| Lebrija River | |
| Name Etymology: | Antonio de Lebrija |
| Pushpin Map: | Colombia |
| Pushpin Map Caption: | Location of the Lebrija River in Colombia |
| Source1 Coordinates: | 7.0998°N -73.0153°W |
| Mouth Coordinates: | 8.132°N -73.7735°W |
| Subdivision Type1: | Country |
| Subdivision Name1: | Colombia |
| Subdivision Type2: | Departments |
| Subdivision Type3: | Provinces |
| Subdivision Type4: | Municipalities |
| Source1: | Eastern Ranges |
| Source1 Location: | Piedecuesta |
| Source1 Elevation: | 2532m (8,307feet) |
| Mouth: | Magdalena River |
| Mouth Location: | Puerto Wilches / Loma de Corredor (Aguachica) |
| Mouth Elevation: | 41.1m (134.8feet) |
| River System: | Magdalena Basin Caribbean Sea |
| Basin Size: | 8790km2 |
| Discharge1 Location: | San Rafael |
| Discharge1 Min: | 55.1m3/s |
| Discharge1 Max: | 706m3/s |
Lebrija River is a river of northern Colombia. It originates in the Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes in Piedecuesta and flows through the northern part of the department of Santander into the Magdalena River in Puerto Wilches.
The Lebrija River is named after Antonio de Lebrija, the conquistador who discovered the river in 1529.
The Lebrija River originates at an altitude of 2532m (8,307feet) in the Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes to the northeast of Piedecuesta, Santander. The Lebrija River, a confluence of the Suratá River and the Río de Oro,[1] [2] flows northward through the municipalities Girón, capital of Santander Bucaramanga, Lebrija and Sabana de Torres to flow into the Magdalena River near the Loma de Corredor, Puerto Wilches,[3] Santander at an altitude of 41.1m (134.8feet).[4] In the lower course of the river, it forms the natural boundary between Santander and Cesar, close to the border with Bolívar. About 100km (100miles) of the river, with a total basin size of 8790km2, is navegable.[5]
The type locality of the Girón Formation was identified along the Lebrija River in 1954.[6] At this type section, a total thickness of 4650m (15,260feet) of the formation was registered in 1968.[7] The type locality of the 1km (01miles) thick La Paz Formation is also located near the river.[8]
The heavy rains over the capital district of Santander, the metropolitan area of Bucaramanga, have caused mortality of fish in the Lebrija River.[9] The Lebrija River transports an average of of water per year.[10] The maximum discharge at the San Rafael station has been registered in December with and the minimum in January with .[11] [12] The higher basin of Lebrija Alto has between 66and of precipitation per year in a bimodal pattern. The rainy seasons are March to May and September to November with drier periods from December to February and June to August. The temperature ranges from 0C35C, the relative humidity reached 81% and the hours of sunshine vary between 1472 and 1913.[13]
See main article: Biodiversity of Colombia. Many species of flora and fauna have been registered in the Lebrija River basin. A total number of 761 species of which 172 birds, 77 insects, 124 mammals, 104 fish and 284 plant species have been noted at Rionegro, Santander.[14] The Cerulean Warbler Bird Reserve is close to the Lebrija River in Bucaramanga.[15]
The following species and genera are noted in the upper part of the Lebrija River: Ocotea sp., Miconia sp., Guarea grandifolia, Hedyosmum bomplandianum, Guateria sp., Protium sp., Ochroma sp., Piper sp., Trema micrantha, Vismia baccifera, Urera caracasana, Cecropia sp. and Croton leptostachis.[16]
The following mammals have been registered in the upper and central Lebrija River basins:[14] [16] [17]
| Name | Species | Image |
|---|---|---|
| Alouatta seniculus | ||
| Aotus griseimembra | ||
| Cebus albifrons | ||
| Leopardus pardalis | ||
| Tamandua tetradactyla | ||
| Tamandua mexicana | ||
| Cyclopes didactylus | ||
| Coendou prehensilis | ||
| Cerdocyon thous | ||
| Procyon cancrivorus | ||
| Pecari tajacu | ||
| Mazama americana | ||
| Sciurus granatensis | ||
| Bradypus variegatus | ||
| Choloepus didactylus | ||
| Choloepus hoffmanni | ||
| Sylvilagus brasiliensis | ||
| Sylvilagus floridanus | ||
| Didelphis marsupialis | ||
| Metachirus nudicaudatus | ||
| Monodelphis adusta | ||
| Agouti paca | ||
| Cuniculus paca | ||
| Dasyprocta fuliginosa | ||
| Dasyprocta punctata | ||
| Potos flavus | ||
| Eira barbara | ||
| Mustela frenata | ||
| Conepatus semistriatus | ||
| Lontra longicaudis | ||
| Dasypus novemcinctus | ||
| Cabassous centralis | ||
| Melanomys caliginosus | ||
| Artibeus jamaicensis | ||
| Artibeus phaeotis | ||
| Carollia brevicauda | ||
| Carollia perspicillata | ||
| Desmodus rotundus | ||
| Micronycteris microtis | ||
| Platyrrhinus helleri | ||
| Saccopteryx bilineata | ||
| Sturnira lilium | ||
| Artibeus lituratus | ||
| Carollia castanea | ||
| Centronycteris centralis | ||
| Choeroniscus godmani | ||
| Diclidurus albus | ||
| Myotis nigricans | ||
The following species have been registered in the central Lebrija River basin:[14]
| Name | Species | Image |
|---|---|---|
| Rheobates palmatus | ||
| Craugastor raniformis | ||
| Hypsiboas crepitans | ||
| Dendropsophus microcephalus | ||
| Hyalinobatrachium fleischmanni | ||
| Dendrobates truncatus | ||
| Rhinella margaritifera | ||
| Dendropsophus subocularis | ||
| Pristimantis miyatai | ||
| Rulyrana adiazeta | ||
| Allobates niputidea | ||
| fer-de-lance | Bothrops asper | |
| Imantodes cenchoa | ||
| Ninia atrata | ||
| Coniophanes fissidens | ||
| Micrurus dumerilii | ||
| Thecadactylus rapicauda | ||
| Polychrus marmoratus | ||
| Anolis frenatus | ||
| Anolis sulcifrons | ||
| Lepidoblepharis xanthostigma | ||
| Sphaerodactylus heliconiae | ||
The following species have been registered in the central Lebrija River basin:[14]
| Name | Species | Image |
|---|---|---|
| Amazilia tzacatl | ||
| Arremon aurantiirostris | ||
| Attila spadiceus | ||
| Basileuterus rufifrons | ||
| Brotogeris jugularis | ||
| Bubulcus ibis | ||
| Buteogallus urubitinga | ||
| Cairina moschata | ||
| Campylorhynchus griseus | ||
| Cathartes aura | ||
| Catharus minimus | ||
| Ceratopipra erythrocephala | ||
| Cercomacra tyrannina | ||
| Chloroceryle americana | ||
| Chlorophanes spiza | ||
| Chlorostilbon mellisugus | ||
| Coereba flaveola | ||
| Colaptes punctigula | ||
| Colinus cristatus | ||
| Columbina talpacoti | ||
| Coragyps atratus | ||
| Corapipo leucorrhoa | ||
| Crotophaga ani | ||
| Crypturellus soui | ||
| Cyanocorax yncas | ||
| Cyclarhis gujanensis | ||
| Dacnis lineata | ||
| Damophila julie | ||
| Dendrocincla fuliginosa | ||
| Dendroplex picus | ||
| Elaenia flavogaster | ||
| Elaenia frantzii | ||
| Elanus leucurus | ||
| Epinecrophylla fulviventris | ||
| Euphonia laniirostris | ||
| Florisuga mellivora | ||
| Forpus conspicillatus | ||
| Geranoaetus albicaudatus | ||
| Glyphorynchus spirurus | ||
| Henicorhina leucosticta | ||
| Hylophilus flavipes | ||
| Icterus chrysater | ||
| Lathrotriccus euleri | ||
| Leptotila verreauxi | ||
| Machaeropterus regulus | ||
| Manacus manacus | ||
| Megarhynchus pitangua | ||
| Megascops choliba | ||
| Melanerpes rubricapillus | ||
| Microcerculus marginatus | ||
| Milvago chimachima | ||
| Mimus gilvus | ||
| Mionectes oleagineus | ||
| Myiothlypis fulvicauda | ||
| Myiozetetes cayanensis | ||
| Nyctidromus albicollis | ||
| Ortalis columbiana | ||
| Oryzoborus angolensis | ||
| Pachyramphus rufus | ||
| Patagioenas fasciata | ||
| Phaethornis anthophilus | ||
| Phaethornis guy | ||
| Phaethornis striigularis | ||
| Picumnus olivaceus | ||
| Pitangus sulphuratus | ||
| Poecilotriccus sylvia | ||
| Pulsatrix perspicillata | ||
| Pygochelidon cyanoleuca | ||
| Pyrocephalus rubinus | ||
| Ramphocelus flammigerus | ||
| Ramphocelus dimidiatus | ||
| Rupornis magnirostris | ||
| Saltator olivascens | ||
| Saltator maximus | ||
| Saltator striatipectus | ||
| Sayornis nigricans | ||
| Sicalis flaveola | ||
| Sporophila bouvronides | ||
| Sporophila plumbea | ||
| Sporophila minuta | ||
| Sporophila nigricollis | ||
| Stelgidopteryx ruficollis | ||
| Streptoprocne rutila | ||
| Tachycineta albiventer | ||
| Tachyphonus luctuosus | ||
| Tangara cyanicollis | ||
| Tangara gyrola | ||
| Tangara heinei | ||
| Tangara vitriolina | ||
| Thamnophilus doliatus | ||
| Thraupis episcopus | ||
| Thraupis palmarum | ||
| Threnetes ruckeri | ||
| Tiaris fuliginosus | ||
| Tigrisoma fasciatum | ||
| Todirostrum cinereum | ||
| Troglodytes aedon | ||
| Turdus ignobilis | ||
| Turdus leucomelas | ||
| Tyrannus melancholicus | ||
| Vireo olivaceus | ||
| Volatinia jacarina | ||
| Xenops minutus | ||
| Zenaida auriculata | ||
| Cercomacra nigricans | ||
| Habia gutturalis | ||
| Pheugopedius spadix | ||
| Schiffornis turdina | ||
| Thamnophilus punctatus | ||
See also: List of fishes in the Magdalena River. The following species have been registered in the central Lebrija River basin:[14]
| Name | Species | Image |
|---|---|---|
| Poecilia reticulata | ||
| Geophagus steindachneri | ||
| wolf fish | Hoplias malabaricus | |
| Prochilodus magdalenae | ||
| Sturisomatichthys leightoni | ||
| Poecilia caucana | ||
| Astroblepus homodon | ||
| Leporinus muyscorum | ||
| Ancistrus caucanus | ||
| Astynax magdalenae | ||
| Brycon henni | ||
| Chaetostoma fischeri | ||
| Chaetostoma milesi | ||
| Gephyrocharax melanocheir | ||
| Hemibrycon dentatus | ||
| Hypostomus hondae | ||
| Ichthyoelephas longirostris | ||
| Parodon magdalenensis | ||
| Pimelodus blochii | ||
| Pimelodus grosskopfii | ||
| Rhamdia quelen | ||
| Roeboides dayii | ||
| Salminus affinis | ||
Chicamocha River, Sogamoso River