Spanish language in the Americas explained

The different varieties of the Spanish language spoken in the Americas are distinct from each other as well as from those varieties spoken in the Iberian peninsula, collectively known as Peninsular Spanish and Spanish spoken elsewhere, such as in Africa and Asia. There is great diversity among the various Latin American vernaculars, and there are no traits shared by all of them which are not also in existence in one or more of the variants of Spanish used in Spain. A Latin American "standard" does, however, vary from the Castilian "standard" register used in television and notably the dubbing industry.^[1] Of the more than 498 million people who speak Spanish as their native language, more than 455 million are in Latin America, the United States and Canada in 2022. The total amount of native and non-native speakers of Spanish as of October 2022 exceeds 595 million.^[2]

There are numerous regional particularities and idiomatic expressions within Spanish. In Latin American Spanish, loanwords directly from English are relatively more frequent, and often foreign spellings are left intact. One notable trend is the higher abundance of loan words taken from English in Latin America as well as words derived from English. The Latin American Spanish word for "computer" is computadora, whereas the word used in Spain is ordenador, and each word sounds foreign in the region where it is not used. Some differences are due to Iberian Spanish having a stronger French influence than Latin America, where, for geopolitical reasons, the United States influence has been predominant throughout the twentieth century.

Main features

Pronunciation varies from country to country and from region to region, just as English pronunciation varies from one place to another. In general terms, the speech of the Americas shows many common features akin to southern Spanish variants, especially to western Andalusia (Seville, Cádiz) and the Canary Islands. Coastal language vernaculars throughout Hispanic America show particularly strong similarities to Atlantic-Andalusian speech patterns while inland regions in Mexico and Andean countries are not similar to any particular dialect in Spain.

• Most Spaniards pronounce and (before pronounced as /link/ and pronounced as /link/) as pronounced as /link/ (called distinción). Conversely, most Hispanic Americans have seseo, lacking a distinction between this phoneme and pronounced as /link/. However, seseo is also typical of the speech of many Andalusians and all Canary islanders. Andalusia's and the Canary Islands' predominant position in the conquest and subsequent immigration to Hispanic America from Spain is thought to be the reason for the absence of this distinction in most American Spanish dialects.
• Most of Spain, particularly the regions that have a distinctive pronounced as /link/ phoneme, realize pronounced as /link/ with the tip of tongue against the alveolar ridge. Phonetically this is an "apico-alveolar" "grave" sibilant pronounced as /link/, with a weak "hushing" sound reminiscent of fricatives. To a Hispanic American, Andalusian or Canary Island Spanish speaker, the pronounced as /link/ in Spanish dialects from northern Spain might sound close to pronounced as /link/ like English (sh) as in she. However, this apico-alveolar realization of pronounced as /link/ is not uncommon in some Latin American Spanish dialects which lack pronounced as /link/; some inland Colombian Spanish (particularly Antioquia) and Andean regions of Peru and Bolivia also have an apico-alveolar pronounced as /link/.
• The second-person familiar plural pronoun vosotros is not generally used in daily speech in Latin American dialects of Spanish; the formal ustedes is used at all levels of familiarity. However, vosotros and its conjugations are known and seen occasionally in writing or oratory, especially in formal, ritualized contexts.
• Latin America lacks the found in most of Spain.
• As mentioned, Anglicisms are far more common in Hispanic America than in Spain, due to the stronger and more direct US influence. Anglicisms in Chile and Argentina are even very common mostly because of the influence of British settlers there.
• Equally, Indigenous languages have left their mark on Hispanic American Spanish, a fact which is particularly evident in vocabulary to do with flora, fauna and cultural habits. Nevertheless, European Spanish has also absorbed numerous words of Amerindian origin, although for historical reasons, the vast majority of these are taken from Nahuatl and various Caribbean languages.
• Arabic-derived words with Latinate doublets are common in Hispanic American Spanish, being influenced by Andalusian Spanish, such as alcoba ("bedroom") instead of standard cuarto, recámara, and many others and alhaja ("jewel") instead of standard joya. In this sense Hispanic American Spanish is closer to the dialects spoken in the south of Spain.
• See List of words having different meanings in Spain and Hispanic America.
• Most Hispanic American Spanish usually features yeísmo: there is no distinction between (ll) and (y). However realization varies greatly from region to region. Chileans pronounce these 2 graphemes as pronounced as /link/, for example. However, yeísmo is an expanding and now dominant feature of European Spanish, particularly in urban speech (Madrid, Toledo) and especially in Andalusia and the Canary Islands, though in some rural areas pronounced as /link/ has not completely disappeared. Speakers of Rioplatense Spanish pronounce both (ll) and (y) as pronounced as /link/ or pronounced as /link/. The traditional pronunciation of the digraph (ll) as pronounced as /link/ is preserved in some dialects along the Andes range, especially in inland Peru and the Colombia highlands (Santander, Boyacá, Nariño), northern Argentina, all Bolivia and Paraguay; the Indigenous languages of these regions (Quechua and Aymara) have pronounced as /link/ as a distinct phoneme.
• Most speakers of coastal dialects may debuccalize or aspirate syllable-final pronounced as /link/ to pronounced as /link/, or drop it entirely, so that está pronounced as /es/ ("s/he is") sounds like pronounced as /[ehˈta]/ or pronounced as /[eˈta]/, as in southern Spain (Andalusia, Extremadura, Murcia, Castile–La Mancha (except the northeast), Madrid, the Canary Islands, Ceuta and Melilla).
• (before pronounced as /link/ or pronounced as /link/) and are usually aspirated to pronounced as /link/ in Caribbean and other coastal language vernaculars, as well as in all of Colombia and southern Mexico, as in much of southern Spain. In other American dialects, the sound is closer to pronounced as /link/, and often firmly strong (rough) in Peruvian Spanish dialect. Very often, especially in Argentina and Chile, pronounced as /link/ becomes fronter pronounced as /link/ when preceding high vowels pronounced as //e, i// (these speakers approach pronounced as /link/ to the realization of German (ch) in ich); in other phonological environments it is pronounced either pronounced as /link/ or pronounced as /link/.
• In many Caribbean varieties, the phonemes pronounced as /link/ and pronounced as /link/ at the end of a syllable sound alike or can be exchanged: caldo > ca[r]do, cardo > ca[l]do; in the situation of pronounced as /link/ in word-final position, it becomes silent, giving Caribbean dialects of Spanish a partial non-rhoticity. This happens at a reduced level in Ecuador and Chile as well. It is a feature brought from Extremadura and westernmost Andalusia.
• In many Andean regions, the alveolar trill of rata and carro is realized as an retroflex fricative pronounced as /link/ or pronounced as /link/ or even as a voiced apico-alveolar pronounced as /link/. The alveolar approximant realization is particularly associated with an Indigenous substrate and it is quite common in Andean regions, especially in inland Ecuador, Peru, most of Bolivia and in parts of northern Argentina and Paraguay. That phonetic is also heard in Costa Rica, except pronounced as [z].
• In Belize, Puerto Rico, and Colombian islands of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina, aside from pronounced as /link/, pronounced as /link/, and pronounced as /link/, syllable-final pronounced as /link/ can be realized as pronounced as /link/, an influence of American English to Puerto Rican dialect and British English to Belizean dialect and Colombian dialect of Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina (in the case of the latter three, it is not exclusive to Colombians whose ancestors traced back to Spanish period before British invasion, under British territorial rule, and recovery of Spanish control, but is also used by Raizals, whites of British descent, and descendants of mainland Colombians); "verso" (verse) becomes pronounced as /[ˈbeɹso]/, aside from pronounced as /[ˈbeɾso]/, pronounced as /[ˈberso]/, or pronounced as /[ˈbelso]/, "invierno" (winter) becomes pronounced as /[imˈbjeɹno]/, aside from pronounced as /[imˈbjeɾno]/, pronounced as /[imˈbjerno]/, or pronounced as /[imˈbjelno]/, and "escarlata" (scarlet) becomes pronounced as /[ehkaɹˈlata]/, aside from pronounced as /[ehkaɾˈlata]/, pronounced as /[ehkarˈlata]/, or [{{IPA|ehkaˈlata}}]. In word-final position, pronounced as /link/ will usually be one of the following:
  • a trill, a tap, an approximant, pronounced as /link/, or elided when followed by a consonant or a pause, as in amopronounced as /[r ~ ɾ ~ ɹ ~ l ~ ∅]/ paterno ('paternal love');
  • a tap, an approximant, or pronounced as /link/ when followed by a vowel-initial word, as in amopronounced as /[ɾ ~ ɹ ~ l]/ eterno ('eternal love').
• In Chile and Costa Rica, consonant cluster [t{{IPA|ɾ}}] can be pronounced [{{IPA|tɹ̝̥}}], pronounced as /[tɻ]/, or [{{IPA|tʂ}}], making cuatro 'four' and trabajo 'work' pronounced as [{{IPA|ˈkwatɹ̝̥o ~ˈkwatɻo ~ ˈkwatʂo]}} and [{{IPA|tɹ̝̥aˈβaxo ~ tɻaˈβaxo ~ tʂaˈβaxo]}} respectively. This is an influence of Mapudungun in Chile^[3] and native languages of Costa Rica.
• The voiced consonants pronounced as /link/, pronounced as /link/, and pronounced as /link/ are pronounced as plosives after and sometimes before any consonant in most of Colombian Spanish dialects (rather than the fricative or approximant that is characteristic of most other dialects): pardo pronounced as /[ˈpaɾ'''d'''o]/, barba pronounced as /[ˈbaɾ'''b'''a]/, algo pronounced as /[ˈal'''ɡ'''o]/, peligro pronounced as /[peˈli'''ɡ'''ɾo]/, desde pronounced as /[ˈdez'''d'''e/ˈdeh'''d'''e]/—rather than the pronounced as /[ˈpaɾ'''ð'''o]/, pronounced as /[ˈbaɾ'''β'''a]/, pronounced as /[ˈal'''ɣ'''o]/, pronounced as /[peˈli'''ɣ'''ɾo]/, pronounced as /[ˈdez'''ð'''e/ˈdeh'''ð'''e]/ of Spain and the rest of Spanish America. A notable exception is the Department of Nariño and most Costeño speech (Atlantic coastal dialects) which feature the soft, fricative realizations common to all other Hispanic American and European dialects.
• Word-final pronounced as /link/ is velar pronounced as /link/ in much Latin American Spanish speech; this means a word like pan (bread) is often articulated pronounced as /['paŋ]/. To an English-speaker, those speakers that have a velar nasal for word-final pronounced as /link/ make pan sound like pang. Velarization of word-final pronounced as /link/ is so widespread in the Americas that it is easier to mention those regions that maintain an alveolar pronounced as /link/: most of Mexico, Colombia (except for coastal dialects) and Argentina (except for some northern regions). Elsewhere, velarization is common, although alveolar word-final pronounced as /link/ can appear among some educated speakers, especially in the media or in singing. Velar word-final pronounced as /link/ is also frequent in Spain, especially in southern Spanish dialects (Andalusia and the Canary Islands) and in the Northwest: Galicia, Asturias and León.

Local variations

North America

• Mexican Spanish
• Spanish language in the United States
  • Isleño Spanish
  • Sabine River Spanish
  • New Mexican Spanish
  • Chicano Spanish

Central America

• Belizean Spanish
• Costa Rican Spanish
• Guatemalan Spanish
• Honduran Spanish
• Nicaraguan Spanish
• Salvadoran Spanish

The Caribbean

• Cuban Spanish
• Dominican Spanish
• Panamanian Spanish
• Puerto Rican Spanish
• Trinidadian Spanish

South America

• Amazonic Spanish
• Andean Spanish
• Bolivian Spanish
• Chilean Spanish
  • Chilote Spanish
• Colombian Spanish
• Ecuadorian Spanish
• Paraguayan Spanish
• Peruvian Spanish
  • Peruvian Coast Spanish
• Rioplatense Spanish
  • Argentine Spanish
  • Uruguayan Spanish
• Venezuelan Spanish
  • Maracucho Spanish

See also

• Spanish language in the United States
• Philippine Spanish
• Equatoguinean Spanish
• Spanish Filipino
• Latin Union
• Spanish-language literature
• Hispanic

External links

• Diccionario de americanismos by the Asociación de Academias de la Lengua Española
• Latin American Dictionary with variants for every country

Notes and References

1. The role of the city in the formation of Spanish American dialect zones. Lipski. John M.. Pennsylvania State University. 10.14713/arachne.v2i1.21. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20050130120008/http://www.personal.psu.edu/faculty/j/m/jml34/city.pdf. January 30, 2005 . August 6, 2001 . 2 .
2. El español: una lengua viva – Informe 2022 . . 31 October 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221103030132/https://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/espanol_lengua_viva/pdf/espanol_lengua_viva_2022.pdf . 3 November 2022. live .
3. Web site: Influencias de las lenguas indígenas en el español de Chile . Espéculo - Revista de Estudios Literarios . . Correa Mujica, Miguel . 2012-05-18.