Mali is a multilingual country of about 21.9 million people. The languages spoken there reflect ancient settlement patterns, migrations, and its long history. Ethnologue counts more than 80 languages. Of these, Bambara, Bobo, Bozo, Dogon, Fula, Hassaniya, Kassonke, Maninke, Minyanka, Senufo, Songhay languages, Soninke and Tamasheq are official languages.[1] [2] French is the working language.
French, which was introduced during the colonial period, was retained as the official language at independence until 2023. As a working language,[3] it is used in government and formal education. Estimates of the number of Malians who actually speak French are low, and almost all of them speak French as a second language. 1993 estimates are that there were only around 9,000 Malian speakers of French as a first language.[4]
Derived from the numbers of school attendees,[5] it was estimated in 1986 that roughly 21% of the population spoke French, a number considerably lower than those who speak Bambara.[6] French is more understood in urban centres, with 1976 figures showing a 36.7% "Francophone" rate in urban areas, but only an 8.2% rate in rural areas. French usage is gender weighted as well, with 1984 figures showing 17.5% percent of males speaking French, but only 4.9% of women.[7]
Bambara (Bambara: Bamanankan), a Manding language (in the Mande family) is said to be spoken by 80% of the population as a first or second language. It is spoken mainly in central and Southern Mali. Bambara and two other very closely related Manding languages Malinke or Maninkakan in the southwest and Kassonke (in the region of Kayes in the west), are among the 13 national languages. It is used as a trade language in Mali between language groups.
(Bambara is also very close to the Dyula language (Dyula: Jula or Dyula: Julakan; French: Dioula), spoken mainly in Côte d'Ivoire and Burkina Faso. The name "Jula" is actually a Manding word meaning "trader.")
Other Mande languages (not in the Manding group) include Soninke (in the region of Kayes in western Mali) and the Bozo languages (along the middle Niger).
Other languages include Senufo in the Sikasso region (south), Fula (Fulah: Fulfulde; French: Peul) as a widespread trade language in the Mopti region and beyond, the Songhay languages along the Niger, the Dogon languages of Pays Dogon or “Dogon country” in central Mali, Tamasheq in the eastern part of Mali's Sahara and Arabic in its western part.
Thirteen of the most widely spoken indigenous languages are considered "national languages."
Most formal education for the deaf in Mali uses American Sign Language, introduced to West Africa by the deaf American missionary Andrew Foster. There are two other sign languages in Mali. One, Tebul Sign Language, is found in a village with a high incidence of congenital deafness. Another, Bamako Sign Language, developed in the after-work tea circles of the cities; it is threatened by the educational use of ASL.
Most of the languages of Mali are among the Mande languages, which is generally accepted as a branch of Niger–Congo, Africa's largest language family. Non-Mande languages include the Dogon languages, perhaps another Niger–Congo branch, and the Senufo languages, which are unquestionably part of that family.
Mande, Senufo, and Dogon stand out among Niger–Congo because of their divergent SOV basic word order. The Gur languages are represented by Bomu on the Bani River of Mali and Burkina Faso. Fulfulde, spoken throughout West Africa, is a member of the Senegambian branch.
Other language families include Afro-Asiatic, represented by the Berber language Tamasheq and by Arabic, and the Songhay languages, which have traditionally been classified as Nilo-Saharan but may constitute an independent language family.
The following table gives a summary of the 63 spoken languages reported by Ethnologue (there are also 3 sign languages):
| Language (Ethnologue) | Cluster | Language family | Legal status | L1 speakers in Mali* | L2 speakers in Mali** | Main region | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hassaniya Arabic | Arabic | Afro-Asiatic | Official | 106,000 | ? | NW | |
| Bambara, Bamanankan | Manding | Mande | Official | 4,000,000 | 10,000,000 | All | |
| Bomu | Niger–Congo / Gur | Official | 102,000 | ? | SE | ||
| Bozo, Tiéyaxo | Bozo | Mande | Official | 118,000 | ? | Central | |
| Dogon, Toro So | Dogon | Official | 50,000 | ? | Central-east | ||
| Fulfulde, Maasina | Fula | Niger–Congo / Senegambian | Official | 1,000,000 | ? (some L2 speakers) | Central | |
| Maninkakan, Kita | Manding | Mande | Official | 434,000 | ? | W | |
| Senoufo, Mamara (Miniyanka) | Senufo | Official | 738,000 | ? | S | ||
| Senoufo, Syenara | Senufo | Official | 155,000 | ? | S | ||
| Songhay, Koyraboro Senni | Songhay (Southern) | Official | 430,000 | ? (a trade language) | N | ||
| Soninke (& Marka/Maraka) | Mande | Official | 1,280,000 | ? | NW | ||
| Tamasheq | Tamashek | Afro-Asiatic / Berber | Official | 250,000 | ? | N | |
| Xaasongaxango, Khassonke | Manding | Mande | Official | 700,000 | ? | NW | |
| Bankagooma | Mande | None? | 6,000 | ? | S | ||
| Bobo Madaré, Northern | Mande | None? | 18,400 | ? | SE | ||
| Bozo, Hainyaxo | Bozo | Mande | None? | 30,000 | ? | Central | |
| Bozo, Jenaama | Bozo | Mande | None? | 197,000 | ? | Central | |
| Bozo, Tièma Cièwè | Bozo | Mande | None? | 2,500 | ? | Central | |
| Bangerime | Dogon? | None? | 2,000 | ? | Central-east | ||
| Dogon, Ampari | Dogon | None? | 5,200 | ? | Central-east | ||
| Dogon, Ana Tinga | Dogon | None? | 500 | ? | Central-east | ||
| Dogon, Bankan Tey | Dogon | None? | 1,320 | ? | Central-east | ||
| Dogon, Ben Tey | Dogon | None? | 3,000 | ? | Central-east | ||
| Dogon, Bondum Dom | Dogon | None? | 24,700 | ? | Central-east | ||
| Dogon, Bunoge | Dogon | None? | 1,000 | ? | Central-east | ||
| Dogon, Dogul Dom | Dogon | None? | 15,700 | ? | Central-east | ||
| Dogon, Donno So | Dogon | None? | 45,300 | ? | Central-east | ||
| Dogon, Jamsay | Dogon | None? | 130,000 | ? | Central-east | ||
| Dogon, Kolum So | Dogon | None? | 19,000 | ? | Central-east | ||
| Dogon, Nanga Dama | Dogon | None? | 3,000 | ? | Central-east | ||
| Dogon, Tebul Ure | Dogon | None? | 3,000 | ? | Central-east | ||
| Dogon, Tene Kan | Dogon | None? | 127,000 | ? | Central-east | ||
| Dogon, Tiranige Diga | Dogon | None? | 4,200 | ? | Central-east | ||
| Dogon, Tommo So | Dogon | None? | 60,000 | ? | Central-east | ||
| Dogon, Tomo Kan | Dogon | None? | 133,000 | ? | Central-east | ||
| Dogon, Toro Tegu | Dogon | None? | 2,900 | ? | Central-east | ||
| Dogon, Yanda Dom | Dogon | None? | 2,000 | ? | Central-east | ||
| Duungooma | Mande | None? | 70,000 | ? | S | ||
| Jahanka | Mande | None? | 500 | ? | SW | ||
| Jalunga, Dyalonke | Mande | None? | 9,000 | ? | SW | ||
| Jowulu | Mande | None? | 10,000 | ? | SE | ||
| Jula, Dioula | Manding | Mande | None? | 50,000 | 278,000 | SE, all? | |
| Kagoro | Manding | Mande | None? | 15,000 | ? | W | |
| Konabéré | Mande | None? | 25,000 | ? | SE | ||
| Koromfé | Niger–Congo / Gur | None? | 6,000 | ? | SE | ||
| Maninkakan, Eastern | Manding | Mande | None? | 390,000 | ? | SW | |
| Maninkakan, Western | Manding | Mande | None? | 100,000 | ? | SW | |
| Marka | Mande | None? | 25,000 | ? | SE | ||
| Mòoré | Niger–Congo / Gur | None? | 17,000 | ? | SE | ||
| Pana | Niger–Congo / Gur | None? | 2,800 | ? | Central-east | ||
| Pulaar | Fula | Niger–Congo / Senegambian | None? | 175,000 | ? | W | |
| Pular | Fula | Niger–Congo / Senegambian | None? | 50,000 | ? | SW | |
| Sàmòmá | Niger–Congo / Gur | None? | 2,500 | ? | SE | ||
| Senoufo, Shempire | Senufo | None? | 14,800 | ? | SE | ||
| Senoufo, Sìcìté | Senufo | None? | 3,000 | ? | SE | ||
| Senoufo, Supyire | Senufo | None? | 350,000 | ? | S | ||
| Songhay, Humburi Senni | Songhay (Southern) | None? | 15,000 | ? | N | ||
| Songhay, Koyra Chiini | Songhay (Southern) | None? | 200,000 | ? | N | ||
| Tadaksahak | Songhay (Northern) | None? | 100,000 | ? | N | ||
| Tamajaq | Tamashek | Afro-Asiatic / Berber | None? | 190,000 | ? | N | |
| Tondi Songway Kiini | Songhay (Southern) | None? | 3,000 | ? | N | ||
| Zarmaci | Songhay (Southern) | None? | 1,700 | ? | NE |
French is the working language. According to the Loi 96-049 of 1996 thirteen indigenous languages are recognised by the government as national languages: Bamanankan, Bomu, Bozo, Dɔgɔsɔ, Fulfulde, Hassaniya Arabic, Mamara, Maninkakan, Soninke, Soŋoy, Syenara, Tamasheq, Xaasongaxanŋo.[8] [9] This superseded the Decree 159 PG-RM of 19 July 1982 (Article 1).
French is part of the standard school curriculum. There is a new policy to use Malian languages in the first grades and transition to French. Activists are also teaching literacy to speakers of Manding languages (Bambara, Malinke, Maninkakan, Dyula) in the standardized N'Ko form.[10]