Last European veterans by war explained

This is an incomplete list of the last surviving European veterans of several wars. The last surviving veteran of any particular war, upon his death, marks the end of a historic era. Exactly who is the last surviving veteran is often an issue of contention, especially with records from wars which happened long ago. The "last man standing" was often very young at the time of enlistment and in many cases had lied about his age to gain entry into the service, which confuses matters further.

Early modern period

These cases, particularly with respect to the ages claimed by the veterans, cannot be verified.

• Anton Grolekofsky (1671/1672?–1785) – Polish soldier who lived in Sweden. Claimed to have fought in the Nine Years' War, Russo-Swedish War (1741–43) and Polish-Swedish War.^[1]
• Andreas Nielsen (1660?–1782) – Norwegian soldier. Claimed to be the last Scanian War veteran, to have had a long military career and seen many battles.^{[2] [3]}
• Christian Jacobsen Drakenberg (1626?–1772) – Norwegian sailor. Claimed to have fought for Frederick III of Denmark in the Dano-Swedish War (1657–58) and again from 1675 to 1681 in the Scanian War.^[4]

17th century

English Civil War (1642–51)

• William Hiseland (1620?–1732) – Royalist. Last survivor of the Battle of Edgehill. Also fought in the Williamite War in Ireland and the War of the Spanish Succession.^[5] Retired with rank of sergeant.^[6] For 80-year service to the king, he became one of the earliest admitted to Royal Hospital Chelsea.^[7]

18th century

Great Northern War (1700–21)

• Petro Kalnyshevsky (1690,^{[8] [9]} or 1691?–1803) – Russia. Served in a Zaporozhian Cossacks Regiment. Also fought in 1735–39 and 1768–74 Russo-Turkish Wars (by which time he was an Ataman).
• Abraham Lindqvist (1696–1801) – Sweden. Served as a Dragoon under Charles XII.^{[10] [11]}

War of the Spanish Succession (1701–14)

• Ambrose Bennett (or Tennant) (1693/94-1800) – Great Britain. Served at the Battle of Malplaquet and reputedly died at the age of 106.^{[12] [13]}

Jacobite risings (1719–45)

• Peter Grant (1714?–1824) – Jacobite. Fought at Culloden, Falkirk Muir and Prestonpans.^[14]

War of the Polish Succession (1733-35)

• Jean Thurel (1698–1807) – France. Also served in the War of the Austrian Succession, Seven Years' War and the American Revolutionary War. Known as "the oldest soldier of Europe."^[15]

Russo-Turkish wars (1735–74)

• Petro Kalnyshevsky (1691?–1803) – Zaporozhian Cossacks. Also fought in Great Northern War and Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774) (by which time he was an Ataman).

War of the Austrian Succession (1740-48)

• Jean Thurel (1698–1807) – France. Also served in the War of the Polish Succession, Seven Years' War, and the American Revolutionary War. Known as "the oldest soldier of Europe."
• Johann Georg Sauer (1713-1819) - Dutch Republic. Also served in the Revolutionary Wars.

Seven Years' War (1754–63)

• Johann Heinrich Behrens (1735–1844) – Prussia. Died in Wolfenbüttel.^[16]
• Ezekiel Blackmarr (1742–1841) – Great Britain. Born in the American colonies. Enlisted in British forces and was their last survivor of the Battle of Havana (1762).^[17]
• László Skultéty (1738–1831) – Hungary.^[18]
• Paul François de Quelen de la Vauguyon (1746–1828) – France. Died in Paris.^[19]

French Revolution (1789–99)

• Giovanni Battista Campanella (1776?–1884) – France. Served in Italy during the French Revolutionary Wars and later in the 1812 Russian campaign.^{[20] [21]}
• Arthur Dardenne (1776–1872) – France. Last surviving person to have taken part in the Storming of the Bastille.^[22]
• Nicolas Savin (1768/1787?–1894) – France. Enlisted in 2nd Regiment of Hussars in 1798. 1768 figure proclaims he was approximately 126 at time of death. Later served under Napoleon and was awarded the Legion d'Honneur.^[23]

19th century

Napoleonic Wars (1803–15)

• Vincent Markiewicz (1795?–1903) – France. Last Polish veteran. Fought for Napoleon.^[24] In 1912 there were three Polish men who claimed to have fought at Borodino, but it is unlikely they were real veterans due to lack of documentation and age ranges relatively high from 120 to 133.
• August Friedrich Schmidt (1795–1899)-- Prussia. Last German veteran. Enlisted in March 1813 and is a candidate for last veteran of the Battle of Waterloo.^[25]
• Geert Adriaans Boomgaard (1788–1899) – France. Last Dutch veteran and verified veteran. Europe's oldest man at the time of his death. He fought for Napoleon in the 33ème Régiment Léger.
• Louis-Victor Baillot (1793–1898) – France. Last French veteran of the Battle of Waterloo. Also saw action at siege of Hamburg.^{[26] [27]}
• Henry James (1799–1898) – United Kingdom. Last Royal Navy veteran. Enlisted in 1812 and served on . Saw action off Toulon.^{[28] [29]}
• Lars Jespersen Kike (1796–1897) – Norway. Last Norwegian veteran of the Swedish-Norwegian War.^{[30] [31]}
• Leonard Meesters (1796–1896) – France. Last Belgian veteran. Fought for Napoleon.
• Josephine Mazurkewicz (1794–1896) – France. Last female veteran. Assistant surgeon in Napoleon's army. Later partook in Crimean War.
• Ferdinand Scharnhorst (1797?–1893) – United Kingdom. Last British Army participant of Waterloo. Served in the King's German Legion.^{[32] [33]}
• Gaspar Costela Vasquez (1787–1892) – Spain. Last veteran of the Battle of Trafalgar. Served in the navy aboard .^{[34] [35] [36]}
• Vasilij Nikolaevich Kochetkov (1785?–1892) – Russia. Enlisted 7 March 1811. Served in Grenadier Lifeguard Regiment at Borodino. Served 66 1/2 years until 12 October 1877 when wounded out of service in the Russian-Ottoman War.^[37]
• Joseph Sutherland (1789–1890) – United Kingdom. Served in the Royal Navy on and was the last British survivor of Trafalgar.^[38]
• Wilhelm I, German Emperor (1797–1888) – Prussia. Served as an officer during the Battle of Bar-sur-Aube and at the Battle of Paris.^[39]

War of 1812 (1812–15)

• Lewis Tobias Jones (1797–1895) – United Kingdom. Served in the Royal Navy on . Participated in the 1814 capture of . Also a Napoleonic Wars veteran.^[40]

Greek War of Independence (1821–32)

• John W. Stainer (1808–1907) – United Kingdom. Served in the Royal Navy on . Last survivor of the Battle of Navarino.^[41]
• Apostolos Mavrogenis (1798?–1906) – Greece. Served in the Army as a doctor. Served at Dervenakia and Drampala.^{[42] [43]}
• Louis Pèlabon (1814–1906) – France. Served in the Navy on the Sirène. Fought at Navarino.^{[44] [45]}

July Revolution (1830)

• Auguste Lebailly (1815–1911) – Orléanist.^{[46] [47]}

Belgian Revolution (1830–31)

• Johannes van den Boom (1817–1918) – United Netherlands. Joined as a drummer boy at 14.^{[48] [49]}
• Corstiaan Hagers (1811–1915) – United Netherlands. Last holder of the Metal Cross.^{[50] [51]}
• Alexandre Fournier (1812–1914) – France.^{[52] [53]}
• Jean-Philippe Lavalle (1809–1913) – Belgian Rebels.^{[54] [55]}

First Opium War (1839–1842)

• John Bubeer (1820–1921) – United Kingdom. Served in the Royal Navy on .^{[56] [57]}

• József Fischl (1827–1929) — Hungary. Served at Isaszeg and Segesvár.^[58]
• István Lebo (1826–1928) — Hungary. Last resident of the Hungarian Veterans Home.
• Artúr Görgey (1818–1916) — Hungary. Last Hungarian General.

Second Anglo-Sikh War (1848–49)

• John Stratford (1829–1932) — East India Company. Fought in the battles of Ramnagar, Challianwala, and Gujrat. Later served in the Anglo-Persian War as well as the Indian Mutiny.^[59]

First Schleswig War (1848–51)

• Jørgen Jørgensen Birkholm (1829–1931) — Denmark.^[60]
• Detlef Marxen (1826–1930) — Germany.^{[61] [62]}

Crimean War (1853–56)

• James Gray (1836–1939) — British Empire. Served in the Royal Marine Artillery aboard .^[63]
• Yves Prigent (1833–1937) — French Empire. Served in the Navy on the frigate Persévérante.^[64]
• Cotton Edwin Theobald (1836–1936) — British Empire. Officer of the 55th Foot. Possibly last British officer. Also served in the Indian Mutiny and on the North-West Frontier.^[65]
• Edwin Bezar (1838–1936) — British Empire. Hostilities had ceased by the time he arrived; he worked on re-interring the dead and building cemetery walls. Also served in the New Zealand Wars.
• Luigi Parachini (c. 1832–1930) — Sardinia. Served under General La Màrmora.^[66]
• Edwin Hughes (1830–1927) — British Empire. Last survivor of Charge of the Light Brigade.^[67]

Indian Mutiny (1857–59)

• Charles Palmer (1847–1940) — British Empire. Nine-year-old boy who participated in the Siege of Lucknow.
• George Chrystie (1841–1939) — British Empire. Last British Army veteran.^{[68] [69]}

Second Italian War of Independence (1859)

• Anton Neubauer (1836–1941) — Austrian Empire. Last survivor of the Battle of Solferino.^{[70] [71]}
• Simone Piffaretti (1843?–1940) — Italy. Fought at San Fermo, Magenta, and Solferino.^[72]
• François Ribet (1835–1936) — French Empire.^[73]
• William John Newby (1832–1934) — British Empire. Last member of British Legion.^[74]

American Civil War (1861–1865)

• William Peter (1849–1951) — Union. Born in Germany.^{[75] [76]}
• Jeremiah William Patrick O'Brien (1844–1950) — Confederate States. Born in Ireland.^{[75] [77] [78] [79]}

French invasion of Mexico (1861–67)

• Jules Pujos (1846–1942) – French Empire.^[80]

January Uprising (1863–65)

• Feliks Bartczuk (1846–1946) – Poland.^[81]
• Antoni Suss (1844–1946) – Poland. Penultimate veteran.^[82]

Second Schleswig War (1864)

• Ludwig Herman Klein (1846–1943) – Denmark. Last Naval veteran. Served on the Geiser.^[83]
• Ove Henning Jacobsen (1841–1941) – Denmark. Last Army veteran. Fought at Dybbøl.^[84]

Expedition to Abyssinia (1867–68)

• Adrian Jones (1845–1938) – British Empire. Served as veterinary officer, believed to be last British survivor. Also served in First Boer War and Nile Expedition.^[85]

Franco-Prussian War (1870–71)

• Seraphin Pruvost (1849–1955) – France.
• Karl Glöckner (1845–1953) – Germany.

Paris Commune (1871)

• Adrien Lejeune (1847–1942) – Communards. Last Communard.^[86]
• Antonin Desfarges (1851–1941) – Communards. Last député.
• Eugène François Louis Liné (1850–1940) – France.^[87]

Third Anglo-Ashanti War (1873–74)

• Harry Figg (1855–1953) – British Empire. Died in Sydney, Australia. Also served in the Zulu War, First Boer War and Second Boer War.^{[88] [89]}

• Nene Hatun (1858–1955) — Ottoman Empire. Fought at the Battle of Erzurum.

Second Anglo-Afghan War (1878–80)

• Alfred Hawker (1858–1962) – British Empire. Served in the British Army.^[90]

Zulu War (1879)

• Harry Figg (1855–1953) – British Empire.
• Charles Wallace Warden (c.1854–1953) – British Empire. Transferred to First Foot in 1874.^[91]
• Frank Bourne (1854–1945) – British Empire. Last survivor of Rorke's Drift.

First Boer War (1880–81)

• Harry Figg (1855–1953) – British Empire. Fought at Majuba Hill and Laing's Nek. Previously served in the 1873 Ashanti War.

Anglo-Egyptian War (1882)

• Albert Canning (1861–1960) – British Empire. Served in the 19th Hussars. Also served in the Mahdist War and World War I.^[92]

Mahdist War (1882–99)

• James Richard Miles (1879–1977) – British Empire. Last British Army veteran of the Battle of Omdurman.^[93]

Spanish–American War (1898)

• Aurelio Diaz Campillo (1878–1989) – Spain. Served in the Army.^{[94] [95]}
• Emilio Fabregat Fabregat (1878–1960) – Spain. Last survivor of the Siege of Baler.^[96]

20th century

Second Boer War (1899–1902)

• George Frederick Ives (1881–1993) – British Empire. Later emigrated to Canada.^[97]

Russo-Japanese War (1904–05)

• Alex Gory (1881–1989) – Russian Empire.^[98]

Macedonian Struggle (1904–08)

• Christos Papantoniou (1890–1995) – Greece.^[99]

Potemkin Mutiny (1905)

• Ivan Beshoff (1885–1987) – Potemkin rebels. Fled to Ireland in 1913.^[100]

Italo-Turkish War (1911–12)

• Michele Traini (1892–1996) – Italy. Sent to Libya in 1912. Returned home following WWI.^{[101] [102]}

Balkan Wars (1912–13)

• Lăcătușu Dumitrașcu (1891–1999) – Romania. Served in the 11th Siret Regiment in 1913. Also served in WWI and WWII^[103]
• Christos Papantoniou (1890–1995) – Greece. Also served in WWI and WWII.
• Hristo Getov-Obbov (1893–1994) – Bulgaria. Joined the Macedonian-Adrianopolitan Volunteer Corps in 1912. Also served in WWI.^[104]
• Hüseyin Kaçmaz (1884–1994) – Ottoman Empire. Also served in WWI.^{[105] [106]}
• Danilo Dajković (1895–1993) – Montenegro. Also served in WWI.^[107]

World War I (1914–18)

See main article: List of last surviving World War I veterans by country.

• Florence Green (1901–2012) – British Empire. Last Entente veteran and last veteran of World War I. Served as an officer's mess steward in the Royal Air Force; the Women's Royal Air Force.
• Claude Choules (1901–2011) – British Empire. Last combat veteran. Served in the Royal Navy on . Also last veteran to serve in both World Wars.
• Harry Patch (1898–2009) – British Empire. Last soldier to fight in the trenches.
• Franz Künstler (1900–2008) – Austria-Hungary. Last Central Powers veteran.
• Wilhelm Gisbert Groos (1894-1997)  German Empire. Last member of Jasta 11 and possibly last German flying ace of World War I^[108]

Easter Rising (1916)

• John "Jack" Rogers (1894–2000) – United Kingdom. Served in the Sherwood Foresters. Also served in WWI.^[109]
• Frederick Watson (1900–1997) – United Kingdom. Served in the Royal Dublin Fusiliers.^[110]
• Lily Kempson (1897–1996) – Irish rebels. Served in the Irish Citizen Army.^[111]
• William Conor Hogan (1898–1995) – Irish rebels. Served in the Irish Volunteers. Also served in the War of Independence and the Civil War.^{[112] [113] [114]}

October Revolution (1917)

• Boris Gudz (1902–2006) – Red Army. Also fought in Russian Civil War.^[115]

Russian Civil War (1917–22)

Russian participants:

• Anatoly A. Wolin (1902–2007) – Red Army.^[116]
• Boris Gudz (1902–2006) – Red Army. Also fought in October Revolution.
• Nikolai Fyodorov (1901–2003) – White Army.^[117]

European veterans of Allied Intervention:

• Alois Vocásek (1896–2003) – Czechoslovakia. Fought as a Legionnaire throughout Siberia on the Trans-Siberian Railway.^{[118] [119]}
• Jean Piry (1896–2003) – France.^{[120] [121]}
• Frank William Ivers (1902–2003) – United Kingdom. Last Naval veteran. Served in Royal Navy off Northern Russia.

Finnish Civil War (1918)

• Lauri Nurminen (1906–2009) – White Guards.^[122]
• Aarne Arvonen (1897–2009) – Red Guards.^[123]

• Jan Rzepa (1899–2005) – Poland.^{[124] [125]}

• Helmut Fink (1901–2009) – Weimar Republic. Served in the Freikorps.^[126]

Polish–Ukrainian War (1918–19)

• Grigory Ivanovich Kovpak (1905–2010) – Ukraine. Served in the Ukrainian Galician Army.^{[127] [128]}
• Aleksander Sałacki (1904–2008) – Poland. Last Lwów Eaglet.^{[129] [130]}

Estonian War of Independence (1918–20)

• Ants Ilus (1901–2006) – Estonia.^{[131] [132]}
• Paavo Takula (1901–2004) – Finland. Last volunteer.^{[133] [134]}
• Karl Jaanus (1899–2000) – Estonia. Last surviving Cross of Liberty recipient awarded during war.^[135]

Latvian War of Independence (1918–20)

• Arnolds Hofmanis (1900–2006) – Latvia. Died in Tukums, Latvia.^[136]
• Arvīds Lauris (1901–2003) – Latvia. Last surviving Order of Lāčplēsis recipient awarded during war.^[137]

Lithuanian Wars of Independence (1918–20)

• Kazys Varkala (1900–2005) – Lithuania. Fought against the Soviets and the Bermontians.^[138]
• Česlovas Januškevičius (1900–2001) – Lithuania. Last surviving Cross of Vytis recipient awarded during war. Fought the Polish in 1920.^{[139] [140]}

Irish War of Independence (1919–21)

• Dan Keating (1902–2007) – Ireland. Served in the Irish Republican Army.^[141]
• Bert Clark (1899–2005) – United Kingdom. Served in the British Army.^{[142] [143]}
• Hugh McIvor (1901–2002) – United Kingdom. Last member of the Royal Irish Constabulary.^[144]

Polish–Soviet War (1918–19)

• Alexander Imich (1903–2014) – Poland.^[145]
• Józef Kowalski (1900–2013) – Poland.^{[146] [147]}

Silesian Uprisings (1919–21)

• Wilhelm Meisel (1904–2009) – Silesian rebels.^{[148] [149]}

Turkish War of Independence (1919–23)

• Mustafa Şekip Birgöl (1903–2008) – Turkey.^[150]

• Veysel Turan (1901–2007) – Turkey.
• Napoleon Patricios (1899–2006) – Greece. Served on board the destroyer .^[151]

Rif War (1920–1926)

• Francisco Núñez Olivera (1904–2018) – Spain.^{[152] [153]}

March on Rome (1922)

• Vasco Bruttomesso (1903–2009) – National Fascist Party.^[154]

Spanish Civil War (1936–1939)

• Josep Almudéver Mateu (1919–2021) – Spain. Last veteran of the International Brigades.^[155]
• Günther Scholz (1911–2014) – Germany. Last veteran of the Condor Legion.

• José Júnior Barata (1916–2014) – Portuguese Navy rebels.^{[156] [157]}

World War II (1939–45)

See main article: List of last surviving World War II veterans.

• John Hemingway (1919–) – United Kingdom. Last veteran of the Battle of Britain. Served with No. 85 Squadron RAF.
• John Cruickshank (1920–) – United Kingdom. Last Victoria Cross recipient. Served in the British Army before joining the RAF in 1941.
• Kenneth Mayhew (1917–2021) – United Kingdom. Last Military Order of William recipient. Fought in the British Army at Normandy, Caen, Eindhoven–Arnhem, and Overloon.
• Rafael Gómez Nieto (1921–2020) – Free France. Last member of the 9th Company of 2nd Armored Division, the first Allied unit to enter Paris during the Liberation.

Korean War (1950–53)

• Sergey Kramarenko (1923–2020)  – Soviet Union. Last surviving Soviet flying ace. Served in 324th Fighter Aviation Division. Soviet Air Force.
• Bill Speakman (1927–2018) – United Kingdom. Last Victoria Cross recipient. Served in the Black Watch, 3rd Battalion, Royal Regiment of Scotland, British Army.

See also

• Military history of Europe
• List of last surviving veterans of military insurgencies and wars
• List of last surviving veterans of military operations
• List of last survivors of historical events
• List of last surviving Canadian war veterans
• Last surviving United States war veterans

Notes and References

1. Jeune and Vaupel, p.45.
2. Book: Validation of exceptional longevity. University Press of Southern Denmark. Odense. 1999. Jeune, Bernard . Vaupel, James W. . James Vaupel . 978-87-7838-466-9.
3. Jeune and Vaupel, p.61.
4. Book: The New Encyclopædia Britannica, Volume 8; Volume 20. Encyclopædia Britannica. 1998. 978-0-85229-633-2. 428. registration.
5. Book: White, William. Notes and queries, Volume 114. Oxford University Press. Oxford. 1906. 82.
6. News: It's a grand life for Chelsea's men in scarlet. The Independent. 9 May 1999. 25 January 2009. Winder. Robert.
7. News: A SOLDIER OF GREAT AGE.. The New York Times. 10 February 1886. 17 October 2011.
8. https://kpi.ua/kalnyshevsky Петро Калнишевський – останній кошовий Запорізької Січі
9. http://histpol.pl.ua/ru/biblioteka/ukazatel-po-nazvaniyam?id=4032 Калнышевский, Петр Иванович
10. Book: Fältskärns berättelse. 4. Topelius, Zacharias. sv. 1908. Bonnier, Albert. 14. 26 October 2018.
11. Book: Oma maa: Toukokuu-Kesäku. 636. Palmén, Ernst Gustaf. Söderström. 1908. fi. 26 October 2018.
12. Book: Grant, James. British battles on land and sea. 1873. 1. 359. Cassell, Petter, and Galpin. 14 August 2017.
13. Book: Bailey, Thomas. Records of longevity, with an introductory discourse on vital statistics. ambrose.. 79, 101. 1857. Darton. 14 August 2017.
14. Book: Love, Dana. Jacobite Stories. Neil Wilson Publishing. 2013. 9781906476434.
15. Book: Brown. Charles Brockden. Charles Brockden Brown. Walsh. Robert. Robert Walsh (diplomat). The American register, or general repository of history, politics and science, Volume 2. 408. 1808. C & A. Conrad and Company. Philadelphia.
16. Book: Behrens, Johann H.. Lebensgeschichte des 105-jährigen in Wolfenbüttel lebenden Invaliden-Unterofficiers Joh. Heinr. Behrens eines Zeitgenossen und Kriegers Friedrich's des Großen. Wolfenbüttel. de. Holle. 1840. 944–950.
17. Book: Hazard's United States Commercial and Statistical Register. 5. 1841. Samuel Hazard. W. F. Geddes. 76. September 10, 2016.
18. News: Kálmán Nagy, A magyar huszár születése, dicsõ harcai és történelmi jelentõsége. Lovasok.hu. 2013-06-13.
19. Book: Nouvelle biographie générale depuis les temps les plus reculés jusqu'à nos jours avec les renseignements bibliographiques et l'indication des sources à consulter. Hoefer, M. . Ferdinand, Jean Chrétien . Ferdinand Hoefer . fr. Paris, Firmin Didot frères, fils et cie. 1857. Paris.
20. Book: L'Illustrazione popolare. it. 20. 542. 1884. E. Treves.
21. News: Een veteraan van Napoleon's leger. 2. Haarlemsch Advertentieblad. nl. February 27, 1884.
22. Book: Necrological Table. 1873. The British Almanac. 2012-08-13.
23. Book: Mathieu, Frédéric. Napoléon, les derniers témoins. fr. 2008. Éditions Sébirot. 978-2-9532726-0-4.
24. Book: Revue Napoléonienne. Lambruso, Albert. 1902. F. Casanova. 189–190. 1–2. 6 January 2012.
25. Web site: Schafer . Rob . February 4, 2023 . THE REAL 'LAST SURVIVOR' OF THE BATTLE OF WATERLOO . February 6, 2024 . irontime.substack.com.
26. Web site: Louis-Victor Baillot, le dernier survivant de Waterloo.. fr. Histoire du Consulat et du Premier Empire. 1998. 19 October 2010. Bibet/Librairie des deux empires. Jean-Pierre. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20110719040632/http://www.histoire-empire.org/articles/baillot.htm. 19 July 2011.
27. https://www.newstatesman.com/culture/2015/06/mystery-waterloos-last-living-soldier The mystery of Waterloo's last living soldier
28. News: Commander Henry James. The Westminster Budget. 30. 14 January 1898. 3 August 2019.
29. Veteran Officers Of The Navy. Navy and Army Illustrated. 4. 1897. Hudson & Kearns. Robinson, Charles N.. 46. 258. 3 August 2019.
30. News: Nordenfjeldsk Tidende. Lars Kike: En af Gamlekarene fra 1814. Newspaper. no. 27 January 1897. 3. 28 October 2018.
31. News: Glommendalen. En Veteranen. 1 January 1896. no. 2. 28 October 2018.
32. Book: Waterloo in 100 Objects. Glover, Gareth. 2015. The History Press. 9780750964487. 12 June 2019.
33. Book: The Annual Register: A Review of Public Events at Home and Abroad for the Year 1893. 1894. 173. Longmans, Green, and Co.. 12 June 2019.
34. Book: Nelson's Trafalgar: The Battle That Changed the World. Adkins, Roy. Penguin Books. 2006.
35. Book: Trafalgar: The men, the battle, the storm. Hodder & Stoughton. Craig, Phil. Clayton, Tim. 2012. 9781444719772. 12 June 2019.
36. Book: The enemy at Trafalgar. gaspar costela vasquez trafalgar.. Fraser, Edward. 1906. 259. D. P. Dutton. 12 June 2019.
37. Book: Петербург – столица русской гвардии. История гвардейских подразделений. Структура войск. Боевые действия. Выдающиеся личности. 2017. ru. Alzamov, Boris. LitRes. 9785457879881. 28 October 2018.
38. News: Battle of Trafalgar remembered. Gibraltar Chronicle. Gibraltar Chronicle. 23 October 2018. 28 October 2018.
39. Web site: Biografie Wilhelm I . German . Deutsches Historisches Museum . 12 June 2013 .
40. Among Our Contemporaries. United Service: A Monthly Review of Military and Naval. L. R. Hamersly & Company. 14. 564. 1895. 3 August 2019.
41. Book: Naval General Service Medal Roll 1793–1840. Kenneth Douglas-Morris. April 19, 2012. Andrews UK Limited. 310. 9781781505014.
42. News: Απόστολος Μαυρογένης: Ο πρώτος στρατιωτικός ιατρός της επανάστασης του 1821. el. 14 August 2013. NewsNow. NewsNow.org. 13 May 2019.
43. Web site: Μαυρογένης Απόστολος. National Hellenic Research Foundation. Pandektis.ekt.gr. 13 May 2019.
44. News: UN COMBATTANT DE NAVARIN. fr. Newspaper. 20 October 1906. La Lanterne. 1. 30 April 2019.
45. Book: Revue de Provence. 9. fr. 1907. P. Ruat. 26. 30 April 2019.
46. News: LAST SURVIVOR OF JULY REVOLUTION IS DEAD. Newspaper. 42. 3 December 1911. The San Francisco Call. 24 August 2014.
47. Book: Je sais tout. 1. 1905. Pierre Lafitte Publications. 470. 24 August 2014. fr.
48. News: Gisteren herdacht de oud-stijder. nl. Leidsch Dagblad. Newspaper. 9 July 1912. 5. 12 May 2019.
49. News: Een oud-strijder. nl. Leidsche Courant. Newspaper. 11 December 1918. 4. 12 May 2019.
50. News: De laatste Metalen-Kruisridder. nl. Leidsche Courant. Newspaper. 9 November 1915. 2. 12 May 2019.
51. News: Een oude oud-strijder. nl. Leidsche Courant. Newspaper. 4 October 1912. 3. 12 May 2019.
52. News: LE CENTENAIRE DE MAINCY. 2. Newspaper. fr. 28 December 1911. Le Petit Journal. 23 April 2018.
53. News: Centenaire décoré. La Croix. fr. Newspaper. 11 February 1912. 23 April 2018. 1–2.
54. Miroir de l'histoire. fr. Nouvelle librairie de France. 30 March 2018. 1979. 313–320. 669.
55. Le dernier survivant des combattants de 1830. fr. Bruxelles. L'Expansion belge. 30 March 2018. 1909. 5. 692.
56. News: Newspaper. Daily Herald. HIS 101st BIRTHDAY. 21 Jan 1921. 13 May 2019.
57. News: Newspaper. Western Morning News. Brixham Centenarian: Survivor of China War of 1842. 21 Jan 1921. 13 May 2019.
58. Web site: Százkét éves korában influenzában meghalt a legutolsó negyvennyolcas honvéd. March 1929. Huszadik Század. 2014-06-21.
59. News: Wolverhampton says goodbye to a century-old soldier. Black Country Bugle. 24 November 2005. 24 August 2014. 23 September 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150923191730/http://www.blackcountrybugle.co.uk/Wolverhampton-says-goodbye-centuryold-soldier/story-20136926-detail/story.html. dead.
60. Web site: En Veteran Fra 48, der fylder 100 Ar. da. MyHeritage. 8 August 2014.
61. News: War Veteran of 104. The Auckland Star. 3. Newspaper. 14 June 1930. 29 April 2016.
62. Book: Das Echo: Mit Beiblatt Deutsche Export Revue. Wochenzeitung Für Politik, Literatur, Export und Import. 49. 1930. 756. de. Auslandverlag.
63. A Last Survivor Of The Crimean War?. Austin, Dr. Douglas J.. 6–11. April 2011. 29. 1. Crimean War Research Society. The War Correspondent. 16 January 2019.
64. News: LE DOYEN DES FRANÇAIS, M. YVES PRIGENT, EST MORT HIER MATIN A PORTSALL. fr. Newspaper. L'Ouest-Éclair. 5. 19 May 1937. 23 April 2018.
65. News: Newspaper. Officer Who Joined The Army in 1854 Bournemouth. 25 July 1936. 17. The Gazette. Montreal, Canada. 16 January 2019.
66. News: LAST SURVIVOR OF CRIMEA WAR DIES BUSTO ARSIZIO. Newspaper. The Sandusky Register. Sandusky, Ohio. 28 May 1930. 30 September 2015.
67. News: Hall of Fame: Balaclava Ned. BBC News. 27 July 2009. 20 October 2010.
68. News: ONLY ONE LEFT NOW – INDIAN MUTINY SURVIVOR. Tweed Daily. Newspaper. July 13, 1939. 2. January 8, 2018.
69. News: Fought In The Mutiny. Newspaper. 8. Voice. August 12, 1939. January 8, 2018.
70. News: Hero Celebrates 100th Birthday. The Ogden Standard-Examiner. Newspaper. July 16, 1936. 4. September 10, 2016.
71. Book: Visiting Modern War in Risorgimento Italy. J. Marwil. Springer. 2010. 9780230117556. September 10, 2016.
72. News: La morte nel Comasco di un vecchio garibaldino. Newspaper. it. 3 April 1940. La Stampa. 4.
73. Web site: Campagnes de Crimée (1853–1856), d'Italie (1859), d'Afrique (1864), du Mexique (1862–1867). derniersveterans.free.fr. fr. September 10, 2016.
74. News: Newspaper. Garibaldi Survivor. March 28, 1934. The Barrier Miner. 4.
75. Book: The North's Last Boys in Blue. 2. 2007. Hoar, Jay S.. Higginson Book Co.. 978-0-7404-5907-8.
76. News: Heron Lake Man Is 101 Today, Plans Quiet Observance but Not Because of His Health. 17. Sioux City Journal. 25 April 1950. 18 December 2019. subscription.
77. Book: The South's Last Boys in Gray. Hoar, Jay S.. 2010. Higginson Book Co.. 3. 978-0-7404-6751-6.
78. Book: Irish in the American Civil War. Shields, Damian. 2013. The History Press. 978-0752491974. 18 December 2019.
79. News: 105-Year-Old Confederate Vet Dies In Texas. 28 June 1950. 16. Corsicana Daily Sun. 18 December 2019. subscription.
80. News: légion d'honneur. Journal officiel de la République française. 12 January 1937. 508. 30 October 2018.
81. Book: Żołnierska danina życia od 1657 roku. Jakubik, Marian . Kołodziejczyk, Arkadiusz . IHAP. 2002. 158. 978-83-87088-59-0. pl.
82. Web site: Antoni Suss. pl . Nieobecni.com.pl. 23 November 2010. 15 October 2011.
83. da. Under Dannebrog. Den sidste Marine-Veteran død. The Last Naval Veteran is dead. The Danish Navy Association. February 1943. 2. 16. 20 March 2019. 18 May 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200518164834/http://marineforeningen.dk/mtud/bladarkiv/1943/Nr.%202_1943.pdf. dead.
84. Book: Personalhistorisk tidsskrift. 2003. 29. Society for Danish Genealogy and Staff History. da. 30 October 2018.
85. Web site: Inventory Search. nam.ac.uk. National Army Museum. 30 October 2018.
86. Book: Bowd, Gavin. Le dernier communard: Adrien Lejeune. fr. 978-2-296-02974-3. Editions L'Harmattan. 2007.
87. News: Les obsèques de M. Liné. Le Journal de l'Orne. 10 February 1940. 2. fr. 8 November 2018. 8 November 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181108184423/http://www.normannia.info/ark%3A/86186/1q7vr#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=0. dead.
88. News: OBSERVANCE OF EMPIRE DAY. The Sydney Morning Herald. Newspaper. 5. 24 May 1947. 30 October 2018.
89. News: Mr. Figg, Zulu War Veteran, Dies. The Sunday Herald. 5. 24 May 1953. Newspaper. 30 October 2018.
90. Book: McWhirter, Ross and Norris (editors). The Guinness Book of Records. registration. 1972. Guinness Superlatives Ltd. 196. 0-900424-06-0.
91. Book: Warre, H.J.. Historical records of the Fifty-seventh, or, West Middlesex Regiment of Foot. Charles Wallace Warden.. W. Mitchell and Co. 1878. 229.
92. News: COLONEL ALBERT CANNING, C.M.G.. Devizes and Wiltshire Gazette. Newspaper. 24 November 1960. 29 November 2018.
93. Book: Wingate Pasha: The Life of General Sir Francis Reginald Wingate 1861–1953. Pugh, R. J. M.. 2011. Pen and Sword. 83. 9781848845312.
94. News: AURELIO DIAZ CAMPILLO: EL ULTIMO DE CUBA. ABC. Newspaper. 23 October 1977. es. 130. 30 March 2018.
95. News: El tío Aurelio de Tielve. Noriega, Ignacio Gracia. La Nueva España. 18 June 1989. es. 30 March 2018.
96. Book: Boletín de la Sociedad Castellonense de Cultura. es. 1974. 50. 307. Sociedad Castellonense de Cultura. Sociedad Castellonense de Cultura. 25 May 2019.
97. Book: Davies, David Twiston. Canada from afar: the Daily telegraph book of Canadian obituaries. Dundurn Group. 1996. 1–3.
98. Web site: Alex Gory Park. Northern Territory Government. 8 August 2014.
99. Ο τελευταίος Μακεδονομάχος Χρήστος Παπαντωνίου . https://archive.today/20130702043550/http://entopios.gr/?p=6715. dead. 2013-07-02. 1995. Macedonian Life. Magazine. el. 352.
100. News: Ivan Beshoff, Last Survivor Of Mutiny on the Potemkin. 28 October 1987. 11. Newspaper. 1 November 2018.
101. Web site: E I NOSTRI SOLDATI IN LIBIA? COSA FACEVANO NEL FRATTEMPO?. Capodarca, Valido. 4 January 2017. it. A.N.M.I.G. Barletta. 19 December 2018.
102. La Guerra Italo-Turca (1911–1912. IMMAGINI ED EVOLUZIONE DEL CORPO AUTOMOBILISTICO. Capodarca, Valido. 1. 58. it. Rivista Militare. 1994. 19 December 2018.
103. News: Povestea ultimului supravieţuitor român al Primului Război Mondial. A murit uitat de stat, în cel mai crunt anonimat. ro. December 17, 2016. Adevărul. Iancu, Mariana. January 8, 2018.
104. Book: Доколкото си спомням. Danailov, George. bg. 2002. ABAGAR JSC.
105. Book: Gallipoli: The Battlefield Guide. McLachlan, Mat. Hachette, Australia. 2015. 9780733627613. 4 November 2018.
106. Web site: ÇANAKKALE ZAFERİ'NİN 96. YIL DÖNÜMÜ -ETKİNLİKLER KAPSAMINDA İSTİKLAL GAZİSİ HÜSEYİN KAÇMAZ'IN OĞLU TURGUT KAÇMAZ'IN "SAKLI HATIRALAR" FOTOĞRAF SERGİSİ AÇILDI. TRT Haber. tr. 15 March 2011. 24 August 2014.
107. Web site: http://www.spc.rs/eng/petnaestogodisnjica_upokojenja_mitropolita_crnogorskoprimorskog_g_danila_18951993. sr:Петнаестогодишњица упокојења Митрополита црногорско-приморског Г. Данила (1895–1993). sr. Serbian Orthodox Church. September 12, 2008. August 24, 2014. August 26, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140826120824/http://www.spc.rs/eng/petnaestogodisnjica_upokojenja_mitropolita_crnogorskoprimorskog_g_danila_18951993. dead.
108. Web site: An Honour Goblet Group to Leutnant Gisbert Groos of von Richthofen's "Flying Circus". Emedals.com. 15 April 2017. 15 April 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170415205730/https://www.emedals.com/an-honour-goblet-group-to-leutnant-gisbert-groos-of-von-richthofen-s-flying-circus. dead.
109. Web site: John 'Jack' Rogers. Britain's Last Tommies. WordPress.com. Van Emden, Richard. 6 December 2013 . 8 May 2016.
110. Book: According to their Lights. Richardson, Neil. The Collins Press. 2015. 9781848894952.
111. News: The story of Lily Kempson and her fight for freedom. April 16, 1998 . Republican News. Friel, Laura. 8 May 2016.
112. Web site: The Four Courts Reilly's Fort. IrishMedals.org. 4 June 2017.
113. Web site: Four Court Garrison: Roll of Honor. 1916 Rebellion Museum. 4 June 2017. 11 September 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170911100708/http://1916rebellionmuseum.com/1916-easter-rising/roll-of-honour/four-courts-garrison/. dead.
114. Book: Ireland's 1916 Rising: Explorations of History-Making, Commemoration & Heritage in Modern Times. McCarthy, Mark. Routledge. 2016. 9781317112860. 4 November 2018.
115. News: Boris Gudz. The Times. 24 January 2007. 15 October 2011.
116. News: Сталинский прокурор: Он был назначен Сталиным. Но до сих пор не может простить ему ошибок и разделяет с ним его вину. ru. Rossiyskaya Gazeta. Government of Russia. Makhkamova, Uliana. 11 May 2007. 3 November 2018.
117. 8–9. НИКОЛАЙ ВАСИЛЬЕВИЧ ФЁДОРОВ (1901–2003). Вестник РОВС. ru. Magazine. 2004. Russian All-Military Union. 4 November 2018.
118. News: OLDEST CZECH LEGIONNAIRE WAS NEVER ABLE TO CLEAR TARNISHED REPUTATION. Velinger, Jan. 14 August 2003. Radio Prague. 21 March 2019.
119. Web site: Alois Vocásek (* 1896 † ︎ 2003). cs. Paměti národa. pametnaroda.cz. 21 March 2019.
120. News: A Toast to B.C.'s Senior Senior. Newspaper. 21. Vancouver Sun. 3 January 2003. 15 December 2018.
121. News: Births & Deaths. Newspaper. Vancouver Sun. 1 April 2003. 67. 15 December 2018.
122. News: Nuori mies selvisi sisällissodan ensimmäisestä joukkoteloituksesta – hänestä tuli myöhemmin paperitehtaan johtaja. Aamulehti. 1 January 2018. fi. Saukkonen, Eila. 3 November 2018. 5 November 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181105012428/https://www.aamulehti.fi/a/200709189. dead.
123. Web site: Viimeinen sisällissodan veteraani kuoli 111-vuotiaana. fi. Uusi Suomi. 16 January 2009. 23 October 2010. Tietotoimisto, Suomen.
124. News: JAN RZEPA. pl. Gazeta Wyborcza. Dariusz, Roszak. 20 March 2007. 3 November 2018.
125. Kronika Wielkopolski. magazine. pl. 203. 2005. 113–116. Państwowe Wydawn. Naukowe. 3 November 2018.
126. News: Schlagzeuger (fast 18) trifft Flötisten (108). de . Sulanke, Alexander. Hamburger Abendblatt. A life full of music – since 108 years. 18 March 2009. 22 July 2009.
127. News: Останній громадянин ЗУНР. uk. 14 November 2008. Yakel, Roman. Dzerkalo Tyzhnia. 30 March 2018.
128. News: ОСТАННІЙ ГРОМАДЯНИН ЗУНР ЖИВЕ У ЧЕРНІВЦЯХ. uk. Television News Service (TSN). 1 November 2008. 30 March 2018.
129. Web site: Aleksander Sałacki skończył 103 lata. pl. NaszeMiasto.pl. 14 May 2007. 15 October 2011. Pierończyk. Jolanta. 25 April 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120425070914/http://czestochowa.naszemiasto.pl/archiwum/1448110,aleksander-salacki-skonczyl-103-lata,id,t.html. dead.
130. Web site: Odszedł niezwykły tyszanin. pl. Twoje Tychy. 15 April 2008. 15 October 2011. Strzoda. Ewa. 4. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20120425070918/http://archiwum.tychy.net.pl/twoje_tychy_21.pdf. 25 April 2012.
131. News: Suri viimane Vabadussõja veteran Ants Ilus. et. Postimees. 4 February 2006. 3 November 2018.
132. Web site: IN MEMORIAM Vabadussõja veteran Ants Ilus 1901–2006. et. Kaitseliit. 23 October 2010. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20110720125329/http://www.kaitseliit.ee/index.php?op=news&news_id=180. 20 July 2011.
133. News: Vabadussõjas võidelnud soomlane saadab tervisi. Postimees. et. 23 February 2004. Juhani. Turunen. 20 April 2020.
134. News: Kaitseminister saatis Soome kaastundeavalduse. Eesti Päevaleht. et. 19 June 2004. 20 April 2020.
135. Web site: PILISTVERE KIHELKOND JA VABADUSE RISTI VENNAD. et. Viljandi Muuseum. 2005. 23 October 2010. 107–108. Pihlak. Jaak.
136. Book: Tīrradņi: naivā māksla Latvijā. lv. Neputns. Leitis, Aivars. 2005. 199. 9789984729626. 3 November 2018.
137. News: ASV miris pēdējais Lāčplēša ordeņa kavalieris. lv. Delfi. Baltic News Network. 16 August 2003. 3 November 2018.
138. News: Mirė paskutinis Nepriklausomybės kovų savanoris. Lietuvos žinios. lt. Delfi News. 2005. 1 March 2016.
139. News: Lietuvos istorijos viražai: Vyčio Kryžius. Urbonavičiūtė, Romualda. 13 March 2010. Šiaulių naujienos. 3 November 2018.
140. Web site: ČIKAGOS AIDE RAŠOMA. lt. 22 July 2016. Association of Local Government Municipalities of Lithuania. 3 November 2018.
141. News: Irish Civil War veteran dies at 105. BBC News. 3 October 2007. 23 October 2010.
142. Book: Last Post: The Final Word From Our First World War Soldiers. Orion Publishing Group. Arthur, Max. 2014.
143. News: Last veterans to tell their war stories. The Observer. 13 November 2004. Smith, David. 3 November 2018.
144. News: RIC's last survivor dies. https://web.archive.org/web/20160911041815/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-81293396.html. dead. 11 September 2016. The News Letter. Newspaper. 4 January 2002. 29 April 2016.
145. News: An Ever-Curious Spirit, Unbeaten After 111 Years. The New York Times. Blumenthal, Ralph. 4 May 2014. 3 November 2018.
146. Web site: Pan Józef Kowalski ma 111 lat. pl. Radio Zachód. 2 February 2011. 21 August 2011. Dobosiewicz. Agnieszka.
147. Web site: TAM, GDZIE NASZ OSTATNI ŻYJĄCY BOHATER I NAJSTARSZE POLSKIE MIASTO – TAM DOTARLI Z WIZYTĄ I POZDROWIENIAMI AMBASADORZY MIASTA CUDU NAD WISŁĄ… (19 July 2011). pl. Kurier W. 19 July 2011. 7 September 2011.
148. Web site: Wilusiowi stuknie 105 lat!. pl. 1 January 2009. 23 October 2010. Książek. Mirosława.
149. Web site: Odszedł najstarszy Ślązak. Dziennik Zachodni. pl. Nowiny. 10 June 2009. 23 October 2010. 14 March 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120314053210/http://www.nowiny.rybnik.pl/artykul,14749.html. dead.
150. Web site: Mustafa Şekip Birgöl (1903–2008). tr. 11 November 2008. 23 October 2010. Kim Kimdir. Hürriyet.
151. Web site: Napoleon Patricios (1899–2006). Geni.com. 2015-07-26.
152. News: World's Oldest Man Dead At 113: Francisco Núñez Olivera Was Veteran Of Spanish Civil War. 31 January 2018. Gomez, Shirley. The Latin Times. 3 November 2018.
153. News: El abuelo del planeta es español. es. Del Campo, Eduard. January 24, 2016. El Mundo. July 31, 2016.
154. Web site: Varese, è morto l'ultimo veterano della Marcia su Roma: aveva 105 anni. it. 3 January 2009. 23 October 2010. Frattina. Giannino. il Giornale.
155. Web site: "Last international brigader", survivor of Spanish civil war, dies aged 101. Sam. Jones. The Guardian. 25 May 2021. 26 May 2021.
156. News: Morreu José Barata, o último sobrevivente da Revolta dos Marinheiros de 1936. pt. Público. 7 July 2014. Nuno. Santos. 20 April 2020.
157. News: Morreu o último homem da Revolta dos Marinheiros de 1936. Expresso. pt. 6 July 2014. 20 April 2020.