Lebrija River Explained

Lebrija River
Name Etymology:Antonio de Lebrija
Pushpin Map:Colombia
Pushpin Map Caption:Location of the Lebrija River in Colombia
Source1 Coordinates:7.0998°N -73.0153°W
Mouth Coordinates:8.132°N -73.7735°W
Subdivision Type1:Country
Subdivision Name1:Colombia
Subdivision Type2:Departments
Subdivision Type3:Provinces
Subdivision Type4:Municipalities
Source1:Eastern Ranges
Source1 Location:Piedecuesta
Source1 Elevation:2532m (8,307feet)
Mouth:Magdalena River
Mouth Location:Puerto Wilches / Loma de Corredor (Aguachica)
Mouth Elevation:41.1m (134.8feet)
River System:Magdalena Basin
 Caribbean Sea
Basin Size:8790km2
Discharge1 Location:San Rafael
Discharge1 Min:55.1m3/s
Discharge1 Max:706m3/s

Lebrija River is a river of northern Colombia. It originates in the Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes in Piedecuesta and flows through the northern part of the department of Santander into the Magdalena River in Puerto Wilches.

Etymology

The Lebrija River is named after Antonio de Lebrija, the conquistador who discovered the river in 1529.

Description

The Lebrija River originates at an altitude of 2532m (8,307feet) in the Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes to the northeast of Piedecuesta, Santander. The Lebrija River, a confluence of the Suratá River and the Río de Oro,[1] [2] flows northward through the municipalities Girón, capital of Santander Bucaramanga, Lebrija and Sabana de Torres to flow into the Magdalena River near the Loma de Corredor, Puerto Wilches,[3] Santander at an altitude of 41.1m (134.8feet).[4] In the lower course of the river, it forms the natural boundary between Santander and Cesar, close to the border with Bolívar. About 100km (100miles) of the river, with a total basin size of 8790km2, is navegable.[5]

Geology

The type locality of the Girón Formation was identified along the Lebrija River in 1954.[6] At this type section, a total thickness of 4650m (15,260feet) of the formation was registered in 1968.[7] The type locality of the 1km (01miles) thick La Paz Formation is also located near the river.[8]

Climate

The heavy rains over the capital district of Santander, the metropolitan area of Bucaramanga, have caused mortality of fish in the Lebrija River.[9] The Lebrija River transports an average of of water per year.[10] The maximum discharge at the San Rafael station has been registered in December with and the minimum in January with .[11] [12] The higher basin of Lebrija Alto has between 66and of precipitation per year in a bimodal pattern. The rainy seasons are March to May and September to November with drier periods from December to February and June to August. The temperature ranges from 0C35C, the relative humidity reached 81% and the hours of sunshine vary between 1472 and 1913.[13]

Flora and fauna

See main article: Biodiversity of Colombia. Many species of flora and fauna have been registered in the Lebrija River basin. A total number of 761 species of which 172 birds, 77 insects, 124 mammals, 104 fish and 284 plant species have been noted at Rionegro, Santander.[14] The Cerulean Warbler Bird Reserve is close to the Lebrija River in Bucaramanga.[15]

Flora

The following species and genera are noted in the upper part of the Lebrija River: Ocotea sp., Miconia sp., Guarea grandifolia, Hedyosmum bomplandianum, Guateria sp., Protium sp., Ochroma sp., Piper sp., Trema micrantha, Vismia baccifera, Urera caracasana, Cecropia sp. and Croton leptostachis.[16]

Fauna

Mammals

The following mammals have been registered in the upper and central Lebrija River basins:[14] [16] [17]

NameSpeciesImage
Alouatta seniculus
Aotus griseimembra
Cebus albifrons
Leopardus pardalis
Tamandua tetradactyla
Tamandua mexicana
Cyclopes didactylus
Coendou prehensilis
Cerdocyon thous
Procyon cancrivorus
Pecari tajacu
Mazama americana
Sciurus granatensis
Bradypus variegatus
Choloepus didactylus
Choloepus hoffmanni
Sylvilagus brasiliensis
Sylvilagus floridanus
Didelphis marsupialis
Metachirus nudicaudatus
Monodelphis adusta
Agouti paca
Cuniculus paca
Dasyprocta fuliginosa
Dasyprocta punctata
Potos flavus
Eira barbara
Mustela frenata
Conepatus semistriatus
Lontra longicaudis
Dasypus novemcinctus
Cabassous centralis
Melanomys caliginosus
Artibeus jamaicensis
Artibeus phaeotis
Carollia brevicauda
Carollia perspicillata
Desmodus rotundus
Micronycteris microtis
Platyrrhinus helleri
Saccopteryx bilineata
Sturnira lilium
Artibeus lituratus
Carollia castanea
Centronycteris centralis
Choeroniscus godmani
Diclidurus albus
Myotis nigricans
Amphibians and reptiles

The following species have been registered in the central Lebrija River basin:[14]

NameSpeciesImage
Rheobates palmatus
Craugastor raniformis
Hypsiboas crepitans
Dendropsophus microcephalus
Hyalinobatrachium fleischmanni
Dendrobates truncatus
Rhinella margaritifera
Dendropsophus subocularis
Pristimantis miyatai
Rulyrana adiazeta
Allobates niputidea
fer-de-lance Bothrops asper
Imantodes cenchoa
Ninia atrata
Coniophanes fissidens
Micrurus dumerilii
Thecadactylus rapicauda
Polychrus marmoratus
Anolis frenatus
Anolis sulcifrons
Lepidoblepharis xanthostigma
Sphaerodactylus heliconiae
Birds

The following species have been registered in the central Lebrija River basin:[14]

NameSpeciesImage
Amazilia tzacatl
Arremon aurantiirostris
Attila spadiceus
Basileuterus rufifrons
Brotogeris jugularis
Bubulcus ibis
Buteogallus urubitinga
Cairina moschata
Campylorhynchus griseus
Cathartes aura
Catharus minimus
Ceratopipra erythrocephala
Cercomacra tyrannina
Chloroceryle americana
Chlorophanes spiza
Chlorostilbon mellisugus
Coereba flaveola
Colaptes punctigula
Colinus cristatus
Columbina talpacoti
Coragyps atratus
Corapipo leucorrhoa
Crotophaga ani
Crypturellus soui
Cyanocorax yncas
Cyclarhis gujanensis
Dacnis lineata
Damophila julie
Dendrocincla fuliginosa
Dendroplex picus
Elaenia flavogaster
Elaenia frantzii
Elanus leucurus
Epinecrophylla fulviventris
Euphonia laniirostris
Florisuga mellivora
Forpus conspicillatus
Geranoaetus albicaudatus
Glyphorynchus spirurus
Henicorhina leucosticta
Hylophilus flavipes
Icterus chrysater
Lathrotriccus euleri
Leptotila verreauxi
Machaeropterus regulus
Manacus manacus
Megarhynchus pitangua
Megascops choliba
Melanerpes rubricapillus
Microcerculus marginatus
Milvago chimachima
Mimus gilvus
Mionectes oleagineus
Myiothlypis fulvicauda
Myiozetetes cayanensis
Nyctidromus albicollis
Ortalis columbiana
Oryzoborus angolensis
Pachyramphus rufus
Patagioenas fasciata
Phaethornis anthophilus
Phaethornis guy
Phaethornis striigularis
Picumnus olivaceus
Pitangus sulphuratus
Poecilotriccus sylvia
Pulsatrix perspicillata
Pygochelidon cyanoleuca
Pyrocephalus rubinus
Ramphocelus flammigerus
Ramphocelus dimidiatus
Rupornis magnirostris
Saltator olivascens
Saltator maximus
Saltator striatipectus
Sayornis nigricans
Sicalis flaveola
Sporophila bouvronides
Sporophila plumbea
Sporophila minuta
Sporophila nigricollis
Stelgidopteryx ruficollis
Streptoprocne rutila
Tachycineta albiventer
Tachyphonus luctuosus
Tangara cyanicollis
Tangara gyrola
Tangara heinei
Tangara vitriolina
Thamnophilus doliatus
Thraupis episcopus
Thraupis palmarum
Threnetes ruckeri
Tiaris fuliginosus
Tigrisoma fasciatum
Todirostrum cinereum
Troglodytes aedon
Turdus ignobilis
Turdus leucomelas
Tyrannus melancholicus
Vireo olivaceus
Volatinia jacarina
Xenops minutus
Zenaida auriculata
Cercomacra nigricans
Habia gutturalis
Pheugopedius spadix
Schiffornis turdina
Thamnophilus punctatus
Fish

See also: List of fishes in the Magdalena River. The following species have been registered in the central Lebrija River basin:[14]

NameSpeciesImage
Poecilia reticulata
Geophagus steindachneri
wolf fish Hoplias malabaricus
Prochilodus magdalenae
Sturisomatichthys leightoni
Poecilia caucana
Astroblepus homodon
Leporinus muyscorum
Ancistrus caucanus
Astynax magdalenae
Brycon henni
Chaetostoma fischeri
Chaetostoma milesi
Gephyrocharax melanocheir
Hemibrycon dentatus
Hypostomus hondae
Ichthyoelephas longirostris
Parodon magdalenensis
Pimelodus blochii
Pimelodus grosskopfii
Rhamdia quelen
Roeboides dayii
Salminus affinis

Trivia

See also

List of rivers of Colombia

Suárez River

Chicamocha River, Sogamoso River

References

Bibliography

Notes and References

  1. GIDROT, 2011, p.144
  2. CIAT, s.a., p.21
  3. CDIM, s.a., p.5
  4. https://www.freemaptools.com/elevation-finder.htm Google Maps Elevation Finder
  5. GIDROT, 2011, p.128
  6. GIDROT, 2011, p.44
  7. GIDROT, 2011, p.45
  8. GIDROT, 2011, p.59
  9. El Río Lebrija pierde sus peces - El Espectador
  10. GIDROT, 2011, p.117
  11. GIDROT, 2011, p.118
  12. GIDROT, 2011, p.119
  13. CDMB, s.a., p.4
  14. Fauna y flora de la cuenca media del Río Lebrija en Rionegro, Santander - Humboldt Institute
  15. http://www.proaves.org/cerulean-warbler-bird-reserve/?lang=en Cerulean Warbler Bird Reserve
  16. CDMB, s.a., p.9
  17. CDMB, s.a., p.10
  18. Castaño Mora, 1986, p.666