Lava lake explained
Lava lakes are large volumes of molten lava, usually basaltic, contained in a volcanic vent, crater, or broad depression. The term is used to describe both lava lakes that are wholly or partly molten and those that are solidified (sometimes referred to as frozen lava lakes).
Formation
Lava lakes can form in three ways:[1]
- from one or more vents in a crater that erupts enough lava to partially fill the crater; or
- when lava pours into a crater or broad depression and partially fills the crater; or
- atop a new vent that erupts lava continuously for a period of several weeks or more and slowly builds a crater progressively higher than the surrounding ground.
Behaviors
Lava lakes occur in a variety of volcanic systems, ranging from the basaltic Erta Ale lake in Ethiopia and the basaltic andesite volcano of Villarrica, Chile, to the unique phonolitic lava lake at Mt. Erebus, Antarctica. Lava lakes have been observed to exhibit a range of behaviours. A "constantly circulating, apparently steady-state" lava lake was observed during the 1969–1971 Mauna Ulu eruption of Kīlauea, Hawaiʻi.[2] By contrast, a lava lake at the 1983–1984 Puʻu ʻŌʻō eruption of Kilauea displayed cyclic behaviour with a period of 5–20 minutes; gas "pierced the surface" of the lake, and the lava rapidly drained back down the conduit before the onset of a new phase of lake activity.[3] The behaviour observed is influenced by the combined effects of pressure within the reservoir, exsolution and decompression of gas bubbles within the conduit and, potentially, exsolution of bubbles within the magma reservoir. Superimposed upon this is the effect of bubbles rising through the liquid, and coalescence of bubbles within the conduit. The interactions of these effects can create either a steady-state recirculating lake, or a lake level that periodically rises and then falls.[4]
Notable examples
Persistent lava lakes are a rare phenomenon. Only a few volcanoes have hosted persistent or near-persistent lava lakes during recent decades:
The lava lakes at Ambrym volcano disappeared after a large eruption in December 2018.[10]
For many years, Kīlauea had two persistent lava lakes: one in the Halemaʻumaʻu vent cavity within the summit caldera, and another within the Puʻu ʻŌʻō cone located on the east rift zone of the volcano.[11] In May 2018, both of these lava lakes disappeared as a result of increased activity in Kīlauea's east rift zone. The lava lake at Halemaʻumaʻu returned in December 2020, after Kīlauea's first eruption in over two years.[12] The lava lake solidified after the eruption ended in May 2021, but returned again when eruptive activity at Halemaʻumaʻu resumed on September 29, 2021. Following the 2021 eruption, three more occurred on January 5, 2023; June 7, 2023; and September 10, 2023. As of January 2024, Halemaʻumaʻu is not erupting and the lava lake is no longer active.
Nyiragongo's lava lake has usually been the largest and most voluminous in recent history, reaching 700 meters wide in 1982,[13] although Masaya is believed to have hosted an even larger lava lake at the time of the Spanish conquest, being 1,000 meters wide in 1670.[14] The lava lake at Masaya came back in January 2016.[15]
In addition to the aforementioned persistent lava lakes, a certain number of occurrences of temporary lava lakes (sometimes called lava ponds or lava pools, depending on their size and nature[16]) have also been observed and are listed in the following table.
List of volcanoes having displayed past or present lava lake activity
Volcano | Location |
---|
Persistent or near-persistent lava lakes during recent decades |
---|
| Ethiopia |
| Ross Island, Antarctica |
| Hawaiʻi (Big Island) |
Nyiragongo (the largest one in the past century) | Democratic Republic of the Congo |
Ambrym[17] (two lava lakes in both Benbow and Marum craters since around 1991;[18] following an earthquake in December 2018 both lakes are buried under collapsed craters) | Ambrym Island, Vanuatu |
| Saunders Island, South Sandwich Islands |
Recent intermittent lava lake activity |
---|
Masaya[19] | Nicaragua |
| Tanna Island, Vanuatu |
Villarrica[20] | Chile |
Karthala[21] | Grande Comore, Comoros |
Piton de la Fournaise[22] [23] (small temporary lava pond in Dolomieu crater) | Réunion Island |
Ol Doinyo Lengai[24] [25] (only active volcano in the world emitting carbonatite lava) | Tanzania |
Turrialba[26] (small lake) | Costa Rica |
Unconfirmed lava lake activity |
---|
Telica[27] (possibly in 1971 and 1999–2000) | Nicaragua |
Tungurahua[28] (possibly in 1999) | Ecuador |
Tofua[29] (possibly in 2004 and 2006) | Tofua Island, Tonga |
Nabro[30] (possibly in 2012) | Eritrea |
Lava lake activity suggested by satellite remote-sensing data |
---|
Mount Michael[31] | Saunders Island, South Sandwich Islands |
Mount Belinda[32] | Montagu Island, South Sandwich Islands |
Mawson Peak[33] | Heard Island |
Past lava lake activity |
---|
Kīlauea Puʻu ʻŌʻō crater (1983-2018, collapsed during the 2018 Puna eruption) | Hawaiʻi (Big Island) |
Mount Matavanu[34] (during the 1905–1911 eruption) | Savai'i Island, Samoa |
Nyamuragira[35] [36] (lava lake located within the summit caldera, confirmed for the first time in 1921, drained in 1938, and temporary lava pond in the Kituro cone on the SW flank, during the 1948 eruption) | Democratic Republic of the Congo |
Capelinhos[37] [38] (in 1958, a Surtseyan eruption) | Faial Island, Azores |
Surtsey[39] [40] [41] (in 1964, during the 1963–1967 eruption which led to the formation of the island) | Iceland |
Tolbachik,[42] part of the Klyuchevskaya volcanic complex (last observation of lava lake activity in 1964) | Kamchatka, Russia |
Etna[43] (in 1974) | Sicily, Italy |
Ardoukôba[44] (in 1978) | Djibouti |
Mount Mihara[45] (in 1986) | |
Stromboli[46] (in 1986 and 1989) | Aeolian Islands, Italy |
La Cumbre[47] (in 1995) | Fernandina Island, Galápagos |
Pacaya[48] (in 2000 and 2001) | Guatemala |
Lava lake activity on other planetary bodies |
---|
Loki Patera[49] | Io |
Janus Patera[50] | Io |
| Io | |
See also
External links
Notes and References
- Web site: VHP Photo Glossary: Lava lake . Volcanoes.usgs.gov . 2013-08-15.
- Swanson et al. (1979) "Ground deformation at Pu'u 'O'o. U.S. Geological Survey Chronological narrative of the 1969-71 Mauna Ulu eruption of Kilauea volcano". US Geological Survey Professional Paper 1056
- Wolfe et al. (1988). "Geologic observations and chronology of eruptive events". US Geological Survey Professional Paper 1463
- Witham and Llewellin (2006). "Stability of Lava Lakes". '+Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research vol. 158 p.321–332
- Web site: Global Volcanism Program : Erebus . Volcano.si.edu . 2013-08-15 . 2006-07-08 . https://web.archive.org/web/20060708102822/http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=1900-02= . dead .
- Web site: Global Volcanism Program : Erta Ale . Volcano.si.edu . 2013-08-15 . 2013-02-17 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130217054354/http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=0201-08= . dead .
- 332010. Kīlauea.
- News: Remote Mount Michael volcano hosts persistent lava lake . BBC News . 3 July 2019 . BBC News . 3 July 2019.
- 223030. Nyiragongo.
- Web site: 17 April 2019 . 2019 . Ambrym volcano (Vanuatu) - Smithsonian / USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Report for 17 April-23 April 2019 (Continuing Activity) . 3 April 2024 . Volcano Discovery.
- Web site: HVO Kilauea Status . Volcanoes.usgs.gov . 2013-08-15 . 2012-03-08 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120308071721/http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/hvo/activity/kilaueastatus.php/ . dead .
- Web site: USGS Volcanoes . 21 December 2020.
- Web site: Global Volcanism Program : Nyiragongo . Volcano.si.edu . 2013-08-15 . 2013-03-31 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130331072223/http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=0203-03=&volpage=var . dead .
- Web site: Pit crater structure and processes governing persistent activity at Masaya Volcano, Nicaragua . Eps.mcgill.ca . 2013-08-15 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160304081839/http://eps.mcgill.ca/~courses/c435/Gravity-papers/rymer%20et%20al%201998.pdf . 2016-03-04 . dead .
- Web site: Masaya. www.volcanodiscovery.com. 2016-11-07.
- Tazieff . H. . Haroun Tazieff. 10.1016/0377-0273(94)90015-9 . Permanent lava lakes: Observed facts and induced mechanisms . Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research . 63 . 3–11. 1994 . 1–2 . 1994JVGR...63....3T.
- 257040. Ambrym.
- Web site: Ambrym. 2014-09-03 . 2014-08-26 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140826044309/http://www.volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=257040 . dead . volcano.si.edu.
- 344100. Masaya.
- 357120. Villarrica.
- Web site: Global Volcanism Program : Karthala . Volcano.si.edu . 2013-08-15 . 2012-10-18 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121018000114/http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=0303-01=&volpage=erupt . dead .
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- Web site: Global Volcanism Program : Lengai, Ol Doinyo . Volcano.si.edu . 2013-08-15 . 2012-10-14 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121014104053/http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=0202-12=&volpage=erupt . dead .
- Web site: Etnatao: Ol Doinyo Lengai Volcano Tanzania . https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211219/djW31_TkXFI . 2021-12-19 . live. YouTube . 2010-02-11 . 2013-08-15.
- Web site: Inspección del interior del cráter activo del volcán Turrialba del 29 de junio del 2017 . 4 July 2017 . rsn.ucr.ac.cr .
- Web site: Global Volcanism Program : Telica . Volcano.si.edu . 2013-08-15 . 2013-03-31 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130331065310/http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=1404-04=&volpage=var . dead .
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- Web site: Eruption volcanique, activité éruptive du volcan Nabro . Activolcans.info . 2013-08-15 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130328233838/http://activolcans.info/eruption-volcanique-du-volcan-Nabro-201204.html . 2013-03-28 . dead .
- Web site: Global Volcanism Program : Michael . Volcano.si.edu . 2013-08-15 . 2013-03-26 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130326004335/http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=1900-09= . dead .
- First recorded eruption of Mount Belinda volcano (Montagu Island), South Sandwich Islands. 10.1007/s00445-004-0382-6. 2005. Patrick. Matthew R.. Smellie. John L.. Harris. Andrew J. L.. Wright. Robert. Dean. Ken. Izbekov. Pavel. Garbeil. Harold. Pilger. Eric. Bulletin of Volcanology. 67. 5. 415–422. 2005BVol...67..415P. 54187857.
- Web site: Global Volcanism Program : Heard . Volcano.si.edu . 2013-08-15 . 2013-03-31 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130331115059/http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=0304-01=&volpage=var#bgvn_3111 . dead .
- Web site: Global Volcanism Program : Savai'i . Volcano.si.edu . 2013-01-03 . 2013-08-15 . 2012-10-07 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121007004108/http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=0404-04=&volpage=erupt . dead .
- [Haroun Tazieff|Tazieff, Haroun]
- Web site: Global Volcanism Program : Nyamuragira . Volcano.si.edu . 2013-08-15 . 2010-05-25 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100525115454/http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=0203-02= . dead .
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- Duncan C. Blanchard, From Raindrops to Volcanoes: Adventures With Sea Surface Meteorology, Dover Publications, 1967.
- Web site: Global Volcanism Program : Tolbachik . Volcano.si.edu . 2013-08-15 . 2013-01-22 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130122075941/http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=1000-24=&volpage=erupt . dead .
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- Web site: Global Volcanism Program : Ardoukôba . Volcano.si.edu . 2013-01-03 . 2013-08-15 . 2012-10-25 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121025011310/http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=0201-126&volpage=var . dead .
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- Web site: Global Volcanism Program : Stromboli . Volcano.si.edu . 2013-08-15 . 2013-03-31 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130331070349/http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=0101-04=&volpage=var . dead .
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