a convertible decentralized virtual currency. In July 2014 the European Banking Authority advised European banks not to deal in virtual currencies such as bitcoin until a regulatory regime was in place.[7]

In 2016 the European Parliament's proposal to set up a taskforce to monitor virtual currencies to combat money laundering and terrorism, passed by 542 votes to 51, with 11 abstentions, has been sent to the European Commission for consideration.[8]

In January 2022, Erik Thedéen, vice-chair of the European Securities and Markets Authority, called for an EU ban on proof of work crypto-mining to favor the proof of stake model and fight climate change.[9]

G7 Legal----In 2013 the G7's Financial Action Task Force issued the following statement in guidelines which may be applicable to companies involved in transmitting bitcoin and other currencies, "Internet-based payment services that allow third party funding from anonymous sources may face an increased risk of [money laundering/terrorist financing]." They concluded that this might "pose challenges to countries in [anti-money laundering/counter-terrorist financing] regulation and supervision".[10]

Detail by country or territory

Alphabetical index to classifications

Africa

Northern Africa

Country or territory Legality
Algeria Illegal----According to the official journal (28 December 2017):

Art. 117. — The purchase, sale, use, and holding of so-called virtual currency is prohibited. Virtual currency is that used by internet users via the web. It is characterized by the absence of physical support such as coins, notes, payments by cheque or credit card. Any breach of this provision is punishable in accordance with the laws and regulations in force.[11] [12]

Egypt Illegal----"Individuals, banks, and other financial institutions are prohibited from dealing in cryptocurrencies."[13]
Morocco Illegal----On 20 November 2017 the exchange office issued a public statement in which it declared, "The Office des Changes wishes to inform the general public that the transactions via virtual currencies constitute an infringement of the exchange regulations, liable to penalties and fines provided for by [existing laws] in force."

The following day, the monetary authorities also reacted in a statement issued jointly by the Ministry of Economy and Finance, Bank Al-Maghrib and the Moroccan Capital Market Authority (AMMC), warning against risks associated with bitcoin, which may be used "for illicit or criminal purposes, including money laundering and terrorist financing".[14]

On 19 December 2017, Abdellatif Jouahri, governor of Bank Al-Maghrib, said at a press conference held in Rabat during the last quarterly meeting of the Bank Al-Maghrib's Board of 2017 that bitcoin is not a currency but a "financial asset". He also warned of its dangers and called for a framework to be put in place for consumer protection.[15]

East & Central Africa

Country or territory Legality
Legal / Use discouraged by central bank----While not officially banned, the Bank of Tanzania advises not to use cryptocurrency, stressing that the Tanzanian shilling is the only acceptable legal tender.[19] [20]
Central African Republic Legal----On 22 April 2022 parliament of the Central African Republic voted for the cryptocurrency law which was promulgated on 27 April officially making Bitcoin a legal tender in the country.[21] In April 2023, the CAR agreed to repeal the adoption of Bitcoin as legal tender.[22]

Southern Africa

Americas

North America

See also: BitLicense.

Country or territory Legality
Legal / Banking ban----Companies dealing in virtual currencies must register with the national financial intelligence agency Financial Transactions and Reports Analysis Centre of Canada (FINTRAC), implement compliance programs, keep the required records, report suspicious or terrorist-related transactions, and determine if any of their customers are "politically exposed persons."

The law applies to non-Canadian virtual currency exchanges if they have Canadian customers. Banks may not open or maintain accounts or have a correspondent banking relationship with companies dealing in virtual currencies if that company is not registered with FINTRAC.

Dealers in digital currency are regulated as money services businesses.[28]

The Autorité des marchés financiers (AMF), the financial regulator in the province of Quebec, has declared that some bitcoin related business models, including exchanges and ATMs, are regulated under its current MSB Act.[29]

As of April 2018, the Bank of Montreal (BMO) announced that it would ban its credit and debit card customers from participating in cryptocurrency purchases with their cards.[30] This is following another banking ban in Canada from Toronto-Dominion Bank (TD).[31]

United States Legal----The U.S. Treasury classified bitcoin as a convertible decentralized virtual currency in 2013.[32] The Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC), classified bitcoin as a commodity in September 2015. Per the Internal Revenue Service (IRS), bitcoin is taxed as a property.[33]

Bitcoin was mentioned in a U.S. Supreme Court opinion (in the case of Wisconsin Central Ltd. v. United States) on 21 June 2018.[34] In an opinion, the U.S. Supreme Court mentioned that the definition of money has changed over time and that "perhaps one day employees will be paid in Bitcoin or some other type of cryptocurrency..."

If money services businesses, including cryptocurrency exchanges, money transmitters, and anonymizing services (known as "mixers" or "tumblers") do a substantial amount of business in the U.S., according to Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN) director Kenneth Blanco in 2018, they are required to:

, U.S. FinCEN had been receiving more than 1,500 SARs per month involving cryptocurrencies.[35] Seventeen other countries have similar AML requirements.

In September 2016, in a federal court case involving a person operating an unlicensed money transmitting businesses, the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York ruled that "Bitcoins are funds within the plain meaning of that term. Bitcoins can be accepted as a payment for goods and services or bought directly from an exchange with a bank account. They therefore function as pecuniary resources and are used as a medium of exchange and a means of payment."[36]

Mexico Legal----Bitcoin was legal in Mexico as of 2017, with plans to regulate it as a virtual asset by the FinTech Law.[37]

Central America

Country or territory Legality
Costa Rica Not considered currency----In October 2017, the Central Bank of Costa Rica issued a statement that Bitcoin and cryptocurrencies are not considered currencies, are not backed by law, and cannot be traded on Costa Rica's national payment system. The Central Bank emphasized that anyone who used cryptocurrency did so at their own risk.[38]
El Salvador Legal----

See main article: Bitcoin in El Salvador.

Bitcoin was made legal tender in the country through the Bitcoin Law, which was passed on 8 June 2021,[39] [40] and took effect on 7 September 2021.[41] [42]

One month on, more Salvadorans have bitcoin wallets than traditional bank accounts, and the most popular bitcoin wallet—the government's officially-sponsored Chivo wallet—had been downloaded by three million people, approaching 46 percent of the population.[43] However, only 12 percent of Salvadoran consumers have used the cryptocurrency, and 93 percent of companies surveyed reported receiving no payments in bitcoin during the first month.[44]

Nicaragua Not regulated as of 2014----As of 2014, the government had not passed any regulation on Bitcoin, nor had the central bank issued rulings or guidelines. In January 2014, El Nuevo Diario reported that an American banker had used bitcoin to purchase real estate in the country.

Caribbean

Country or territory Legality
Jamaica Legal----In 2017, The Bank of Jamaica (BoJ), issued a statement saying that it must create opportunities for the exploitation of cryptocurrency technology. The BoJ said it planned a campaign to build awareness of cryptocurrencies as part of increasing general financial literacy.[45] [46]
Trinidad and Tobago Legal----In 2018, the Central Bank of Trinidad and Tobago issued a statement that it was willing to work with companies that provided Fintech and virtual currencies, while also cautioning that virtual currencies were risky, could be used to facilitate criminal activities, and lacked insurance and regulator recourse in case of problems.[47]

South America

Asia

Central Asia

Country or territory Legality
Afghanistan Illegal----In August 2022 Taliban banned trading in cryptocurrencies.[57]
Kyrgyzstan Legal----Bitcoin is considered a commodity,[58] not a security or currency under the laws of the Kyrgyz Republic and may be legally mined, bought, sold and traded on a local commodity exchange.[59] The use of bitcoin as a currency in domestic settlements is restricted.[60]
Uzbekistan Legal----On 2 September 2018, a decree legalizing crypto trading — also making it tax-free — and mining in the country came into force, making Uzbekistan a crypto-friendly state.[61]

Southeast Asia

Europe

Western Europe

Country or territory Legality
Belgium Legal----In July 2013, the Minister of Finance expressed concerns over the use of Bitcoin for money laundering, but indicated that government intervention did not yet appear necessary.
France Legal----The French Ministry of Finance issued regulations on 11 July 2014 pertaining to the operation of virtual currency professionals, exchanges, and taxation.[192]
IrelandNot regulated by central bank----The Central Bank of Ireland was quoted in Dáil Éireann in December 2013 as stating that it does not regulate bitcoin, and that bitcoin is not legal tender in the European Union.
Luxembourg Legal----The Commission de Surveillance du Secteur Financier has issued a communication in February 2014 acknowledging the status of currency to the bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies.[193] The first BitLicence was issued in October 2015.[194]
Netherlands Legal----, "alternative virtual currencies" such as bitcoin are not classified as money and do not fall within the scope of the Act on Financial Supervision of the Netherlands. When dealing with cryptocurrencies one must declare them and pay taxes to the Dutch Tax and Customs Administration.[195]
United Kingdom Legal----, the government of the United Kingdom has stated that bitcoin is unregulated and that it is treated as a 'foreign currency' for most purposes, including VAT/GST.

Bitcoin is treated as 'private money'. When bitcoin is exchanged for sterling or for foreign currencies, such as euro or dollar, no VAT will be due on the value of the bitcoins themselves. However, in all instances, VAT will be due in the normal way from suppliers of any goods or services sold in exchange for bitcoin or other similar cryptocurrency. Profits and losses on cryptocurrencies are subject to capital gains tax.[196]

In March 2022, the Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) declared that all cryptocurrency ATMs in the country were illegal, as none of the ATM's operators had successfully registered with the agency. The FCA cited a failure to comply with know your customer laws, as well as the high risk to customers, due to a lack of regulation and protection.[197] [198]

Oceania

Australasia

Country or territory Legality
Australia Legal----In December 2013, the governor of the Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA) indicated in an interview about bitcoin legality stating, "There would be nothing to stop people in this country deciding to transact in some other currency in a shop if they wanted to. There's no law against that, so we do have competing currencies."[199] Beginning in April 2018, Australian digital currency exchanges must register with the Australian Transaction Reports and Analysis Centre and implement "know your customer" policies to comply with new anti-money laundering legislation.[200]
New Zealand Legal----The Reserve Bank of New Zealand states: "Non-banks do not need our approval for schemes that involve the storage and/or transfer of value (such as 'bitcoin') – so long as they do not involve the issuance of physical circulating currency (notes and coins)."

Melanesia

Country or territory Legality
Legal----Prime Minister Sitiveni Rabuka is a proponent of cryptocurrencies and has even planned to make bitcoin legal tender as soon as 2023.
Legal----The government officially supports the use of blockchain technologies, including cryptocurrencies.[201]
Legal----Legalised in 2021.[202]

Micronesia

Country or territory Legality
Legal----Decentralised autonomous organisations (DAOs), which are blockchain-based, are considered legal entities in the Marshall Islands.
Legal----The use of cryptocurrencies is officially supported by the government.[203]

Polynesia

Country or territory Legality
Legal----The use of cryptocurrencies in Samoa is legal but discouraged by the Central Bank of Samoa.
Legal----Tonga plans to make bitcoin legal tender by the end of 2023. This has been planned since late 2021.[204]

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3042248 Assessing the Differences in Bitcoin & Other Cryptocurrency Legality Across National Jurisdictions
  2. https://medium.com/coinmonks/cryptos-big-legal-problems-63b760385fea Crypto's Biggest Legal Problems
  3. Web site: The exchange of traditional currencies for units of the 'bitcoin' virtual currency is exempt from VAT. Court of Justice of the European Union. 6 December 2016. 25 June 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190625210711/https://curia.europa.eu/jcms/upload/docs/application/pdf/2015-10/cp150128en.pdf. live.
  4. News: Bitcoin currency exchange not liable for VAT taxes: top EU court. 23 October 2015. Reuters. 22 October 2015. 25 September 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210925154949/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-bitcoin-tax-eu-idUSKCN0SG0X920151022. live.
  5. News: Bodoni. Stephanie. Thomson. Amy. EU's Top Court Rules That Bitcoin Exchange Is Tax-Free. 23 October 2015. BloombergBusiness. Bloomberg. 22 October 2015. 14 November 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181114224101/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-10-22/bitcoin-virtual-currency-exchange-is-tax-free-eu-court-says-ig21wzcd. live.
  6. Book: Virtual Currency Schemes. October 2012. European Central Bank. Frankfurt am Main. 978-92-899-0862-7. European Central Bank. 5 March 2014. 24 December 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131224195207/http://www.ecb.europa.eu/pub/pdf/other/virtualcurrencyschemes201210en.pdf. live.
  7. Web site: EBA Opinion on 'virtual currencies'. European Banking Authority. 8 July 2014. 46. 4 July 2014. 18 September 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190918080431/https://eba.europa.eu/documents/10180/657547/EBA-Op-2014-08+Opinion+on+Virtual+Currencies.pdf. live.
  8. Web site: MEPs call for virtual currency watchdog to combat money laundering and terrorism - News - European Parliament. 26 May 2016. Europarl.europa.eu. 22 March 2019. 20 October 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211020144345/https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/press-room/20160524IPR28821/meps-call-for-virtual-currency-watchdog-to-combat-money-laundering-and-terrorism. live.
  9. News: FirstFT: EU should ban energy-intensive mode of crypto mining, regulator says. Angelica. Crisostomo. Gordon. Smith. William. Langley. Financial Times. 18 January 2022. 28 January 2022. 28 January 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220128144138/https://www.ft.com/content/9e0baec5-8cdd-48cc-92c3-317f002dd186. live.
  10. Web site: Guidance for a Risk-Based Approach: Prepaid Cards, Mobile Payments and Internet-based Payment Services. Guidance for a risk-based approach. Financial Action Task Force (FATF). 6 March 2014. Paris. 47. June 2013. 24 September 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150924010707/http://www.fatf-gafi.org/media/fatf/documents/recommendations/Guidance-RBA-NPPS.pdf. live.
  11. Web site: Journal Officiel de la Republique Algerienne Democratique et Populaire . 3 January 2019 . 23 December 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211223235424/https://www.joradp.dz/FTP/jo-francais/2017/F2017076.pdf . live .
  12. Web site: Regulation of Cryptocurrency Around the World . Library of Congress . The Law Library of Congress, Global Legal Research Center . 14 August 2018 . June 2018 . 16 December 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211216083958/https://www.loc.gov/item/2021687419/ . live .
  13. 18. Regulation of Cryptocurrency Around the World. 13 July 2024. November 2021. Nov 2021 Update.
  14. Web site: COMMUNIQUE DE PRESSE CONJOINT DU MINISTERE DE L'ECONOMIE ET DES FINANCES, DE BANK AL MAGHRIB ET DE L'AUTORITE MAROCAINE DU MARCHE DES CAPITAUX SUR L'USAGE DES MONNAIES VIRTUELLES . 3 January 2019 . 16 May 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180516203841/http://www.ammc.ma/sites/default/files/communique%20monnaies%20virtuelles%20FR_0.pdf . dead .
  15. Web site: Le digital, champ de bataille de Bank Al-Maghrib en 2018 . 3 January 2019 . 4 January 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190104074529/http://www.menara.ma/fr/actualit%C3%A9s/economie/2017/12/20/2333841-le-digital-champ-de-bataille-de-bank-al-maghrib-en-2018.html . live .
  16. Web site: They are not legal tenders in Nigeria - CBN bans bitcoin, onecoin, others. Adeola. Opeyemi. 18 January 2017. Legit.ng. 22 March 2019. 12 September 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170912021520/https://www.naij.com/1083244-central-bank-nigeria-bans-transaction-bitcoins-onecoin-others.html. live.
  17. Web site: Why Nigeria has not adopted Bitcoin technology – CBN. Cassandra. Chuba. 9 August 2017. Today.ng. 22 March 2019. 18 October 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211018171949/https://www.today.ng/technology/internet/nigeria-adopted-bitcoin-technology-cbn-2575. live.
  18. Book: Letter to Banks on Crypto . 5 February 2021 . Central Bank of Nigeria . 5 February 2021 . 22 October 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211022141052/https://www.cbn.gov.ng/out/2021/ccd/letter%20on%20crypto.pdf . live .
  19. Web site: Ndalu. Dorothy. 18 November 2019. Tanzania: Bank of Tanzania Warns Against Crypto Currencies. 18 April 2021. allAfrica.com. en. 18 April 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210418121622/https://allafrica.com/stories/201911180117.html. live.
  20. . PUBLIC NOTICEON CRYPTOCURRENCIES . . November 2019 . 18 April 2021.
  21. https://www.rfi.fr/en/central-african-republic-adopts-bitcoin-as-legal-currency Central African Republic adopts bitcoin as legal currency
  22. Web site: Frequently Asked Questions on Central African Republic . 2023-08-11 . International Monetary Fund . en.
  23. Web site: Recognition of Digital Assets as an asset-class for investment by Sophisticated and Expert Investors . Financial Services Commission (Mauritius) . 17 September 2018 . 8 January 2020 . 18 October 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211018173727/https://www.fscmauritius.org/media/55003/guidance-note-on-the-recognition-of-digital-assets.pdf . live .
  24. Web site: . BITCOINS - Especialistas desaconselham em Angola . TPA Online . 13 September 2019 . YouTube . 7 January 2020 . pt . 16 February 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220216214158/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CxporKEMZY4 . live .
  25. Web site: Position Paper on Virtual Currencies. South African Reserve Bank. 3 September 2016. 22 December 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181222114340/https://www.resbank.co.za/RegulationAndSupervision/NationalPaymentSystem(NPS)/Legal/Documents/Position%20Paper/Virtual%20Currencies%20Position%20Paper%20%20Final_02of2014.pdf. dead.
  26. News: Rangongo. Timothy. Own bitcoin or ethereum? Sars is coming for you.. 22 May 2018. Business Insider. April 2018. 18 October 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211018174011/https://www.businessinsider.co.za/own-bitcoin-sars-is-coming-for-you-2018-4. dead.
  27. Web site: Position on Distributed Ledger Technologies and Virtual Currencies in Namibia. Bank of Namibia. 17 November 2017. 17 November 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171117174632/https://www.bon.com.na/CMSTemplates/Bon/Files/bon.com.na/c6/c6e59534-4bc8-4730-a091-eaffa172d2e9.pdf. dead.
  28. Web site: Money services businesses (MSBs). Canada. Financial Transactions and Reports Analysis Centre of. Fintrac-canafe.gc.ca. 28 March 2017 . 5 September 2017. 26 June 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190626102105/http://www.fintrac-canafe.gc.ca/msb-esm/intro-eng.asp. live.
  29. Web site: Virtual currency ATMs and trading platforms must be authorized. financiers. L'Autorité des marchés. Autorité des marchés financiers. 5 September 2017. 9 December 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181209110037/https://lautorite.qc.ca/en/general-public/media-centre/news/fiche-dactualites/virtual-currency-atms-and-trading-platforms-must-be-authorized/. dead.
  30. Web site: Canada Banks Ban Users From Buying Cryptocurrency. Nathan. Reiff. Investopedia. 22 March 2019. 18 October 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211018175710/https://www.investopedia.com/news/canada-banks-ban-users-buying-cryptocurrency/. live.
  31. Web site: TD Bank stops allowing use of credit cards to buy cryptocurrencies. Cbc.ca. 22 March 2019. 18 October 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211018175710/https://www.cbc.ca/news/business/td-banks-bitcoin-1.4549697. live.
  32. Web site: Statement of Jennifer Shasky Calvery, Director Financial Crimes Enforcement Network United States Department of the Treasury Before the United States Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs Subcommittee on National Security and International Trade and Finance Subcommittee on Economic Policy. 19 November 2013. fincen.gov. Financial Crimes Enforcement Network. 1 June 2014. 9 July 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190709175503/https://www.fincen.gov/news/testimony/statement-jennifer-shasky-calvery-director-financial-crimes-enforcement-network. live.
  33. Web site: IRS Virtual Currency Guidance : Virtual Currency Is Treated as Property for U.S. Federal Tax Purposes; General Rules for Property Transactions Apply. Irs.gov. 22 April 2017. 22 August 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170822150011/https://www.irs.gov/uac/newsroom/irs-virtual-currency-guidance. live.
  34. News: The US Supreme Court just spoke about a bitcoin future for the first time. Farquhar. Peter. 22 June 2018. 22 June 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180622030505/https://www.businessinsider.com.au/the-us-supreme-court-just-spoke-about-a-bitcoin-future-for-the-first-time-2018-6. 22 June 2018. dead . "Does a stock option received by an employee (along with, say, a paycheck) count as a 'form'—some form, 'any form'—of 'money remuneration?' The railroads, as the majority notes, believe they can find the answer to this question by engaging in (and winning) a war of 1930's dictionaries. I am less sanguine. True, some of those dictionaries say that 'money' primarily refers to currency or promissory documents used as 'a medium of exchange.' See ante, at 2–3. But even this definition has its ambiguities. A railroad employee cannot use her paycheck as a 'medium of exchange.' She cannot hand it over to a cashier at the grocery store; she must first deposit it. The same is true of stock, which must be converted into cash and deposited in the employee's account before she can enjoy its monetary value. Moreover, what we view as money has changed over time. Cowrie shells once were such a medium but no longer are, see J. Weatherford, The History of Money 24 (1997); our currency originally included gold coins and bullion, but, after 1934, gold could not be used as a medium of exchange, see Gold Reserve Act of 1934, ch. 6, §2, 48 Stat. 337; perhaps one day employees will be paid in Bitcoin or some other type of cryptocurrency,...".
  35. Web site: Prepared Remarks of FinCEN Director Kenneth A. Blanco, delivered at the 2018 Chicago-Kent Block (Legal) Tech Conference . Fincen.gov . U.S. Department of the Treasury . 13 August 2018 . 9 August 2018 . 15 October 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211015152423/https://www.fincen.gov/news/speeches/prepared-remarks-fincen-director-kenneth-blanco-delivered-2018-chicago-kent-block . live .
  36. Web site: Bitcoin is money, U.S. judge says in case tied to JPMorgan hack . 20 September 2016 . 22 March 2019 . Reuters . 22 June 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180622111506/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-jpmorgan-cyber-bitcoin-idUSKCN11P2DE . live .
  37. Web site: Regulación sobre bitcoin avanza con Ley Fintech. Elfinanciero.com.mx. 4 April 2017 . 22 March 2019. 8 March 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210308035231/https://www.elfinanciero.com.mx/mercados/regulacion-sobre-bitcoin-avanza-con-ley-fintech.html. live.
  38. Web site: Posición del Banco Central de Costa Rica (BCCR) y sus Órganos de Desconcentración Máxima (ODM) con respecto a las criptomonedas. Banco Central de Costa Rica. 9 October 2017. 15 January 2022. 25 May 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220525103412/https://www.bccr.fi.cr/noticias/noticias-del-a%C3%B1o-2017. live.
  39. https://www.asamblea.gob.sv/node/11282 El Salvador, primer país del mundo en reconocer al Bitcoin como moneda de curso legal
  40. News: Diputados oficialistas aprueban el Bitcoin como moneda de curso legal, ¿en qué consiste?. El Salvador. 8 June 2021. 9 June 2021. 18 October 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211018183800/https://www.elsalvador.com/noticias/nacional/oficialismo-aprobar-bitcoin-moneda-legal-el-salvador/846796/2021/. live.
  41. Web site: El Salvador Becomes First Country to Adopt Bitcoin as National Currency. The Wall Street Journal. 7 September 2021. 7 September 2021. 7 September 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210907233833/https://www.wsj.com/articles/bitcoin-comes-to-el-salvador-first-country-to-adopt-crypto-as-national-currency-11631005200. live.
  42. Web site: El Salvador bought $21 million of bitcoin as it becomes first country to make it a legal currency. CNBC. 7 September 2021. 7 September 2021. 18 October 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211018183758/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/09/07/el-salvador-buys-400-bitcoin-ahead-of-law-making-it-legal-currency.html. live.
  43. News: In El Salvador, More People Have Bitcoin Wallets Than Traditional Bank Accounts . Roy . Avik . . 7 October 2021 . 10 October 2021 . 18 October 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211018102636/https://www.forbes.com/sites/theapothecary/2021/10/07/in-el-salvador-more-people-have-bitcoin-wallets-than-traditional-bank-accounts/ . live .
  44. News: Bitcoin use in El Salvador grows amid setbacks since its adoption as legal tender . . 7 October 2021 . 12 October 2021 . 18 October 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211018183758/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/bitcoin-use-el-salvador-grows-setbacks-adopting-legal-tender-rcna2743 . live .
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