List of multilingual presidents of the Philippines explained

Of the seventeen presidents of the Philippines, a number have shown proficiency in languages other than English and Tagalog (which would later become the basis of the national language, Filipino).

Of these, only one, Emilio Aguinaldo, was not proficient in English during his tenure, although he, along with a number of other presidents, was proficient in Spanish, a former colonial language of the Philippines. Some presidents, meanwhile, have also exhibited proficiency in other Philippine languages, such as Cebuano, Kapampangan and Ilocano, as well as other foreign languages.

Description by president

Emilio Aguinaldo

Emilio Aguinaldo was a native Tagalog speaker, having been born to a mixed family in Cavite, a Tagalog-speaking province. He was also fluent in Spanish – notably, he is the only president to have taken his oath of office in Spanish,[1] and he likewise addressed the Malolos Congress in Spanish in 1899.[2] Most of Aguinaldo's official documented statements during his presidency were similarly delivered in Spanish,[3] while many other documents were in Tagalog, especially during the Philippine-American War.

Aguinaldo is the only president of the Philippines to have not used English during his tenure. A committed anticolonialist, he never learned English during his lifetime,[4] and on record only briefly spoke it in a speech otherwise spoken in Spanish, which was recorded to film for Fox Movietone News in 1929.[5]

Manuel L. Quezon

Born and raised in Tayabas, Manuel L. Quezon spoke Tagalog, Spanish and, later in life, English. Although Quezon initially refused to learn English, believing that the Americans betrayed the Filipino people after the Philippine Revolution, he began to study the language seriously after befriending Harry Hill Bandholtz, who even offered to pay him to learn the language. He later studied the language again after being elected as Resident Commissioner in 1909, after which he became fluent after a short period of time,[6] and by 1912, he was able to secure a firm pledge from the United States Democratic Party in support of Philippine independence – a pledge that would result in the passage of the Jones Act in 1916.[7]

Although Quezon would primarily use Spanish and English during his political career, he would use Tagalog at home with his family.[8] Notably, he was the first president to address the nation in what would become Filipino, the national language of the Philippines, when he proclaimed its adoption during a radio address on Rizal Day, December 30, 1937.[9]

José P. Laurel

Originally from Batangas, José P. Laurel is a native Tagalog speaker. During the Second Philippine Republic, he took his oath of office in Tagalog – a first for a Philippine president – and a significant number of speeches made during his presidency were delivered in the language. Notably, Laurel advocated for the adoption of Tagalog as the national language of the Philippines during his tenure.[10]

In addition to Tagalog, Laurel was also fluent in English and Spanish: languages he would use especially during his tenure as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines during the Commonwealth era, where he penned decisions referencing legal material in both languages.[11] [12]

Sergio Osmeña

Sergio Osmeña is a native Cebuano speaker, having been born and raised in Cebu City, although he later spent much of his adult life in Manila. He was also fluent in Spanish, having established the newspaper El Nuevo Día (The New Day) with the help of Nicasio Chiong Veloso, a Chinese millionaire and his eventual father-in-law.[13] While serving as vice president to Manuel L. Quezon, Osmeña corresponded with him in Spanish.[14]

Osmeña was also fluent in English, and although he believed in adopting English as a medium of instruction so that, in the words of Sotero Laurel, serve as "a unifying medium and for the purpose of overcoming the barrier of language", he also believed in the adoption of a national language that would be the product of consensus and evolution.[15] As president, he delivered a couple of speeches in Tagalog in 1945,[16] [17] and the following year, he signed a proclamation designating a National Language Week between March 27 and April 2, the precursor to the modern-day Buwan ng Wika celebrated every August.[18]

Manuel Roxas

Manuel Roxas hails from Capiz, and although several languages are spoken in the province, he was born and raised in the capital, Capiz (modern-day Roxas City), which is predominantly Capiznon-speaking. Capiznon, a smaller Visayan language, is closely related to Hiligaynon, the lingua franca of Panay, and it can be presumed that Roxas was fluent in Hiligaynon as well.

Aside from Capiznon and Hiligaynon, Roxas was also proficient in English, Tagalog and Spanish. During the 1934 Constitutional Convention which was responsible for drafting the 1935 Constitution of the Philippines, Roxas used both Spanish and English during the proceedings, while as president, he delivered an address in Tagalog in 1946.[19]

Elpidio Quirino

Raised in Ilocos Sur and La Union, Elpidio Quirino natively spoke Ilocano and also spoke Tagalog, English, and Spanish. Quirino frequently wrote love letters in Spanish to his wife, Alicia Syquia Quirino, who remained in Vigan, the capital of Ilocos Sur, with their children while he was working in Manila.[20]

In 1949, Quirino pledged in a radio address that he would not reverse course on the promotion of a Tagalog-based national language, pledging to do everything he can to help realise Manuel L. Quezon's dream of uniting the nation through one national language.[21]

Ramon Magsaysay

Ramon Magsaysay was born in Zambales, where several languages are spoken. Although his hometown, Iba, was primarily Ilocano-speaking during his time, Magsaysay was born to a mixed non-Ilocano family, with his ancestors coming from Tagalog-speaking Rizal and Cavite and Waray-speaking Catbalogan in Samar. However, Magsaysay identified as Ilocano ethnically,[22] and he was known for his mastery of the language.[23]

Magsaysay's fluency in Tagalog and English would later become focal points of his political career. His fluency in English allowed him to cultivate a deep friendship with Edward Lansdale, who would later be instrumental in his rise to the presidency in 1953,[24] while he popularized Tagalog during his administration. He accepted the diplomatic credentials of Fermín Sanz-Orrio, a Spanish diplomat, in the language.[25] [26]

As the first Philippine president born in the twentieth century,[27] Magsaysay was the first president to be primarily educated in English rather than Spanish, and he is believed to have "scarcely" spoken Spanish.

Carlos P. Garcia

Carlos P. Garcia was born and raised in Cebuano-speaking Bohol. His mastery of Cebuano manifested in his poetry, which earned him the titles "Prince of Visayan Poets" and "Bard from Bohol",[28] and even leading one to remark that Garcia was more famous for his poems than his presidency.[29]

In addition to his native Cebuano, Garcia spoke fluent English and Spanish, using English when entertaining visitors while using Cebuano and Spanish when at home with his family.[30] Spanish fluency was said to be so instrumental to his political career that had he not learned the language, he would probably have never met Manuel L. Quezon, put under his political tutelage, and set on the path to the presidency.[31]

Although he admitted that it can be difficult for him to use the language, Garcia was also fluent in Tagalog,[32] and he was also proficient in Latin.

Diosdado Macapagal

Diosdado Macapagal was a native Kapampangan speaker, having been born and raised in Lubao, Pampanga. In addition to English and Tagalog, Macapagal was also fluent in Spanish, which served as the language of his household.[33] He was reported to have spoken the language habitually with his wife, Eva Macapagal, and they raised their children to be fluent in it.[34]

Macapagal was also known for his poetry, having written around 100 poems in his youth and was subsequently regarded in his home province for it. His poetry ultimately served as a springboard for his entry into national politics in 1949, when he was elected to Congress.[35]

Ferdinand Marcos

Ferdinand Marcos was known for his English skills, and by his high school years was regarded as a skilled orator who spoke at least three languages.[36] A native of Ilocos Norte, Marcos was a native Ilocano speaker, and he has used the language in speeches during his presidency,[37] as well as in his interactions with people in Ilocano-speaking areas.[38]

In addition to Ilocano, Marcos was also fluent in Tagalog and English, and he has switched between all three languages when speaking.[39] He is notable for cultivating the use of the national language as a means of ensuring unity and "Filipino greatness",[40] and mandating its wider adoption in and use by government agencies.[41]

While Marcos advocated for the continued use of Spanish, even restoring its official status after it was removed with the passage of the 1973 Constitution of the Philippines,[42] Spanish-language writer Guillermo Gómez Rivera writes that Marcos initially did not speak Spanish and his non-fluency served U.S. political aims.[43] [44] However, he later writes that Marcos did learn Spanish after marrying his Spanish-speaking wife, Imelda, and he delivered his first speech in the language in 1968 in celebration of the Día de la Hispanidad.[45]

Corazon Aquino

Corazon Aquino was from Tarlac, and although several languages are spoken in the province, Aquino spoke Kapampangan natively, having been raised in Kapampangan-speaking Tarlac City. During World War II, she learned Japanese as a young girl and one time was even rewarded with a bag of sugar-coated peanuts – a luxury at the time – after perfectly reciting a poem to some Japanese soldiers.[46]

In addition to being fluent in Filipino, by age 18 Aquino was also fluent in English, Spanish and French,[47] which she demonstrated by granting an interview in French during her state visit to France in 1989.

Fidel V. Ramos

Born and raised in Pangasinan, Fidel V. Ramos spoke the province's two predominant languages, Pangasinan and Ilocano, natively, in addition to being fluent in English and Filipino. He also possesses some fluency in Spanish, which he used in 1998 during the state visit of King Juan Carlos I of Spain and his consort, Queen Sofía, in celebration of the Philippines' centennial.[48]

Joseph Estrada

Joseph Estrada was raised in the working-class neighborhood of Tondo in Manila. A native Tagalog speaker, Estrada was criticized during the 1998 presidential election for his less-than-perfect English skills, which he later used to win the election by winning sympathy from lower-class voters.[49] While president, Estrada primarily used Filipino in his day-to-day communication,[50] although he has used English in his speeches.

Estrada popularized so-called "carabao English",[51] the broken English that became one of his trademarks as an actor.[52] He frequently makes self-deprecating jokes about his English skills, with entire books published that feature notable jokes and quotations from him spoken in carabao English.[53] One of those books, ERAPtion: How to Speak English Without Really Trial, went on to become a best-seller upon its release in 1994.[54] [55]

Gloria Macapagal Arroyo

Gloria Macapagal Arroyo is known for her knowledge of other Philippine languages, having used this to her political advantage.[56] Growing up in Pampanga, Cebuano-speaking Iligan in Lanao del Norte and Manila, Arroyo speaks fluent Filipino, Kapampangan and Cebuano, being raised by a Kapampangan-speaking father and a Cebuano-speaking mother. She is also proficient in Ilocano, Hiligaynon, Bikol and Pangasinan,[57] which she has used on a number of occasions while serving as president.[58] [59]

Arroyo is the Philippines' most recent hispanophone president, having been raised by her parents to be fluent in the language, although she did not start using the language extensively until later into her presidency, when she made state visits to Spain and Equatorial Guinea in 2007.[60] Despite being a third-language Spanish speaker,[61] during her term she mandated the reintroduction of Spanish as a subject in the Philippine school system.[62] In addition to Spanish, Arroyo also possesses some proficiency in French, which she used on her visit to Canada in 2002.[63]

Benigno Aquino III

Although Benigno Aquino III was born to Kapampangan-speaking parents, he was raised in Manila and grew up speaking English and Filipino. Notably, Aquino is the first president to deliver a State of the Nation Address (SONA) entirely in Filipino, having done so during his inaugural SONA in 2010 and,[64] despite criticism, every SONA he has delivered since then.[65] Nonetheless, he has been credited with making the presidency more relatable to the people through his consistent use of Filipino, in contrast to his predecessors.[66]

While Aquino studied Spanish in school,[67] he has admitted to not speaking the language well.[68] However, he has used the language in his speeches when welcoming foreign dignitaries from Spanish-speaking countries or when opening cultural events in the Philippines related to Spain.

Rodrigo Duterte

Rodrigo Duterte was born in Cebuano-speaking Southern Leyte, and later spent his childhood in Cebu before moving to Davao City at the age of six.[69] Despite being raised in a primarily Cebuano-speaking environment, Duterte is also fluent in Filipino and English,[70] and has admitted to being partially fluent in Hiligaynon.[71]

Duterte is known for his brash, irreverent style of speaking, which he says is him posturing as a radical to challenge the Philippines' political elite,[72] although one has remarked that this style is due to his "inadequate" command of Filipino compared to his Cebuano. A columnist for the Bohol Chronicle, Jes B. Tirol, meanwhile suggests that Duterte is likewise misunderstood in English because he speaks in English through a Cebuanophone psychological lens, as evidenced by his infamous "rape joke" where he supposedly derided an Australian missionary who was raped and killed during a prison riot and hostage crisis at the Davao Metropolitan District Command Center in 1989.[73]

Bongbong Marcos

Although Bongbong Marcos was the son of an Ilocano-speaking father and a Waray-speaking mother, he was raised in Manila and grew up speaking English and Filipino. In a 2013 interview with Lourd de Veyra, he admitted that his Ilocano was "weak", though he considers himself to be at least passively fluent in both his parents' native languages, and his children were raised to be native Ilocano speakers.[74]

Comparison table

Foreign languages

See also

Notes and References

  1. Web site: The Protocol, Ceremony, History, and Symbolism of the Presidential Inauguration . . September 15, 2016 .
  2. News: Grego . Frank . Before SONA were Soka, Sorna, Sopia and Socga . . July 27, 2009 . September 15, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090728194244/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/inquirerheadlines/nation/view/20090727-217393/Before-SONA-were-Soka-Sorna-Sopia-and-Socga . July 28, 2009 . live .
  3. News: Francia . Arra B. . Aquino's firsts . . June 15, 2016 . September 16, 2016 .
  4. Book: Immerwahr, Daniel . Daniel Immerwahr . How to Hide an Empire: A History of the Greater United States . 2019 . 978-0-374-71512-0 . . May 22, 2021 . . 220 . Committed anticolonialists, like Emilio Aguinaldo, resisted–he died in 1964 still unable to speak English. .
  5. General Emilio Aguinaldo--outtakes . . . February 21, 1929 . the University of South Carolina's Moving Image Research Collections.
  6. Web site: 15 Mesmerizing Facts About President Manuel Quezon . FilipiKnow . August 9, 2016 .
  7. Eulogy delivered by President Roxas on the life of the late President Manuel L. Quezon, July 28, 1946 . Roxas . Manuel A. . Manuel Roxas . July 28, 1946 . Manila . Eulogy in honor of Manuel L. Quezon, whose remains had just returned to the Philippines . In 1912, having already spent some years in the United States Congress as Resident Commissioner and having mastered for his purpose the American language, he helped secure from the Democratic Party a firm pledge of Philippine independence. By a scholarly presentation of the Philippine position, he won President-elect Woodrow Wilson to his side, and through personal persuasion, gained the interest and intercession of Representative Jones of Virginia. The historic product of those labors was the Jones Act of 1916 which promised, to the great wonder of the world, independence to the Philippines as soon as the Filipinos were ready to govern themselves. . September 13, 2016 .
  8. Speech of President Quezon at the San Juan de Letran Alumni Annual Banquet, November 7, 1937 . Quezon . Manuel L. . Manuel L. Quezon . November 7, 1937 . Manila . . You know what I do not speak Spanish well; but I have spoken it from my infancy, the same as Tagalog. I did not speak Spanish of English to my children until they spoke Tagalog. Tagalong is the official language in my family, But I am ready to learn Ilocano, Visayan or any other vernacular tongue so long as we shall have a language that can be spoken by all. . September 12, 2016 .
  9. News: Tupaz . Voltaire . How Filipino became the national language . . December 30, 2012 . August 9, 2016 .
  10. Book: Jose, Ricardo T. . His Excellency Jose P. Laurel, President of the Second Philippine Republic: Speeches, Messages and Statements, October 14, 1943, to December 19, 1944 . . 1997 . http://malacanang.gov.ph/5237-dr-jose-p-laurel-as-president-of-the-second-philippine-republic/ . Dr. Jose P. Laurel as President of the Second Philippine Republic . September 12, 2016 .
  11. Angara v. Electoral Commission . 63 . Phil. . 139 . S.C. Phil. . 1936 . http://www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1936/jul1936/gr_l-45081_1936.html.
  12. Ang Tibay v. CIR . 69 . Phil. . 635 . S.C. Phil. . 1940 . http://www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1940/feb1940/gr_l-46496_1940.html.
  13. A Tribute to a Rare Brand of Leadership . Salonga . Jovito R. . Jovito Salonga . September 9, 1987 . Manila . August 11, 2016 .
  14. Web site: Osmeña . Sergio . Sergio Osmeña . Letter of Vice-President Sergio Osmeña to President Quezon in Spanish, May 20, 1944 . Spanish . . May 20, 1944 . September 12, 2016 .
  15. Don Sergio Osmeña Sr.: People's Educator and Mentor . Laurel . Sotero H. . Sotero Laurel . September 9, 1987 . Manila . August 11, 2016 .
  16. Speech of President Osmeña on honoring Manuel L. Quezon, August 1, 1945 . Osmeña . Sergio . Sergio Osmeña . August 1, 1945 . Manila . Tagalog . September 13, 2016 .
  17. Speech of President Osmeña upon his arrival in Manila, November 21, 1945 . Osmeña . Sergio . Sergio Osmeña . November 21, 1945 . Manila . Tagalog . September 13, 2016 .
  18. DESIGNATING THE PERIOD FROM MARCH 27TH TO APRIL 2ND OF EACH YEAR "NATIONAL LANGUAGE WEEK." . . March 26, 1946 . 35, s. 1946 . Proclamation.
  19. Speech of President Roxas on the occasion of the 48th Anniversary of the declaration of Independence and the proclamation of the Republic of the Philippines (English translation of the speech in Tagalog) . Roxas . Manuel A. . Manuel Roxas . June 12, 1946 . Manila . . September 13, 2016 .
  20. News: Bunye . Ignacio C. . Ignacio Bunye . The love letters of Elpidio Quirino . . February 15, 2016 . March 18, 2016 . .
  21. Radio Address of President Quirino during the National Language Week, March 29, 1949 . Quirino . Elpidio R. . Elpidio Quirino . March 29, 1949 . Manila . Tagalog . Opening of the 1949 National Language Week . September 14, 2016 .
  22. Web site: Ramon Magsaysay . The Philippine Presidency Project . September 13, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090131113526/http://pangulo.ph/prexy_rmsr.php . January 31, 2009 . live .
  23. Hunt . Chester L. . 1955 . Can Magsaysay Succeed in the Philippines? . . . 15 . 1 . 73–83 . 4609770 . 0003-5769 . May 22, 2021 . Magsaysay speaks Spanish scarcely at all, his English is adequate and he is developing a talent for phrasemaking; his mastery of two of the major dialects, Tagalog and Ilocano, is superb..
  24. Book: Langguth, A.J. . 2000 . Our Vietnam: The War 1954–1975 . 89-90 . . New York . 0-7432-1244-4 .
  25. Book: Ryan, Allyn C. . 2007 . RM: A Biographical Novel of Ramon Magsaysay . 190 . . 978-1-4257-9161-2 .
  26. Speech of President Magsaysay upon accepting the credentials of the Ambassador of Spain [Filipino] ]. Magsaysay . Ramon . Ramon Magsaysay . June 15, 1954 . Manila . Accepting the credentials of the incoming Ambassador of Spain to the Philippines . September 13, 2016 .
  27. Web site: Death Anniversary of President Ramon Magsaysay . . September 13, 2016 .
  28. Web site: Carlos P. Garcia . . March 17, 2016 .
  29. News: Anicola . Teresa . Words of love come home in Filipino poems. . February 14, 2002 . March 17, 2016 .
  30. News: Burgos . Rowena C. . The Other Side of Pres. Carlos P. Garcia . . October 12, 2008 . March 17, 2016 . the Bohol's Roving Eye blog .
  31. News: Chiu . Rey Anthony . Carlos P. Garcia: A President by Destiny . . November 20, 2017 . May 22, 2021.
  32. Speech of President Garcia on Labor Day, May 1, 1957 . Garcia . Carlos P. . Carlos P. Garcia . May 1, 1957 . Manila . . September 13, 2016 . I HAVE dared at this large gathering to use our native language because I wish to reach your hearts, although most of you know this language is somewhat difficult for me. I might prove deficient in this speech, but you should all know that you are dear to me. .
  33. News: Rama . Napoleon G. . Napoleon Rama . Diosdado Macapagal: Man of the Year, January 6, 1962 . . January 6, 1962 . September 17, 2016 .
  34. News: Picornell . Jaime . With Luli Arroyo, Amigos de España de Cebu demands return of Spanish TV channel . . November 29, 2015 . March 16, 2016 .
  35. News: De Manila . Quijano . Nick Joaquin . The Winners '61, November, 1961 . . November 14, 1961 . September 17, 2016 .
  36. News: Richburg . Keith B. . Keith Richburg . Branigin . William . FERDINAND MARCOS DIES IN HAWAII AT 72 . . September 29, 1989 . May 21, 2021.
  37. Remarks of President Marcos on the Fourth Grand Tawid Awards . Marcos . Ferdinand E. . Ferdinand Marcos . May 18, 1981 . Awards ceremony hosted by the Ilocano Heritage Foundation . May 21, 2021.
  38. Web site: Official Week in Review: March 1 – March 7, 1982 . . 5 April 1982 . May 21, 2021 . President Marcos closed yesterday the festering land dispute in two former haciendas of Tabacalera in Isabela when he ordered expropriation of the 11,448 hectare property for distribution and resales to 5,000 farmer occupants. [...] Speaking in Ilocano, the President promised the farmers that he would fix the lot price by Sunday so that the beneficiaries could immediately take over their lands..
  39. Web site: Official Week in Review: July 23 – July 29, 1971 . . 2 August 1971 . May 22, 2021 . Speaking alternately in English, Pilipino and Ilocano, the President said that in the forthcoming election campaign for local officials he would go around the country and ask the electorate to choose between democracy and communism..
  40. Web site: Official Week in Review: August 6 – August 14, 1967 . . 4 December 1967 . May 21, 2021 . In his message, the President emphasizes that language is not only the soul of a race, but that it also serves as a unifying factor for national solidarity. 'No nation has become great without a language of its own,' the President stresses. 'If the Philippines must be great again, we Filipinos should love, cultivate and use our own language.'.
  41. DIRECTING STRICT COMPLIANCE WITH EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 96, SERIES OF 1967, AND THE USE OF PILIPINO IN OFFICIAL LETTERHEADS AND IN OATHS OF OFFICE OF ALL GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS. . . March 27, 1968 . 172, s. 1968 . Memorandum Circular.
  42. RECOGNIZING THE SPANISH LANGUAGE AS AN OFFICIAL LANGUAGE IN THE PHILIPPINES FOR CERTAIN PURPOSES. . . March 15, 1973 . 155, s. 1973 . Presidential Decree.
  43. Gómez Rivera . Guillermo . Guillermo Gómez Rivera . Ferdinand Emmanuel Marcos y Edralín, el que quiso la independencia económica de Filipinas . Ferdinand Emmanuel Edralin Marcos, the one who wanted the economic independence of the Philippines . Revista Filipina . es . XIII . 4 . Winter 2009–2010 . 1496-4538 . May 22, 2021.
  44. News: Cerézo . Arvyn . Philippines and Its Past, Spanish-Speaking Presidents . La Jornada Filipina . January 29, 2021 . May 22, 2021.
  45. News: Manila: El presidente Marcos asistió a los actos del «Día de la Hispanidad» . Manila: President Marcos assisted in the ceremony of the "Día de la Hispanidad" . es . 1 . Hoja Oficial de la Provincia de Barcelona . Asociación de la Prensa de Barcelona . October 14, 1968 . October 7, 2022 . the Biblioteca Virtual de Prensa Histórica.
  46. News: Obice . Jon Christopher . 10 interesting facts you may not know about Cory Aquino . NewsCentralPH . August 1, 2015 . September 15, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170813194918/http://newscentral.ph/lifestyle-and-features/10-interesting-facts-you-may-not-know-about-cory-aquino/ . August 13, 2017 . live .
  47. News: McKee . Vincent . Wallerstein . Claire . Corazon Aquino . . August 1, 2009 . March 16, 2016 .
  48. Speech of President Ramos at the Centennial Dinner for Their Majesties King Juan Carlos I and Queen Sofia of Spain . Ramos . Fidel V. . Fidel V. Ramos . February 11, 1998 . Manila . . September 15, 2016 .
  49. News: Robles . Alan . Joseph Estrada: The Philippine politician who can't stop apologising . . October 27, 2013 . March 18, 2016 .
  50. News: Severino . Howie . Howie Severino . My journey with my mother tongue . . December 16, 2011 . March 18, 2016 .
  51. News: EDITORIAL: Carabao English . . . May 25, 2006 . March 18, 2016 .
  52. News: Villanueva . Marichu A. . 'Carabao jokes' . . August 28, 2009 . March 18, 2016 .
  53. Web site: Jonas . James Ryan . The Best Erap Jokes (laugh or you'll be sent to jail!) . PinoyMoneyTalk.com . September 14, 2007 . March 18, 2016 .
  54. News: Jurado . Emil . What Duterte did right . . May 12, 2016 . October 6, 2016 .
  55. Web site: Do you remember 'Eraption: How to Speak English Without Really Trial'? . Coconuts Manila . . April 16, 2015 . October 6, 2016 .
  56. Web site: Profiling Gloria Macapagal Arroyo: 10 Things That Make Her Royally Unsinkable . Spot.PH . . September 1, 2010 . March 16, 2016 .
  57. Web site: Camiling . Alejandro . Biographies of Famous Kapampangans: Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo . Andro's Kapampangan Page . March 17, 2016 .
  58. Speech of President Arroyo during a meeting with the Filipino Community . Macapagal Arroyo . Gloria . Gloria Macapagal Arroyo . April 14, 2010 . Madrid . Meeting with the Filipino community in Spain . September 14, 2016 .
  59. Speech of President Arroyo during a meeting with the Filipino community . Macapagal Arroyo . Gloria . Gloria Macapagal Arroyo . January 29, 2002 . Ottawa . Meeting with the Filipino community in Canada . September 15, 2016 .
  60. Lancion . Conrado M. . Donoso Jiménez . Isaac . 2013 . The Use of Spanish Language in the Philippine Current Diplomacy . International Journal of Humanistic Studies and Literature . . 19 . 194–202 . 1521-8007 . March 18, 2016.
  61. Web site: Did you know? Philippines Used To Be a Spanish Speaking Country, Too . SpanishPrograms.com . ISEEQ Limited . November 12, 2013 . March 17, 2016 .
  62. News: Spanish subject to make a comeback in RP schools . . March 22, 2010 . March 17, 2016 .
  63. Speech of President Arroyo during a Dinner hosted by the Right Honourable Jean Chretien, Prime Minister of Canada and Mrs. Aline Chretien . Macapagal Arroyo . Gloria . Gloria Macapagal Arroyo . January 29, 2002 . Ottawa . . September 12, 2016 .
  64. Web site: Which president was the first to deliver his State of the Nation Address (SONA) entirely in Filipino? . Money Politics . . July 26, 2013 . March 17, 2016 .
  65. News: Aquino's speaking in Tagalog/Filipino, a weird affectation . . August 1, 2015 . March 18, 2016 .
  66. News: Dizon, Nikko . The best, worst of Aquino as orator: Inaugural, 2nd Sona speeches stand out. . July 26, 2015 . September 16, 2016 .
  67. Toast of President Aquino during the state dinner in honor of the President of Mexico . Aquino III . Benigno S. . Benigno Aquino III . November 17, 2015 . Manila . . I also remember that, back when I was in university—which was a time when we were all required to take Spanish classes—we had to practice dialogues in Spanish, and for the most part they were always in a Mexican setting. So, to this day, I remember one particular dialogue which had me saying, "Vamos a Chapultepec en autobus para comer comida china." [Laughter] I don't know why the Filipino had to ride an autobus to Mexico to eat Chinese food. . March 17, 2016 .
  68. Speech of President Aquino at the Madrid Fusion-Manila welcome gala reception . Aquino III . Benigno S. . Benigno Aquino III . April 23, 2015 . Manila . . With your indulgence, may I try a little Spanish, in honor of my grandmother, who hopefully will not visit me later tonight. . March 17, 2016 .
  69. News: Philippines: The contradictions of Rodrigo Duterte . . May 11, 2016 . August 9, 2016 .
  70. News: What language should Duterte use in his inaugural speech? . . May 31, 2016 . August 9, 2016 .
  71. Duterte . Rodrigo Roa . Rodrigo Duterte . SPEECH OF PRESIDENT RODRIGO ROA DUTERTE DURING THE PARTIDO DEMOKRATIKO PILIPINO–LAKAS NG BAYAN (PDP-LABAN) CAMPAIGN RALLY IN KORONADAL CITY . March 20, 2019 . At a campaign rally of his political party . Koronadal . April 23, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210628013117/https://pcoo.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/20190326-WITH-TRANSLATIONS-SPEECH-OF-PRESIDENT-RODRIGO-ROA-DUTERTE-DURING-THE-PARTIDO-DEMOKRATIKO-PILIPINO%E2%80%93LAKAS-NG-BAYAN-PDP-LABAN-CAMPAIGN-RALLY-IN-KORONADAL-CITY.pdf . June 28, 2021 . I’d like to say a few words. If I talk in Tagalog, I’m not good. If I talk in the Visayan dialect, I’m not good. I can also manage to somehow to do some Ilonggo pero hindi rin maganda [but it's still not good]..
  72. News: Rosario . Ben . Why Duterte uses gutter language . . April 25, 2016 . August 9, 2016 .
  73. News: Tirol . Jes B. . Duterte Joke? The Meanings Are Different in the English Context Compared to the Bisayan Context . . April 24, 2016 . August 9, 2016 .
  74. BONG BONG MARCOS . Wasak . 28 . . August 3, 2013 . July 1, 2022.

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