List of large volume volcanic eruptions in the Basin and Range Province explained

Large volume volcanic eruptions in the Basin and Range Province include Basin and Range eruptions in Utah, California, Idaho, Colorado, New Mexico, Texas, Arizona, Nevada, Wyoming and Oregon, as well as those of the Long Valley Caldera geological province and the Yellowstone hotspot.

Volcanic fields

Some of the volcanic fields within the Basin and Range Province: Northwestern Nevada, the Modoc Plateau, Central Nevada, the Great Basin, Southwestern Nevada, the Mojave Desert, and the Long Valley Caldera region. Named ones include: Coso Volcanic Field, Mono Lake Volcanic Field, Marysvale Volcanic Field, San Juan volcanic field, Indian Peak, Central Colorado volcanic field, Jemez volcanic lineament, Mogollon-Datil volcanic field, Santa Rosa-Calico, and Boot Heel volcanic field.

Geological features

Many geological features in Western United States have a Northeastern orientation, the North American craton motion has the same orientation as well.^[1] For example: the Trans-Challis fault zone, Idaho; the Snake River in Oregon; the Garlock Fault, California; the Colorado River in Utah; the Colorado Mineral Belt; Crater Flat-Reveille Range-Lunar Crater lineament, the Northwestern Nevada volcanic field; the San Juan caldera cluster, Colorado; the Socorro-Magdalena caldera cluster, New Mexico; Jemez Lineament; and the Yellowstone hotspot trail. But the Yellowstone hotspot trail was modified through faults and extension.

Geology

Prior to the Eocene Epoch (55.8 ± 0.2 to 33.9 ± 0.1 Ma) the convergence rate of the Farallon and North American Plates was fast and the angle of subduction was shallow. During the Eocene the Farallon Plate subduction-associated compressive forces of the Laramide orogeny ended, plate interactions changed from orthogonal compression to oblique strike-slip, and volcanism in the Basin and Range Province flared up. It is suggested that this plate continued to be underthrust until about 19 Ma, at which time it was completely consumed and volcanic activity ceased, in part. Olivine basalt from the oceanic ridge erupted around 17 Ma and extension began.^{[2] [3] [4] [5] [6]} The extension resulted in roughly north-south-trending faults, the Great Basin, the Walker trough, the Owens graben, and the Rio Grande rift, for instance.

List of large volume eruptions in the Basin and Range Province

See main article: List of large volcanic eruptions.

See also: Timeline of volcanism on Earth and List of Quaternary volcanic eruptions. The large volume eruptions in the Basin and Range Province include:

• Long Valley Caldera

Mono County, California, USA; 758.9 ± 1.8 ka; VEI 7; 600km3 of Bishop Tuff.^[7]

• Valles Caldera, New Mexico, USA; around 1.15 Ma; VEI 7; around 600km3 of the Tshirege formation, Upper Bandelier eruption.^{[8] [9]}
• Valles Caldera, New Mexico, USA; around 1.47 Ma (Lower Bandelier eruption, the Otawi).^{[8] [10] [11]}
• Yellowstone hotspot (?), Lake Owyhee volcanic fields; 15.0 to 15.5 Ma.^[12]
• Yellowstone hotspot (?), Northwest Nevada volcanic field, Virgin Valley, High Rock, Hog Ranch, and unnamed calderas; West of the Pine Forest Range, Nevada; 15.5 to 16.5 Ma; Tuffs: Idaho Canyon, Ashdown, Summit Lake, and Soldier Meadow.^{[13] [14] [15] [16] [17]}
• Columbia River Basalt Province: Yellowstone hotspot releases a huge pulse of volcanic activity, the first eruptions were near the Oregon-Idaho-Washington border. Columbia River and Steens flood basalts, Pueblo Mountains, Steens Mountain, Washington, Oregon, and Idaho; most vigorous eruptions were from 14 to 17 Ma.
  • Columbia River flood basalts, 175000km3^{[18] [19]}
  • Steens flood basalts, 65000km3^{[20] [21]}
• Mount Belknap Caldera (17kmx12kmkm (11milesx07mileskm)), Marysvale Volcanic Field, southwestern Utah; 19 Ma; 150km3 of tephra (Joe Lott member).
• Big John Caldera (10kmx6kmkm (10milesx04mileskm)), Marysvale Volcanic Field, southwestern Utah; 22 Ma; 50km3 of Delano Peak Tuff member.
• Monroe Peak Caldera (20kmx16kmkm (10milesx10mileskm)), Marysvale Volcanic Field, southwestern Utah; 23 Ma; 200km3 of Osiris Tuff.^[22]
• Lake City calderas (20km (10miles) wide), San Juan volcanic field, Colorado; 23.1 Ma; 300km3 of Sunshine Peak Tuff.^{[23] [24]}
• Turkey Creek Caldera (25km (16miles) wide), Chiricahua National Monument, Arizona; 25 Ma; 500km3 of Rhyolite Canyon Formation.^[25]
• Lake City calderas (25km (16miles) wide), San Juan volcanic field, Colorado; 25.9 Ma; 200km3500km3 of tephra.
• Questa Caldera (15km (09miles) wide), Questa-Latir volcanic locus, Questa, New Mexico; 26 Ma, 400km3 of Amalia Tuff.
• Creede Caldera (24km (15miles) wide), San Juan Mountains, Wheeler Geologic Area, San Juan volcanic field, Colorado; 26.7 Ma; less than 500km3 of Snowshoe Mountain Tuff.^[26]
• San Luis caldera complex (18km (11miles) wide), Wheeler Geologic Area, San Juan volcanic field, Colorado; 26.8 Ma, 562km3 of Nelson Mountain Tuff.^[27]
• San Luis caldera complex (18km (11miles) wide), Wheeler Geologic Area, San Juan volcanic field, Colorado; 26.9 Ma, 250km3 of Cebola Creek Tuff.^[27]
• San Luis caldera complex (18km (11miles) wide), Wheeler Geologic Area, San Juan volcanic field, Colorado; 27 Ma, 150km3 of Rat Creek Tuff.^[27]
• Three Creeks Caldera (8km (05miles) wide), Marysvale Volcanic Field, Cove Fort-Sulphurdale area, southwestern Utah; 27 Ma; 100km3200km3 of Three Creeks Tuff Member of the Bullion Canyon Volcanics.
• South River Caldera, Wheeler Geologic Area, San Juan volcanic field, Colorado; 27.1 Ma, more than 500km3 of Wason Park Tuff.^[27]
• Central San Juan Caldera (concealed), San Juan volcanic field, Colorado; 27.2 Ma, 250km3 of Blue Creek Tuff.^[27]
• Bachelor Caldera (20kmx28kmkm (10milesx17mileskm)), Wheeler Geologic Area, San Juan volcanic field, Colorado; 27.35 Ma; 1200km3 of Carpenter Ridge Tuff.
• Silverton Caldera (20km (10miles) wide), San Juan volcanic field, Colorado; 27.6 Ma, 50km3100km3 of Crystal Lake Tuff.^[27]
• La Garita Caldera (100kmx35kmkm (100milesx22mileskm)), Wheeler Geologic Area, San Juan volcanic field, Colorado; VEI 8; more than 5000km3 of Fish Canyon Tuff was blasted out in a major single eruption about 27.8 Ma.^{[28] [29]}
• San Juan Caldera (22kmx24kmkm (14milesx15mileskm)), San Juan volcanic field, Colorado; 28 Ma; more than 1000km3 of Sapinero Mesa Tuff.
• Uncompahgre Caldera (23kmx20kmkm (14milesx10mileskm)), Uncompahgre National Forest, San Juan volcanic field, Colorado; 28.1 Ma; more than 1000km3 of Dillon/Sapinero Mesa Tuffs.^[30]
• Lost Lake Caldera (10km (10miles) wide), San Juan volcanic field, Colorado; 28.2 Ma, 100km3500km3 of Blue Mesa Tuff.
• Platoro calderas, San Juan volcanic field, Platoro, Conejos County, Colorado; 28.2 Ma; 1000km3 of Chiquito Peak Tuff.
• Central San Juan Caldera (concealed), San Juan volcanic field, Colorado; 28.3 Ma; 500km3 of Masonic Park Tuff.^[27]
• Ute Creek Caldera, Central Colorado volcanic field, Colorado; 28.3 Ma; 500km3 of Ute Ridge Tuff.^[31]

Large volume eruptions of the Southwestern Nevada volcanic field (SWNVF)!Caldera name!State (volcanic field)!age!size

Black Mountain Caldera (18 km wide)	Nevada (SWNVF)	7 Ma ±1	300km3 of Thirsty Canyon Tuff.^[32]
Timber Mountain caldera complex (30kmx25kmkm (20milesx16mileskm))	Nevada (SWNVF)	11.45 Ma	900km3 of Timber Mountain Tuff – Ammonia Tanks member.^[33]
Timber Mountain caldera complex	Nevada (SWNVF)	11.6 Ma	1200km3 of Timber Mountain Tuff – Rainer Mesa member.
Paintbrush Caldera (20km (10miles) wide)	Nevada (SWNVF)	12.7 Ma	1000km3 of Paintbrush Tuff – Topopah Spring member.
Paintbrush Caldera	Nevada (SWNVF)	12.8 Ma	12000NaN0 of Paintbrush Tuff – Tiva Canyon member
Silent Canyon Caldera (20kmx16kmkm (10milesx10mileskm))	Nevada (SWNVF)	13 Ma	2000NaN0.
Crater Flat Group	Nevada (SWNVF)	13.25 Ma	6500NaN0 of Belted Range Tuff

List of Rupelian calderas

The Rupelian age/stage (Paleogene period/system, Oligocene epoch/series) spans the time between 33.9 ±0.1 Ma and 28.4 ±0.1 Ma (million years ago).

• Bursum Caldera (size: 40 x 30 km), Mogollon-Datil volcanic field, New Mexico; 28.5 Ma ±0.5; of Bloodgood Canyon Tuff.^[34]
• Bursum Caldera (size: 40 x 30 km), Mogollon-Datil volcanic field, New Mexico; 28.5 Ma ±0.5; of Apache Springs Tuff.^[34]
• San Juan Caldera (size: 24 x 22 km), San Juan volcanic field, Colorado; 28.5 Ma; of tephra.^[30]
• Summitville Caldera (size: 12 x 8 km), San Juan volcanic field, Colorado; 28.5 Ma; 100to of Ojito Creek/ La Jadero Tuffs.^{[35] [36]}
• Mount Hope (size: 15 km), San Juan volcanic field, Colorado; 29 Ma; of Masonic Park Tuff.^[23]
• Around White Rock caldera (size: 50 km North-South), White Rock Mountains, Great Basin, Nevada; 29.02 Ma ±0.04; of Lund Tuff.^[37]
• Ute Creek (size: 8 km wide), San Juan volcanic field, Colorado; 29 Ma; of Ute Ridge Tuff.^[23]
• Platoro calderas (size: 12 x 18 km), San Juan volcanic field, Platoro, Conejos County, Colorado; 29.5 Ma; 5000NaN0 of Black Mountain Tuff.^{[35] [36]}
• Indian Peak, Eastern Nevada; 29.5 Ma; more than 32000NaN0 of Wah Wah Springs Tuff.^[38]
• Platoro calderas (size: 18 x 22 km), San Juan volcanic field, Platoro, Conejos County, Colorado; 30 Ma; 5920NaN0 of La Jara Canyon Tuff.^[35]
• Goodsight-Cedar Hills volcano-tectonic depression (Bell Top Formation), south-central New Mexico; 30.5 Ma ±1.5, of tephra (Bell Top Formation).
• William's Ridge, Central Nevada; 31.4 Ma; of Windous Butte Tuff.^[39]
• North Pass Caldera, Cochetopa Hills, Central Colorado volcanic field; 32.25 Ma; 400to of Saguache Creek Tuff.^[40]
• Organ Caldera (size: 16 km wide), Organ Mountains, New Mexico; 32 Ma, of Cueva Soledad Rhyolite.^[41]
• Chinati Caldera (size: 30 x 20 km), Chinati Mountains, Texas; 32.5 Ma ±0.5, of Mitchel Mesa Rhyolite.^[42]
• Bonanza (size: 12 km wide), Central Colorado volcanic field; Colorado; 32.5 Ma, more than of Bonanza Tuff.
• Cowboy Rim (size: 26 x 18 km), Animas Mountains, Hidalgo County, New Mexico; 33 Ma, of Gillespie Tuff.
• Emory Caldera (size: 25 x 55 km), Mogollon-Datil volcanic field, City of Rocks State Park; 33 Ma; VEI 8; 13100NaN0 of Kneeling Nun Tuff.^{[43] [44] [45] [46]}
• Socorro Caldera (size: 25 x 35 km), Rio Grande rift, Socorro, New Mexico; 33 Ma, of Hells Mesa Rhyolite.^[47]
• Marshall Creek, Thirtynine Mile volcanic area, Central Colorado volcanic field; Colorado; 33.7 Ma; more than of Thorn Ranch Tuff.^[48]
• Mount Aetna (size: 10 km wide), Central Colorado volcanic field; Colorado; 33.81 Ma, of Badger Creek Tuff.
• Grizzly Peak Caldera (size: 12 km wide), Central Colorado volcanic field; Colorado; 34.31 Ma; of Grizzly Peak Rhyolite.^[49]
• Juniper Caldera (size: 25 km), Animas Mountains, Hidalgo County, New Mexico; 35 Ma; of Oak Creek Tuff.^[50]
• Mount Princeton (eroded), Central Colorado volcanic field; Colorado; 35.3 Ma ±0.6; more than of Wall Mountain Tuff.^{[51] [52]}
• Davis Mountains, Texas; 35.35 Ma ±0.6; of tuffs of Wild Cherry, Lavas of Casket Mountain.
• Davis Mountains, Texas; 35.61 Ma ±0.09; of Barrel Springs Formation and ash flow tuff.
• Quitman Caldera (size: 15 x 10 km), Quitman Mountains, Hudspeth County, Texas; 36 Ma; of Square Peak Volcanics.
• Davis Mountains, Texas; 36.2 Ma ±0.6; of Mafic lavas.
• Davis Mountains, Texas; 36.33 Ma ±0.13; of tephra (Paisano Volcano).
• Davis Mountains, Texas; 36.51 Ma ±0.05; of Adobe Canyon and Limpia Formations.
• Davis Mountains (fissures), Texas; 36.82 Ma ±0.08; of Flood rhyolites, rhyolite domes, and Gomez Tuff.^[53]
• Muir Caldera (size: 26 x 18 km wide), Hidalgo County, New Mexico; 37 Ma; of Woodhaul Canyon tephra.^[54]
• Infernito Caldera (size: 12 km wide), Trans-Pecos, Texas; 37.5 Ma ±0.5; 70to of Buckshot Tuff.
• Thomas Caldera (size: 16 x 25 km wide), Delta, Utah; 39 Ma; of Mount Laird Tuff.
• Twin Peaks Caldera (size: 20 km), Challis volcanic field, Custer, Idaho; 45 Ma, of Challis Creek Tuff.^[55]
• Van Horn cauldron complex (size: 34 x 48 km), Challis volcanic field, Custer, Idaho; 46 Ma ±0.6; unknown amount of Elis Creek Tuff.^[56]
• Silver Bell Caldera (size: 8 km wide), Arizona; 55.8 Ma; unknown amount of Mount Laird Tuff.^[57]
• Silver Bell Caldera (size: 8 km wide), Arizona; 68 Ma; of Lithic Tuff.
• Tucson Mountain Caldera (size: 25 km wide), Tucson Mountains, Arizona; 73 Ma; of Cat Mountain Tuff.^{[27] [58]}

Sources

• Askren . Daniel R. . Michael F. Roden . James A. Whitney . August 1997 . Petrogenesis of Tertiary Andesite Lava Flows Interlayered with Large-Volume Felsic Ash-Flow Tuffs of the Western USA . Journal of Petrology . 38 . 8 . 1021–1046 . 10.1093/petroj/38.8.1021 . 1997JPet...38.1021A . free .
• Ben G. Mason . David M. Pyle . Clive Oppenheimer . 2004 . The size and frequency of the largest explosive eruptions on Earth . Bulletin of Volcanology . 66 . 8 . 735–748 . 10.1007/s00445-004-0355-9 . 2004BVol...66..735M. 129680497 .
• Best . M.G. . Christiansen, E.H. . Blank, R.H. Jr. . amp . 1989 . Oligocene caldera complex and calc-alkaline tuffs and lavas of the Indian Peak volcanic field, Nevada and Utah . Bull. Geol. Soc. Am. . 101 . 8. 1076–1090 . 10.1130/0016-7606(1989)101<1076:occaca>2.3.co;2. 1989GSAB..101.1076B .
  • Bove . D.J. . Hon, K. . Budding, K.E. . Slack, J.F. . Snee, L.W. . Yeoman, R.A. . 2001 . Geochronology and geology of late Oligocene through Miocene volcanism and mineralization in the Western San Juan Mountains, Colorado . USGS Professional Paper . 1642 . 1–30 .
• Matthew E. Brueseke . William K. Hart . amp . 2008 . Geology and Petrology of the Mid-Miocene Santa Rosa-Calico Volcanic Field, Northern Nevada . Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology Bulletin . 113 . 44 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100607030212/http://www.nbmg.unr.edu/dox/b113/text.pdf . 2010-06-07 .
• Castor, S.B. . Henry, C.D. . amp . 2000 . Geology, geochemistry, and origin of volcanic rock-hosted uranium deposits in northwest Nevada and southeastern Oregon, USA . Ore Geology Review . 16 . 1–2. 1–40 . 10.1016/S0169-1368(99)00021-9. 2000OGRv...16....1C .
• Chapin . C.E. . Wilks, M. . McIntosh, W.C. . 2004 . Space-time patterns of Late Cretaceous to present magmatism in New Mexico—comparison with Andean volcanism and potential for future volcanism . New Mexico Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources Bulletin . 160 . 13–40 . 2010-04-29 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100609230204/http://geoinfo.nmt.edu/publications/bulletins/160/downloads/02chapin.pdf . 2010-06-09 .
• Matthew A. Coble . Gail A. Mahood . amp . 2008 . New geologic evidence for additional 16.5–15.5 Ma silicic calderas in northwest Nevada related to initial impingement of the Yellowstone hot spot . Earth and Environmental Science . 3 . 1 . Collapse Calderas Workshop, IOP Conf. Series . 012002. 2010-03-23 . 10.1088/1755-1307/3/1/012002. 2008E&ES....3a2002C . free .
• Deal . E.G. . Elston, W. E. . Elston, E.E. . Peterson, S.L. . Reiter, D. E. . 1978 . Cenozoic volcanic geology of the Basin and Range province in Hidalgo County, southwestern New Mexico . New Mexico Geol. Soc. Guidebook 29th Field Conference . 219–229 .
• Elston . W.E. . Seager, W.R. . Clemons, R.E. . 1975 . Emory cauldron, Black Range, New Mexico, source of the Kneeling Nun Tuff . Field Conf Guide, New Mexico Geological Society . 26 . 283–292 .
• Book: Erb, E.E. Jr. . 1979 . Petrologic and structural evolution of ash-flow tuff cauldrons and noncauldron related volcanic rocks in the Animas and southern Peloncillo Mountains, Hidalgo County, New Mexico . University of New Mexico . Albuquerque .
• Farmer . G.L. . Broxton, D.E. . Warren, R.G. . Pickthorn, W. . 1991 . Nd, Sr, and O isotopic variations in metaluminous ash-flow tuffs and related volcanic rocks at the Timber Mountains/Oasis Valley caldera complex, SW Nevada: implications for the origin and evolution of large-volume silicic magma bodies . Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology . 109 . 1. 53–68 . 10.1007/BF00687200. 1991CoMP..109...53F . 140682518 .
• Gregory, K.M. . McIntosh, W.C. . amp . 1996 . Paleoclimate and paleoelevation of the Oligocene Pitch-Pinnacle flora, Sawatch Range, Colorado . Bull. Geol. Soc. Am. . 108 . 5. 545–561 . 10.1130/0016-7606(1996)108<0545:papoto>2.3.co;2. 1996GSAB..108..545G .
• Hardyman . R.F. . 1981 . Twin Peaks caldera of central Idaho . Montana Geological Society 1981 Field Conference on Southwest Montana . 317–322 .
• Heiken . G. . Goff, F. . Gardner, J.N. . Baldridge, W.S. . Hulen, J.B. . Nielson, D.L. . Vaniman, D. . 1990 . The Valles/Toledo Caldera Complex, Jemez Volcanic Field, New Mexico . Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. . 18 . 27–53 . 10.1146/annurev.ea.18.050190.000331. 1990AREPS..18...27H .
• Henry . C.D. . Kunk, M.J. . McIntosh, W.C. . 1994 . 40 Ar/ 39 Ar chronology and volcanology of silicic volcanism in the Davis Mountains, Trans-Pecos Texas . Geological Society of America Bulletin . 106 . 11. 1359–1376 . 10.1130/0016-7606(1994)106<1359:aacavo>2.3.co;2. 1994GSAB..106.1359H .
• Henry, C.D. . Price, J.G. . amp . 1984 . Variations in caldera development in the Tertiary volcanic field of trans-Pecos Texas . J. Geophys. Res. . 89 . B10. 8765–8786 . 10.1029/JB089iB10p08765. 1984JGR....89.8765H .
• Hildreth . W. . 1979 . The Bishop Tuff: Evidence for the origin of compositional zonation in silicic magma chambers . Geol. Soc. Am. Spec. Pap. . 180 . 43–75 . 10.1130/spe180-p43. Geological Society of America Special Papers . 978-0-8137-2180-4 .
• Izett . Glen A. . 1981 . Volcanic Ash Beds: Recorders of Upper Cenozoic Silicic Pyroclastic Volcanism in the Western United States . Journal of Geophysical Research . 86 . B11 . 10200–10222 . 10.1029/JB086iB11p10200 . 1981JGR....8610200I. free .
• Korringa . Marjorie K. . December 1973. Linear vent area of the Soldier Meadow Tuff, an ash-flow sheet in northwestern Nevada . Geological Society of America Bulletin . 84 . 12 . 3849–3866 . 10.1130/0016-7606(1973)84<3849:LVAOTS>2.0.CO;2. 1973GSAB...84.3849K.
• Latta . J.S. IV . 1983 . Geochemistry and petrology of the ash flows of Chiricahua National Monument, Arizona and their relation to the Turkey Creek Caldera. . University of Arizona, Tucson . M.S. Thesis . 194 .
• Maughan . Larissa L. . Christiansen, Eric H. . Best, Myron G. . Grommé, C. Sherman . Deino, Alan L. . Tingey, David G. . 2002 . The Oligocene Lund Tuff, Great Basin, USA: a very large volume monotonous intermediate . J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. . 113 . 1–2 . 129–157 . 2010-04-01 . 10.1016/s0377-0273(01)00256-6. 2002JVGR..113..129M .
• McIntosh, W.C. . Chapin, C.E. . amp . 2004 . Geochronology of the central Colorado volcanic field . Bull. New Mexico Bur. Geol. Min. Res. . 160 . 205–237 .
• McKee . E. H. . 1971 . Tertiary Igneous Chronology of the Great Basin of Western United States–Implications for Tectonic Models . Geological Society of America Bulletin . 82 . 12 . 3497–3502 . 2010-04-09 . 10.1130/0016-7606(1971)82[3497:ticotg]2.0.co;2. 1971GSAB...82.3497M .
• Morgan . L.A. . Doherty, D.J. . Leeman, W.P. . 1984 . Ignimbrites of the Eastern Snake River Plain: evidence for major caldera-forming eruptions . J. Geophys. Res. . 89 . B10. 8665–8678 . 10.1029/JB089iB10p08665. 1984JGR....89.8665M .
• Moye . F.J. . Hackett, W.R. . Blakley, J.D. . Snider, L.G. . 1988 . Regional geologic setting and volcanic stratigraphy of the Challis Volcanic Field, Central Idaho . Idaho Geological Survey Bulletin . 27 . 87–97 .
  • Osburn, G.R. . Chapin, C.E. . amp . 1983 . Ash-flow tuffs and cauldrons in the northeast Mogollon-Datil volcanic field: A summary . Field Conference Guide of the New Mexico Geological Society . 34 . 197–204 .
• Min . K. . Reiners, P.W. . Nicolescu, S. . Wolff, J.A. . Mundil, R. . Winters, L.R. . 2004 . (U-Th)/He dating of volcanic phenocrysts with high-(U-Th) inclusions, Bandelier Tuff, New Mexico . . 85 . Abstract V43E–1450 . V43E–1450. 2004AGUFM.V43E1450M .
• Sawyer . David A. . R. J. Fleck . M. A. Lanphere . R. G. Warren. D. E. Broxton . Mark R. Hudson . amp . October 1994. Episodic caldera volcanism in the Miocene southwestern Nevada volcanic field: Revised stratigraphic framework, 40Ar/39Ar geochronology, and implications for magmatism and extension . Geological Society of America Bulletin . 106 . 10 . 1304–1318 . 2010-03-26 . 10.1130/0016-7606(1994)106<1304:ECVITM>2.3.CO;2. 1994GSAB..106.1304S .
• Ratté . J.C. . Marvin, R.F. . Naeser, C.W. . 1984 . Calderas and ash flow tuffs of the Mogollan Mountains, southwestern New Mexico . J. Geophys. Res. . 89 . B10. 8713–8732 . 10.1029/JB089iB10p08713. 1984JGR....89.8713R .
• Rytuba . James J. . John, David A. . McKee, Edwin H. . May 3–5, 2004 . Volcanism Associated with Eruption of the Steens Basalt and Inception of the Yellowstone Hotspot . Rocky Mountain (56th Annual) and Cordilleran (100th Annual) Joint Meeting Paper . No. 44-2 . 2010-03-26 . https://web.archive.org/web/20101223094407/http://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2004RM/finalprogram/abstract_72657.htm . 2010-12-23 . dead .
• Sarna-Wojcicki . A.M. . Pringle, M.S. . Wijbrans, J. . 2000 . New 40Ar/39Ar age of the Bishop Tuff from multiple sites and sediment rate calibration for the Matuyama-Brunhes boundary . J. Geophys. Res. . 105 . B9. 21431–21443 . 10.1029/2000JB900901. 2000JGR...10521431S .
• Seager . W.R. . 1973 . Resurgent volcano-tectonic depression of Oligocene age, south-central New Mexico . Bull. Geol. Soc. Am. . 84 . 11. 3611–3626 . 10.1130/0016-7606(1973)84<3611:rvdooa>2.0.co;2. 1973GSAB...84.3611S .
• Seager . W.R. . 1981 . Geology of Oregon Mountains and southern San Andreas Mountains, New Mexico . Memoir of the New Mexico Bureau of Mineral Resources . 36 . 1–97 .
  • Book: Smith, R.L. . Luedke, R.G. . amp. Explosive Volcanism: Inception, Evolution, and Hazard . Potentially active volcanic lineaments and loci in western conterminous United States. 1984 . National Research Council, Geophysics Study Committee. 47–66 . 9780309033930 . https://books.google.com/books?id=2j4rAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA47.
• Steven, T.A. . Ratte, J.C. . amp . 1965 . Geology and structural control of ore deposition in the Creede district, San Juan Mountains, Colorado . USGS Professional Paper . 487 . 90 .
• Varga, R.J. . Smith, B.M. . amp . 1984 . Evolution of the early oligocene Bonanza caldera, northeast San Juan volcanic field, Colorado . J. Geophys. Res. . 89 . B10. 8679–8694 . 10.1029/JB089iB10p08679. 1984JGR....89.8679V .
• Ward, Peter L. . Peter Langdon Ward . 2 April 2009 . Sulfur Dioxide Initiates Global Climate Change in Four Ways . Thin Solid Films . 517 . 11 . 3188–3203 . 10.1016/j.tsf.2009.01.005 . 2010-03-19 . 2009TSF...517.3188W . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100120022421/http://www.tetontectonics.org/Climate/SO2InitiatesClimateChange.pdf . 20 January 2010 .
  • Web site: Supplementary Table to P.L. Ward, Thin Solid Films (2009) Major volcanic eruptions and provinces . Teton Tectonics . 2010-03-16 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100120021410/http://www.tetontectonics.org/Climate/Table_S1.pdf . 2010-01-20.
  • Web site: Supplementary References to P.L. Ward, Thin Solid Films (2009) . Teton Tectonics . 2010-03-16 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100120022442/http://www.tetontectonics.org/Climate/Table_S1_References.pdf . 2010-01-20.

Columbia River Basalt Province-sources

• Brueseke . M.E. . Heizler, M.T. . Hart, W.K. . S.A. Mertzman . amp . 15 March 2007 . Distribution and geochronology of Oregon Plateau (U.S.A.) flood basalt volcanism: The Steens Basalt revisited . Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research . 161 . 3 . 187–214 . 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2006.12.004 . 2007JVGR..161..187B .
• Camp, V.E. . Ross, M.E. . amp . 2000 . Mapping the Steens-Columbia River Basalt Connection: Implications for the extent, volume, and magma supply rate of CRB volcanism . Geol. Soc. Am. Abstr. Programs. 32 . A159 .
• Book: Carson. Robert J. . Pogue. Kevin R.. Kevin Pogue. Flood Basalts and Glacier Floods:Roadside Geology of Parts of Walla Walla, Franklin, and Columbia Counties, Washington . Washington State Department of Natural Resources (Washington Division of Geology and Earth Resources Information Circular 90). 1996. ISBN none.
• Jarboe . N.A. . Coe, R.S. . Renne, P.R. . Glen, J.M. . 2006 . 40Ar/39Ar ages of the Early Columbia River Basalt Group: Determining the Steens Mountain Geomagnetic Polarity Reversal (R0-N0) as the top of the C5Cr Chron and the Imnaha Normal (N0) as the C5Cn.3n Chron . Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union . 87 . Abstract V51D–1702 . V51D–1702. 2006AGUFM.V51D1702J .
• Camp . Victor E. . Martin E. Ross . William E. Hanson . January 2003. Genesis of flood basalts and Basin and Range volcanic rocks from Steens Mountain to the Malheur River Gorge, Oregon . Geological Society of America Bulletin . 115 . 1 . 105–128 . 2010-03-30 . 10.1130/0016-7606(2003)115<0105:gofbab>2.0.co;2. 2003GSAB..115..105C .
• Book: Reidel, Stephen P.. A Lava Flow without a Source: The Cohasset Flow and Its Compositional Members . The Journal of Geology, Volume 113, Pp 1 – 21 . January 2005. ISBN none.
• Web citations:
  • Web site: Southeast Oregon Basin and Range . SummitPost.org . 2010-03-30 .
  • Web site: Andesitic and basaltic rocks on Steens Mountain . USGS . 2010-03-30 .
  • Web site: Oregon: A Geologic History. 8. Columbia River Basalt: the Yellowstone hot spot arrives in a flood of fire . Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries . 2010-03-26 .

Peter W. Lipman – sources

• Lipman . Peter W. . 1969 . Alkalic and tholeiitic basaltic volcanism related to the Rio Grande Depression, Southern Colorado and Northern New Mexico . Geological Society of America Bulletin . 80 . 7. 1343–1354 . 10.1130/0016-7606(1969)80[1343:aatbvr]2.0.co;2. 1969GSAB...80.1343L .
• Lipman . Peter W. . Prostka, H.J. . Christiansen, R.L. . 1972 . Cenozoic volcanism and plate-tectonic evolution of the Western United States: I. Early and middle Cenozoic . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences. 271 . 1213. 217–248 . 74007. 10.1098/rsta.1972.0008. 1972RSPTA.271..217L . 91504527 .
• R. L. Christiansen . P. W. Lipman . amp . 1972 . Cenozoic Volcanism and Plate-Tectonic Evolution of the Western United States. II. Late Cenozoic . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences. 271 . 1213. 249–284 . 74008. 10.1098/rsta.1972.0009. 1972RSPTA.271..249C . 91755783 .
• Lipman . Peter W. . Steven, T.A. . Luedke, R.G. . Burbank, W.S. . 1973 . Revised volcanic history of the San Juan, Uncompahgre, Silverton, and Lake City calderas in the western San Juan Mountains, Colorado . J. Res. U. S. Geol. Surv. . 1 . 627–642 .
• Lipman . Peter W. . 1975 . Evolution of the Platoro caldera complex and related volcanic rocks, southeastern San Juan Mountains, Colorado . USGS Professional Paper . 852 . 1–128 .
• Lipman . Peter W. . 1976 . Caldera-collapse breccias in the western San Juan Mountains, Colorado . Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. . 87 . 10. 1397–1410 . 10.1130/0016-7606(1976)87<1397:cbitws>2.0.co;2. 1976GSAB...87.1397L .
• Steven, T.A. . Lipman, Peter W. . amp . 1976 . Calderas of the San Juan volcanic field, southwestern Colorado . USGS Professional Paper . 958 . 35 .
  • Sawyer, D.A. . Lipman, Peter W. . amp . 1983 . Silver Bell Mountains, Arizona- porphyry copper mineralization in a late Cretaceous caldera . Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union . 64 . 874 .
• Lipman . Peter W. . September 30, 1984 . The Roots of Ash Flow Calderas in Western North America: Windows Into the Tops of Granitic Batholiths . Journal of Geophysical Research . 89 . B10 . 8801–8841 . 2010-04-27 . 10.1029/JB089iB10p08801 . 1984JGR....89.8801L.
• Lipman . Peter W. . Mehnert, H.H. . Naeser, C.W . 1986 . Evolution of the Latir volcanic field, northern New Mexico, and its relation to the Rio Grande rift, as indicated by potassium-argon and fission track dating . Journal of Geophysical Research . 91 . B6. 6329–6345 . 10.1029/JB091iB06p06329. 1986JGR....91.6329L .
• Thompson . R.A. . Dungan, M.A. . Lipman, Peter W. . 1986 . Multiple differentiation processes in early-rift calc-alkaline volcanics, northern Rio Grande rift, New Mexico . Journal of Geophysical Research . 91 . B6. 6046–6058 . 10.1029/JB091iB06p06046. 1986JGR....91.6046T .
• Lipman, Peter W. . Reed, J.C. Jr. . amp . 1989 . Geologic map of the Latir volcanic field and adjacent areas, northern New Mexico . U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigations Series . Map I-1907 . Scale 1:48000 .
  • • • Lipman . Peter W. . Dungan, M.A. . Brown, L.L. . Deino, A.L. . 1996 . Recurrent eruption and subsidence at the Platoro Caldera complex, southeastern San Juan volcanic field, Colorado; new tales from old tuffs . Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. . 108 . 8. 1039–1055 . 10.1130/0016-7606(1996)108<1039:reasat>2.3.co;2. 1996GSAB..108.1039L .
  • Olivier Bachmann . Michael A. Dungan . Peter W. Lipman . 2002 . The Fish Canyon Magma Body, San Juan Volcanic Field, Colorado: Rejuvenation and Eruption of an Upper-Crustal Batholith . Journal of Petrology . 43 . 8 . 1469–1503 . 10.1093/petrology/43.8.1469. 2002JPet...43.1469B . free .
• Lipman, Peter W. . Calvert, A. . amp . 2003 . Southward migration of mid-Tertiary volcanism: Relations in the Cochetopa Area, North-Central San Juan Mountains, Colorado . Geol. Soc. Am. Abstr. Programs . 35 . 14 .
• Peter W. Lipman . William C. McIntosh . July 2008. Eruptive and noneruptive calderas, northeastern San Juan Mountains, Colorado: Where did the ignimbrites come from? . Geological Society of America Bulletin . 120 . 7–8 . 771–795 . 10.1130/B26330.1. 2008GSAB..120..771L .

Maps

• Overview map at Basin and Range Province.
• Map of the Basin and Range Province
• Map: Thelin and Pike (1991), Landforms of the conterminous United States – A digital shaded-relief portrayal, USGS Map I-2206
• Global Positioning System (GPS) Time Series
• Great Basin/Nevada
  • • • Book: Potter, Christopher J. . Dickerson, Robert P. . Sweetkind, Donald S. . Drake, Ronald M. II . Taylor, Emily M. . Fridrich, Christopher J. . San, Carma A. Juan . Day, Warren C. . Geologic map of the Yucca Mountain region, Nye County, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Investigations Series . I-2755 . 2002 . U.S. Geological Survey . Denver, Colorado . 2010-05-02 .
  • Book: Matthew E. Brueseke . William K. Hart . amp . Geology and Petrology of the Mid-Miocene Santa Rosa-Calico Volcanic Field, northern Nevada . 2008 . Mackay School of Earth Sciences and Engineering College of Science, University of Nevada . Reno, Nevada . 2010-05-04 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100607030212/http://www.nbmg.unr.edu/dox/b113/text.pdf . 2010-06-07 .
    • Supplemental material: Columbia River Basalt Group, eruptive loci
• Great Basin/Utah
  • Book: Rowley, Peter D. . Cunningham, Charles G. . Steven, Thomas A. . Workman, Jeremiah B. . Anderson, John J. . Theissen, Kevin M. . Geologic Map of the Central Marysvale Volcanic Field, Southwestern Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Investigations Series . 2002 . U. S. Geological Survey . I-2645-A . Denver, Colorado . 2010-05-02 .
• Colorado
  • Book: William C. McIntosh . Charles E. Chapin . amp . 2004 . Geochronology of the central Colorado volcanic field . Tectonics, geochronology, and volcanism in the Southern Rocky Mountains and Rio Grande rift . New Mexico Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology . Socorro, NM . 205–238 . 2010-04-01 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100609230727/http://geoinfo.nmt.edu/publications/bulletins/160/downloads/10mcntsh.pdf . 2010-06-09 .
  • Book: Robinson, Joel E. . Dillon R. Dutton . David W. Ramsey . Peter W. Lipman . Tracey J. Felger . 2006 . Geologic Map of the Central San Juan Caldera Cluster, Southwestern Colorado: Geologic Investigations Series . I-2799 . U.S. Geological Survey . 2010-05-03 .
• New Mexico
  • Web site: The Taos Plateau Volcanic Field . New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science . 2010-04-01 .
  • Crumpler, L. S. . Lucas, S. G. . amp . 2001 . Volcanoes of New Mexico: An Abbreviated Guide For Non-Specialists . Volcanology in New Mexico. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin . 18 . 5–15 . 2010-04-28 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20070321022246/http://www.nmnaturalhistory.org/pdf_files/NMvolcanoes.pdf . 2007-03-21 .
  • Mogollon-Datil volcanic field
    • Web site: Gila Cliff Dwellings National Monument . New Mexico Bureau of Geology & Mineral Resources . 2010-04-29 . citing from

Notes and References

1. Smith, R.L. and Luedke, R.G. (1984).
2. McKee, E. H. (1971).
3. Web site: Northwest Origins, An Introduction to the Geologic History of Washington State, Catherine L. Townsend and John T. Figge . The Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, University of Washington . 2010-04-10 .
4. Web site: Oregon: A Geologic History . Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries . 2010-03-26 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100128052050/http://www.oregongeology.com/sub/publications/IMS/ims-028/index.htm . 2010-01-28 . dead .
5. Web site: Digital Geology of Idaho, Laura DeGrey and Paul Link . Idaho State University . 2010-04-10 .
6. Chapin, C.E.; Wilks, M. and McIntosh, W.C. (2004).
7. Hildreth, W. (1979), Sarna-Wojcicki et al. (2000).
8. Izett, Glen A. (1981).
9. Heiken et al. (1990).
10. Min et al. (2004).
11. http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=121002-D Valles Caldera
12. Rytuba, James J. et al. (2004).
13. Matthew A. Coble, and Gail A. Mahood (2008).
14. Noble, D.C. (1988).
15. Castor, S.B., and Henry, C.D. (2000).
16. Korringa, Marjorie K. (1973).
17. Matthew E. Brueseke and William K. Hart (2008).
18. Web site: High Lava Plains Project, Geophysical & Geological Investigation, Understanding the Causes of Continental Intraplate Tectonomagmatism: A Case Study in the Pacific Northwest . Department of Terrestrial Magnetism, Carnegie Institution of Washington . 2010-03-26 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100618021843/http://www.dtm.ciw.edu/research/HLP/about-the-region-mainmenu-37/18-geologic-setting . 2010-06-18 .
19. Camp, V.E. . Ross, M.E. . amp . 2004 . Mantle dynamics and genesis of mafic magmatism in the intermontane Pacific Northwest . Journal of Geophysical Research . 109 . B08204 . 10.1029/2003JB002838 . 2004JGRB..109.8204C . free .
20. Carlson, R.W. . Hart, W.K. . amp . 1987 . Crustal Genesis on the Oregon Plateau . J. Geophys. Res. . 92 . B7. 6191–6206 . 10.1029/JB092iB07p06191. 1987JGR....92.6191C .
21. Hart, W.K. . Carlson, R.W. . amp . 1985 . Distribution and geochronology of Steens Mountain-type basalts from the northwestern Great Basin . Isochron/West . 43 . 5–10 .
22. Lipman (1984).
23. Lipman (1976).
24. Hon and Lipman (1976).
25. Web site: Volcanic Past Arizona . USGS . 2010-03-30 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100616111135/http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/LivingWith/VolcanicPast/Places/volcanic_past_arizona.html . 2010-06-16 . dead .
26. Manson et al. (2004).
27. Lipman (2000).
28. http://staff.aist.go.jp/s-takarada/CEV/newsletter/lagarita.html Largest explosive eruptions: New results for the 27.8 Ma Fish Canyon Tuff and the La Garita caldera, San Juan volcanic field, Colorado
29. Bachmann et al. (2002).
30. Lipman et al. (1973).
31. Steven and Lipman (1976).
32. Supplementary Table to P.L. Ward (2009).
33. Sawyer et al. (1984).
34. Ratté et al. (1984).
35. Lipman (1975).
36. Lipman et al. (1996).
37. Maughan (2002).
38. Best et al. (1989).
39. Best (1993).
40. Lipman and McIntosh (2008).
41. Seager (1973).
42. Henry and Price (1984).
43. Book: Breining, Greg. Super Volcano: The Ticking Time Bomb Beneath Yellowstone National Park. Voyageur Press. St. Paul, MN. 2007. Most-Super Volcanoes. 978-0-7603-2925-2. 256. registration. https://archive.org/details/supervolcanotick0000brei/page/256.
44. Web site: Gila Wilderness Site . City of Rocks State Park . 2010-05-15 .
45. Elston et al. (1975).
46. Web site: Gila Cliff Dwellings National Monument . New Mexico Bureau of Geology & Mineral Resources . 2010-05-15 .
47. Osburn and Chapin (1983).
48. Gregory and McIntosh (1996).
49. McIntosh and Chapin (2004).
50. Erb (1979).
51. Lipman and Calvert (2003).
52. Web site: Online guide to the continental Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary in the Raton basin, Colorado and New Mexico, Description of the Route from Denver to Raton . USGS . 2010-03-30 .
53. Henry et al. (1994).
54. Deal et al. (1978).
55. Hardyman (1981).
56. Moye et al. (1988).
57. Sawyer and Lipman (1983).
58. Web site: Geologic Setting – How the Tucson Valley and Surrounding Mountains Formed . Pima Community College . 2010-05-15 .