| Lebap | |
| Native Name: | Lebap welaýaty |
| Settlement Type: | Region |
| Area Total Km2: | 93727 |
| Population As Of: | 2022 (census) |
| Population Total: | 1,447,298 |
| Population Density Km2: | auto |
| Subdivision Type: | Country |
| Subdivision Name: |  Turkmenistan |
| Subdivision Type1: | Capital |
| Subdivision Name1: | Türkmenabat |
Lebap Region (Turkmen: Lebap welaýaty/Лебап велаяты from the Persian Persian: لب آب Lab-e āb) is one of the regions of Turkmenistan. It is in the northeast of the country, bordering Afghanistan, Uzbekistan along the Amu Darya. Its administrative centre is Türkmenabat (formerly named Çärjew). It has an area of 93,727 square kilometers, and a population of 1,447,298 people (2022 census).[1] [2]
The name Lebap is a Turkmenized form of the Persian Lab-e āb, which means "riverside" and has long been used to designate the middle reaches of the Amu Darya.[3]
It contains the Repetek Nature Reserveas well as the Köýtendag Nature Reserve, which includes Turkmenistan's highest mountain, Aýrybaba (3137 meters). Lebap is also home to the Dayahatyn caravansaray.
The region is located along the Amu Darya. The Kyzylkum Desert is located on the east side of the river and Karakum Desert is located on the west side of the river. About three-quarters of the region's land area is in the Karakum Desert.[4] The region's sunny weather and abundance of water resources help produce high-quality long-staple cotton.
The region of present-day Lebap once occupied a spot along the Silk Road. The 9th-10th century caravansaray of Dayahatyn is located within Lebap.[5]
Prior to the Russian Revolution, much of today's Lebap Region was part of either the Khanate of Bukhara[6] or the Khanate of Khiva.[7] The last khan of Bukhara, Sayyid Mir Muhammad Alim Khan, nominally submitted to Soviet authority, but in reality joined the Basmachi movement and rebelled against the Bolsheviks. He fled in 1920, and the area was declared a people's republic until Soviet power was firmly established in 1924. In that same year, the settlements at Çärjew and Kerki were formally assigned to the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic, along with the western parts of the Khiva khanate along the Amu Darya.
On April 27, 2020, the region was hit by a severe windstorm.[8] RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty alleged that the storm disrupted much of the region's electrical grid, public water supplies, natural gas connections, cell service, and internet connection. A local human rights website, Turkmen.news, reported that many people were admitted to the regional hospital in Türkmenabat after suffering injuries. They also alleged that there was sporadic looting in the storm's aftermath and that food prices in the region rose as a result of the storm. Local Turkmen media reported 10 deaths resulting from the storm, while Turkmen.news suggested that the true death toll was likely in the dozens, and dozens remained unaccounted for in the storm's aftermath. The rights group Human Rights Watch condemned what it perceived as "censorship" by local officials following the storm, noting that one group alleged that local police were watching out for people filming the storm's damage, and another group reported that dozens of people were detained for allegedly sending videos "abroad".[9]
In December 2020, RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty reported that regional officials threatened to cut off the region's population from subsidized food if they were not up to date on their utility bills.[10] The agency reported that many in the region received seasonal income from farming, and often did not earn money in the winter, and such matters were complicated by a decrease in remittances to the region as a result of the economic fallout from COVID-19.
As of 2021, according to the official website of the regional government, Lebap Region included one city with status equivalent to a district, 10 districts, 14 cities "in the district" (Turkmen: etrapdaky), 24 towns, 105 rural councils, and 429 villages.[11]
As of 9 November 2022 Lebap Region is subdivided into eight districts (etrap, plural etraplar):[12] [13] [14] [15]
In November 2017 four districts, (Beýik Türkmenbaşy, Garaşsyzlyk, Garabekwül, and Sakar), were abolished and their territories absorbed by other districts. In November 2022 another two districts, Döwletli and Farap, were similarly abolished.
See also: List of cities in Turkmenistan. As of January 1, 2017, the region included 15 cities, 23 towns, 106 rural or village councils, and 430 villages (or).
In the list below, the lone city with "district status" is bolded:
Crop production in Lebap is heavily dependent on irrigation from the Amu Darya. Fields are cultivated when one-and-a-half to two meters above the floodplains of the river, primarily cereal grains and cotton.[16]
| Lebap Region: area and production of selected crops, 2017-2019[17] | |||||||
| area, thousand hectares | production, thousand tonnes | ||||||
| 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | ||
| Cereals and legumes | 191.1 | 172.5 | 174.5 | 428.0 | 274.9 | 428.7 | |
| Cotton | 120.0 | 120.0 | 120.0 | 302.3 | 301.6 | 307.4 | |
| Vegetables | 13.0 | 13.8 | 14.9 | 183.3 | 193.4 | 211.3 | |
Lebap is rich in various natural resources, most notably, natural gas. The region is home to the Malai Gas Field and the Bagtyýarlyk Gas Field, which both serve as major suppliers of natural gas to China.[18] [19]
The Garlyk Mining and Enrichment Amalgamate in Köýtendag District produces potash fertilizer, and the Seýdi Oil Refinery is one of two petroleum refineries in Turkmenistan.
From antiquity, local residents quarried sulfur, zinc and lead in the Köýtendag (Kungitang) foothills for domestic needs, including casting of bullets.[20] During the Soviet period, a lead mine was dug and the town of Svintsovyy Rudnik[21] was founded.[22]
The Lebap Cement Plant in Turkmenabat has a design capacity of one million tons per year. Polimeks built it in 2012.[23] In 2020, construction of a second plant, in Köýtendag District, also with a design capacity of one million tons, got underway.[24] [25]
The Zerger power plant under construction by Sumitomo, Mitsubishi, Hitachi, and Rönesans Holding in Çärjew District will have a design capacity of 432 megawatts. It is primarily intended for export of electricity. The Zerger plant will use natural gas from the Üçajy Gas Field (Russian: Учаджинскоe газодобывающеe месторождениe), delivered via a 125-km high-pressure pipeline.[26]
| Lebap Region: Production of selected industrial and processed goods, 2017-2019[27] | |||
| 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | |
| Electricity, million kwh | 2,144.1 | 2,003.9 | 1,820.7 |
| Natural gas, billion m3 | 27.8 | 24.8 | 23.0 |
| Oil (including gas condensate), thousand tonnes | 595.9 | 567.8 | 581.9 |
| Gasoline, thousand tonnes | 215.0 | 218.5 | 221.8 |
| Diesel fuel, thousand tonnes | 173 | 190 | 162 |
| Bunker oil, thousand tonnes | 76 | -| align="right" |90|-|Mineral fertilizers, NPK basis, thousand tonnes| align="right" |30.2| align="right" |46.1| align="right" |51.1|-|Cement, thousand tonnes| align="right" |861.9| align="right" |935.6| align="right" |857.3|-|Bricks, million| align="right" |217.3| align="right" |256.0| align="right" |269.9|-|Cotton lint, thousand tonnes| align="right" |86.2| align="right" |41.0| align="right" |107.1|-|Raw silk, tonnes| align="right" |83| align="right" |74| align="right" |81|-|Cotton yarn. thousand tonnes| align="right" |21.8| align="right" |22.4| align="right" |22.7|-|Silk textiles, million m2| align="right" |0.5| align="right" |0.4| align="right" |0.4|-|Cotton textiles, million m2| align="right" |8.5| align="right" |8.3| align="right" |11.6|-|Unwoven fabric, thousand m2| align="right" |9,173| align="right" |- | |