Lampung Explained

Lampung
Coordinates:-5.45°N 121°W
Subdivision Type1:Capital
Subdivision Name1:Bandar Lampung
Established Title:Established
Established Date:18 March 1964
Governing Body:Lampung Provincial Government
Leader Title:Governor
Leader Name:Arinal Djunaidi (Golkar)
Leader Title2:Vice Governor
Leader Name2:Vacant
Unit Pref:Metric
Area Total Km2:33575.41
Area Rank:26th in Indonesia
Population Total:9313990
Population As Of:mid 2023 estimate
Population Footnotes:[1]
Population Density Km2:auto
Population Rank:8th in Indonesia
Population Demonym:Lampungese
Ulun Lappung
Orang Lampung
Demographics Type1:Demographics
Demographics1 Title1:Ethnic groups[2] [3]
Timezone1:Indonesia Western Time
Utc Offset1:+7
Iso Code:ID-LA
Type:Province
Elevation Max M:2262
Elevation Max Point:Mount Pesagi
Demographics1 Title2:Religion (2022)[4]
Demographics1 Title3:Languages
Demographics1 Info3:Indonesian (official)
Lampung and Abung (regional)
Javanese, Komering, Sundanese, Balinese
Official Name:Province of Lampung
Blank Name:GDP (nominal)
Blank Info:2022[5]
Blank1 Name: - Total
Blank1 Info:Rp 414.1 trillion (11th)
US$ 27.9 billion
Int$ 87.0 billion (PPP)
Blank2 Name: - Per capita
Blank2 Info:Rp 45.1 million (25th)
US$ 3,039
Int$ 9,484 (PPP)
Blank3 Name: - Growth
Blank3 Info: 4.28%[6]
Blank4 Name:HDI
Blank4 Info: 0.711 (24th) – high
Motto:
One Land, Two indigenous peoples[7]
Anthem:Sang Bumi Ruwa Jurai
Image Map1:
Frame-Width:250
Zoom:8
Registration Plate:BE
Blank5 Info:RIIA (TKG)
Postal Code Type:ZIP Codes
Postal Code:34xxx-35xxx

Lampung, officially the Province of Lampung (Indonesian: Provinsi Lampung), is a province of Indonesia. It is located on the southern tip of the island of Sumatra. It has a short border with the province of Bengkulu to the northwest, and a longer border with the province of South Sumatra to the north, as well a maritime border with the province of Banten and Jakarta to the east. It is the original home of the Lampung people, who speak their own language, and possess their own written script. Its capital is Bandar Lampung.

The province covers a land area of 33,575.41 km2 and had a population of 7,608,405 at the 2010 census,[8] 9,007,848 at the 2020 census,[9] and 9,313,990 (comprising 4,760,260 males and 4,553,720 females) according to the official estimates for mid 2023,[10] with three-quarters of that being descendants of Javanese, Madurese, and Balinese migrants. These migrants came from more densely populated islands, in search of available land, as well as being part of the national government's Indonesian transmigration program, of which Lampung was one of the earliest and most significant transmigration destinations.

On 10 May 2005, a 6.4 magnitude earthquake struck the province. In 1883, the volcano of Krakatoa, located on an island in the Sunda Strait, suffered one of the most violent volcanic eruptions in recorded history, with disastrous consequences for the area and elsewhere, including estimates of human fatalities in the tens of thousands, and worldwide temperature and other weather effects for years.

History

In the 7th century, word spread throughout China of a region located in the far south (Namphang) known as "Tolang Pohwang", it is referred to Tulang Bawang Regency or regions alongside the Tulang Bawang River. Lampung was part of the Srivijaya empire, with its regional capital in Jambi, which controlled most of Southeast Asia until the 11th century era. The Srivijayans came to Lampung in search of gold and amber, two of the province's natural resources.

This history is substantiated by, unearthed relics and the discovery of the Palas Pasemah inscriptions and the Batu Bedil inscriptions in the Tenggamus region that trace back to Srivijayan times. Other, smaller kingdoms like Tulang Bawang and Sekala Brak kingdoms existed during the 7th to 8th centuries CE.

The entry of the Banten Sultanate in Lampung in the 16th century marked the beginning of the spread of Islam in the region. Lampung is known for pepper which at that time was in high demand. At that time, the Dutch began pressing for control of the region.[11] In the 1930s Lampung still accounted for 30% of the world's pepper production.[12]

The control of pepper production exercised by the Banten Sultanate made Lampung one of the most prosperous harbors in the archipelago. Similarly, pepper plants also attracted migrants from Europe as employees of trading companies. It was in 1610 that the Dutch East India Company established a trading post in Banten and later in the 17th century began the forceful pepper cultivation in Lampung to increase its already existing production.[13] The area was part of the Banten Sultanate until it was annexed by the Dutch in 1752, when it became known as the Residentie Lampoengse Districten.[14] It became part of the Dutch East Indies.

Under Dutch rule, transmigration programs were implemented. This program involved the migration of people from Java to Lampung. It was quite well-received and many residents of Java moved to the transmigration sites located in the eastern region of Lampung.[15] The program was expanded after Indonesian independence in the 1960s. The Javanese brought cultural devices to Lampung, such as the gamelan and wayang. Balinese migrants also came to Lampung under the transmigration program. The presence of migrants from other regions in Lampung has made this region culturally diverse. Ethnic diversity has become a tourist attraction in itself, with the added potential of nature and cultural tourism. Numerous art studios in the area act as a preserver of indigenous art and culture.

Geography

Lampung Province has an area of 33575.41km2 or about the same size as Moldova and is located between the latitudes of 105°45'-103°48 'E and 3°45'-6°45'S. The province borders the Sunda Strait to the southeast and the Java Sea to the east. There are a number of offshore islands within Lampung Province, such as: Daro, Legundi, Tegal, Sebuku, Ketagian, Sebesi, Poahawang, Krakatoa, Putus, and Tabuan. These islands are located mostly in the Bay of Lampung. Pisang Island lies at the entrance to the Regency of West Lampung.

Lampung's natural terrain varies depending on the region. Along the coast in the west and the south is an area of rolling hills connected to the Bukit Barisan mountain range, running throughout Sumatra from north to south. In the center of the province is mostly lowland. Close to the coast in the east, along with the shores of the Java Sea, further north, is the great waters.

The mountains situated in Lampung by height include:

The rivers that flow in Lampung by length and catchment area (CA) are:

Forests in the lowlands have been exhausted after being appropriated for agricultural development, which is needed for the migrants constantly entering this area. Timber forest products are exported abroad. Some forests remain in the area of Bukit Barisan Selatan.

Cities and towns in the province of Lampung with a height of 50 meters above sea level are: Tandjungkarang (96m (315feet)), Kedaton (100m (300feet)), Metro (53m (174feet)), Gisting (480m (1,580feet)), State Sakti (100m (300feet)), Pringsewu (50m (160feet)), Pekalongan (50m (160feet)), Batang (65m (213feet)), Punggur (50m (160feet)), Padang Queen (56m (184feet)), Wonosobo (50m (160feet)), Kedondong (80m (260feet)), Sidomulyo (75m (246feet)), Kasui (200m (700feet)), Sri Menanti (320m (1,050feet)) and Liwa (850m (2,790feet)).

Government and administrative divisions

Lampung Province, which was formed from the southern portion of South Sumatra Province in 1964, was initially composed of just three regencies (kabupaten) - Lampung Selatan, Lampung Tengah and Lampung Utara - and one autonomous city (kota) - Bandar Lampung. A fourth regency (Lampung Barat) was created on 16 August 1991 from part of Lampung Utara, and on 3 January 1997 two further regencies were created - Tanggamus from part of Lampung Selatan, and Tulang Bawang from part of Lampung Utara. On 20 April 1999 two additional regencies were formed - Lampung Timur from part of Lampung Tengah, and Way Kanan from part of Lampung Utara - as well as a second autonomous city - Metro - from another part of Lampung Tengah.

A ninth regency (Pesawaran) was created on 17 July 2007 from a further part of Lampung Selatan, and on 29 October 2008 three more regencies were formed - Mesugi and Tulang Bawang Barat from parts of Tulang Bawang Regency, and Pringsewu from part of Tanggamus Regency. Finally a thirteenth regency (Pesisir Barat) was formed on 25 October 2012 from the west coast part of Lampung Barat Regency. These are all listed below with their areas and their populations at the 2010[8] and 2020[9] censuses, and at the mid 2023 official estimates.[16]

Kode
Wilayah
Name of
City or
Regency
Area
in
km2
Pop'n
census
2010
Pop'n
census
2020
Pop'n
estimate
mid 2023
Capital HDI
2018
Estimates
18.71 Bandar Lampung City183.72881,8011,166,0661,202,070Bandar Lampung0.766
18.72 Metro City73.21145,471168,676173,870Metro0.762
18.02 Central Lampung Regency
(Lampung Tengah)
4,548.93 1,170,7171,460,0451,508,330Gunung Sugih0.697
18.07 East Lampung Regency
(Lampung Timur)
3,868.43951,6391,110,3401,142,580Sukadana0.690
18.11 Mesuji Regency2,200.51187,407227,518237,940Mesuji0.628
18.03 North Lampung Regency
(Lampung Utara)
2,656.39584,277633,099653,850Kotabumi0.671
18.09 Pesawaran Regency1,279.60398,848477,468494,280Gedong Tataan0.649
18.10 Pringsewu Regency614.97365,369405,466419,590Pringsewu0.694
18.01 South Lampung Regency
(Lampung Selatan)
2,218.84912,4901,064,3011,105,000Kalianda0.678
18.06 Tanggamus Regency2,901.98536,613640,275662,540Kota Agung0.656
18.05 Tulang Bawang Regency3,107,47397,906430,021445,170Menggala0.677
18.08 Way Kanan Regency3,531.10406,123473,575491,110Blambangan Umpu0.666
18.04 West Lampung Regency
(Lampung Barat)
2,116.01277,296302,139312,430Liwa0.667
18.13 Pesisir Barat Regency2,993.80141,741162,697172,320Krui0.629
18.12West Tulang Bawang Regency
(Tulang Bawang Barat)
1,281.45250,707286,162295,480Panaragan Jaya0.653
Total Province 33,575.417,608,4059,007,8489,313,990Bandar Lampung0.690

The province comprises two of Indonesia's 84 national electoral districts to elect members to the People's Representative Council. The Lampung I Electoral District consists of 6 of the regencies in the province (Tanggamus, South Lampung, Pesawaran, Pringsewu, West Lampung and Pesisir Barat), together with the cities of Bandar Lampung and Metro, and elects 10 members to the People's Representative Council. The Lampung II Electoral District consists of the remaining 7 regencies (East Lampung, Central Lampung, North Lampung, Way Kanan, Tulang Bawang, Mesuji and West Tulang Bawang), and likewise elects 10 members to the People's Representative Council.[17]

Agriculture

Major crops in the region include robusta coffee beans, cocoa beans, coconuts and cloves. This has resulted in a thriving agricultural sector with companies like Nestlé procuring coffee beans from the region. This agriculture has included illegal growing in Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park.[18] In addition, nata de coco is also manufactured in the region by domestic companies like Wong Coco.

Textiles

Until the 1920s, Lampung had a rich and varied weaving tradition. Lampung weaving used a supplementary weft technique which enabled colored silk or cotton threads to be superimposed on a plainer cotton background. The most prominent Lampung textile was the Palepai, ownership of which was restricted to the Lampung aristocracy of the Kalianda Bay area. There were two types of smaller clothes, known as tatibin and tampan, which could be owned and used by all levels of Lampungese society. Weaving technologies were spread throughout Lampung. High-quality weavings were produced by the Paminggir, Krui, Abung and Pesisir peoples. Production was particularly prolific among the people of the Kalianda Bay area in the south and the Krui aristocracy in the north.

Lampung textiles, Palepai, tatebin and tampan were called 'ship cloths' because ships are a common motif.[19] The ship motif represents the transition from one realm of life to the next, for instance from boyhood to manhood or from being single to married, and also represents the final transition to the afterlife.[20]

Traditionally, Lampung textiles were used as part of religious ceremonies such as weddings and circumcisions. For instance, Palepai cloths were used as long ceremonial wall-hangings behind the bridal party in aristocratic marriages. The smaller, more humble tampan cloth was exchanged between families at the time of weddings.

Production of fine cloth blossomed in the late nineteenth century as Lampung grew rich on pepper production, but the devastating eruption of Krakatoa in 1883 destroyed many weaving villages in the Kalianda area.[21] By the 1920s the increasing importance of Islam and the collapse of the pepper trade brought production to a halt.[22] Today Lampung textiles are highly prized by collectors.

Tourism

Although tourism is not Lampung Province's main source of income, the administration has attempted to boost tourism through many ways, mainly from beaches, such as Flamboyant Tanjung Setia. This attraction seeks to draw tourists to Tanjung Setia Beach, which has a natural panoramic view and a spot for surfing. There is also Pahawang Island and Sari Ringgung beach, which is also a popular tourist destination in Lampung. Lampung also has a national park, the Way Kambas National Park, which attracts many domestic and international tourists.[23] In 2010, four-hundred thousand tourists visited Lampung Province, including ten thousand foreign tourists mainly from Australia and New Zealand.[24]

Way Kambas National Park is a national park and elephant sanctuary in the district of Labuhan Ratu, East Lampung. In addition to Way Kambas, another elephant school (Elephant Training Centre) can also be found in Minas, Riau. The number of Sumatran elephants (Elephas maximus sumatranus) living in the region has decreased. Way Kambas National Park was established in 1985 as the first elephant school in Indonesia and is expected to become a center for elephant conservation in taming, training, breeding and conservation. Until now, this PKG has trained about three hundred elephants that have been deployed to other parts of the country.

In recent years, the province has become largely popular for snorkeling and diving. Many domestic tourists, as well as international ones from various diving communities, visit the spots the province offers, such as: Pantai Ringgung, Pulau Tegal, Pulau Pahawang, Pulau Kelagian, Pulau Balak, Pulau Mahitam, and Tanjung Putus.

Demographics

Lampung's three major ethnic groups are the Javanese, Lampungese and Sundanese. The Lampungese are the native ethnic group of the province. Languages used in the province include Indonesian (official), Javanese, Sundanese, Balinese, Minangkabau and Lampung. According to the Indonesian census from 2010 the province of Lampung is 64,17 percent Javanese, 13,56 percent Lampungese, 5,64 percent Malay and 0,53 percent Chinese.

Religion

The 2022 data of Ministry of Religious Affairs found 96.09% of the population as adherents to Islam and 2,22% as Christian. The remainder includes Hindus (1.4%), Buddhists (0.27%), and "other" including traditional beliefs (0.02%).[25]

Transport

Land

In the province of Lampung, the Bakauheni-Terbanggi Besar Toll Road spans from Bakauheni in South Lampung to Terbanggi Besar in Central Lampung along 140.9km (87.6miles) was completed in March 2019.[26] The toll road has been under construction since April 2015.[27] As for the cost of development, is predicted to reach Rp 53 trillion, including land acquisition and construction of approximately Rp 30 trillion.[28] North of Terbanggi Besar to Kayu Agung (South-Sumatra), another toll road is under construction as part of the Trans-Sumatra toll road. This part will be finished in 2019.[29] Lampung has a bus terminal at Terminal Rajabasa which is one of the biggest and busiest in Sumatra and Lampung, as well as the Talbot terminal in Bandar Lampung. Rajabasa airport's terminal at close range, intermediate, and far (AKAP) which has bus routes to cities in Sumatra and Java.

In addition to these two terminals, there are bus terminals located throughout the capital district in Lampung.

Sea

In the province, there are several ports. The Port of Panjang is an import-export harbor and Port Srengsem which serves the traffic coal distribution from South Sumatra to Java. About south of Bandar Lampung, lies the port city of Bakauheni, precisely at the southern tip of Sumatra. Located at the southern end of the Trans-Sumatran Highway, the Bakauheni port connects Sumatra to the Port of Merak in Java via sea transportation.

Air

Radin Inten II International Airport is the only airport in the province. It serves flights to Banten, Jakarta, Majalengka, Medan, Bandung, Palembang, Semarang, Surabaya, Surakarta, Yogyakarta and more.

Rail

Lampung Province has a railway line between Bandar Lampung - Palembang, which is part of a railway network in South Sumatra operated by Kereta Api Indonesia Divre IV Tanjung Karang, located in Bandar Lampung. Bandar Lampung - Palembang railway line holds forty stations along 387872km (241,012miles) stretches between station in Bandar Lampung to station in Palembang.

Education

Schools in Lampung consist of kindergartens, elementary schools, middle schools, and high schools/vocational schools as well as universities, both state and private. However, this article will only display a list of universities, because the number of schools is very large.

Universities / Colleges

Sports

The 15,000-capacity Pahoman Stadium is the main stadium in Lampung. The association football stadium opened in 1977.[30]

Coat of arms

The coat of arms of Lampung consists of paintings of rice and pepper which are symbols of crops that are widely cultivated in Lampung. Laduk and payan in the form of machetes and spears are traditional weapons of the Lampung people. Gong symbolises the majesty of indigenous cultural arts. Siger as a symbol of cultural majesty. The umbrella is where people take shelter. On the emblem, there is an inscription Sang Bumi Ruwai Jurai which means one earth two traditions (ruwa and jurai) found in the indigenous people of Lampung which means Sang Bumi Lampung, which also has two traditions that crystallise on Adat namely Saibatin and Pepadun cultural traditions.[31]

See also

Further reading

External links

Notes and References

  1. Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 28 February 2024, Provinsi Lampung Dalam Angka 2024 (Katalog-BPS 1102001.18)
  2. Web site: Kewarganegaraan, Suku Bangsa, Agama, dan Bahasa Sehari-hari Penduduk Indonesia. www.bps.go.id. 36–41. 22 September 2021. pdf.
  3. Book: Ananta, Aris. 2015. Demography of Indonesia's Ethnicity.. SG. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. 978-981-4519-88-5. Evi Nurvidya Arifin, M. Sairi Hasbullah, Nur Budi Handayani, Agus Pramono. 1011165696.
  4. Web site: ArcGIS Web Application .
  5. Web site: Badan Pusat Statistik . Statistics Indonesia . 2023 . Produk Domestik Regional Bruto (Milyar Rupiah), 2020–2022 . Badan Pusat Statistik . Jakarta . id.
  6. Web site: Badan Pembangunan Nasional . Ministry of National Development Planning (Indonesia) . 2023 . Capaian Indikator Utama Pembangunan . Badan Pembangunan Nasional . Jakarta . id.
  7. Web site: Kenali Motto Kabupaten/Kota di Provinsi Lampung.
  8. Biro Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2011.
  9. Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2021.
  10. Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 28 February 2024, Provinsi Lampung Dalam Angka 2024 (Katalog-BPS 1102001.18)
  11. Changes of Regime And Social Dynamics in West Java: Society, State And the Outer World of Banten, 1750-1830
  12. Safitri . Myrna Asnawati . Forest tenure in Indonesia: the socio-legal challenges of securing communities' rights . 2010 . PhD . Leiden University . https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/16242/06.pdf?sequence=12 . 9. Social forest in Langkawana: from license to supervision .
  13. Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor, Volume 1
  14. Web site: Lampung Arms . www.hubert-herald.nl . 24 July 2016.
  15. Pratiwi . Ayu . Matous . Petr . Martinus . Kirsten . 2022-10-01 . Transmigration programs and migrant positions in rural community knowledge networks . Journal of Rural Studies . en . 95 . 391–401 . 10.1016/j.jrurstud.2022.09.019 . 0743-0167. free .
  16. Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 28 February 2024, Provinsi Lampung Dalam Angka 2024 (Katalog-BPS 1102001.18)
  17. Law No. 7/2017 (UU No. 7 Tahun 2017) as amended by Government Regulation in Lieu of Law No. 1/2022 and Regulation of General Elections Commission No. 6/2023.
  18. News: Leow . Claire . Nestlé to scrutinize Indonesia coffee amid wildlife-endangerment fears . 19 January 2007 . International Herald Tribune . https://archive.today/20070122045500/http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/01/18/bloomberg/bxnestle.php . 22 January 2007.
  19. Book: Gittinger, Mattiebelle. 1979. Splendid Symbols: Textiles and Tradition in Indonesia. The Textile Museum. Washington DC. 79-50373. 5100926. 157.
  20. Web site: Ceremonial Hanging (palepai) . 26 September 2007 . Pacific Islands art . Dallas Museum of Art . https://web.archive.org/web/20061004055100/http://www.dallasmuseumofart.org/Dallas_Museum_of_Art/View/Collections/Pacific_Islands/ID_011092 . 4 October 2006 . dead .
  21. Web site: Gittinger. Mattiebelle S.. SOUTH SUMATRAN SHIP CLOTHS. 1979. 15. https://web.archive.org/web/20160203180430/http://www.cs.arizona.edu:80/patterns/weaving/articles/nb74_shp.pdf. dead. February 3, 2016.
  22. Sudha Rajagopalan; Navigating Culture: Trade and Transformation in the Island State. The Permanent Exhibition on Indonesia. Museum Volkenkunde, Leiden.
  23. Web site: THE 15 BEST Things to Do in Lampung - 2021 (with Photos). 2021-05-12. Tripadvisor. en.
  24. Web site: Waspada Online – Pusat Berita dan Informasi Medan Sumut Aceh. Waspada.co.id. 24 July 2016.
  25. Web site: Jumlah Penduduk Menurut Agama. Ministry of Religious Affairs. 31 August 2022. 29 October 2023. id. 9 July 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230709113430/https://satudata.kemenag.go.id/dataset/detail/jumlah-penduduk-menurut-agama. live.
  26. Web site: Presiden Jokowi Resmikan Tol Bakauheni-Terbanggi Besar, Terpanjang di Indonesia . 8 March 2019 . id .
  27. Web site: Presiden Jokowi Hari ini Akan Lakukan Groundbreaking Jalan Tol Bakauheni. Tribunnews.com.
  28. Web site: Pemerintah Bangun Tol Bakauheni-Terbanggi Besar di 2015 . Prabawati Sriningrum . 9 January 2015 . Okezone . id-ID.
  29. Web site: Addendum for Terbanggi Besar Toll road signed . 11 January 2019 .
  30. Web site: Pahoman Stadium - Soccerway. int.soccerway.com.
  31. Web site: Salinan arsip . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20211027103340/https://jdih.lampungprov.go.id/product-hukum/provinsi/1/bentuk-lambang-daerah . 2021-10-27 . 2021-10-27.