Har Dayal Explained

Lala Har Dayal
Birth Date:1884 10, df=yes
Birth Place:Delhi, British India
Birth Name:Har Dayal Mathur
Death Place:Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
Notableworks:Our Educational Problem
Thoughts on Education
Hints for Self Culture
Glimpses of World Religions
The Bodhisattva Doctrines in Buddhist Sanskrit Literature

Lala Har Dayal Mathur (Punjabi: ਲਾਲਾ ਹਰਦਿਆਲ; 14 October 1884 – 4 March 1939) was an Indian nationalist revolutionary and freedom fighter.[1] He was a polymath who turned down a career in the Indian Civil Service. His simple living and intellectual acumen inspired many expatriate Indians living in Canada and the U.S. in their campaign against British rule in India during the First World War.

Biography

Har Dayal Mathur was born in a Hindu Mathur Kayastha family on 14 October 1884 at Delhi.[2] He studied at the Cambridge Mission School and received his bachelor's degree in Sanskrit from St. Stephen's College, Delhi and his master's degree also in Sanskrit from Punjab University. In 1905, he received two scholarships of Oxford University for his higher studies in Sanskrit: Boden Scholarship, 1907 and Casberd Exhibitioner, an award from St John's College, where he was studying.[3]

He moved to the United States in 1911, where he became involved in industrial unionism. He had also served as secretary of the San Francisco branch of the Industrial Workers of the World alongside Fritz Wolffheim, (later a National Bolshevik after he had left IWW and joined the Communist Workers' Party of Germany). In a statement outlining the principles of the Fraternity of the Red Flag, he said they proposed "the establishment of Communism, and the abolition of private property in land and capital through an industrial organization and the general strike, ultimate abolition of the coercive organization of government". A little over a year later, this group was given 6acres of land and a house in Oakland, where he founded the Bakunin Institute of California, which he described as "the first monastery of anarchism".[4]

In California, he soon developed contacts with Punjabi Sikh farmers in Stockton. Punjabis, a great majority of whom were Sikhs, had started emigrating to the West Coast around the turn of the century. Having experienced hostility by the Canadians in Vancouver, they had already become disaffected with the British. Hardayal tapped into this sentiment of these energetic Sikhs and other Punjabis. Having developed an Indian nationalist perspective, he encouraged young Indians to gain scientific and sociological education.[5] [6]

In April 1914, he was arrested by the United States government for spreading anarchist literature and fled to Berlin, Germany. In Berlin he became instrumental to the formation of the Berlin Committee (later: Indian Independence Committee) and cooperated with the German Intelligence Bureau for the East.[7]

He died in Philadelphia on 4 March 1939. In the evening of his death, he delivered a lecture as usual where he had said: "I am in peace with all". But a very close friend of Lala Hardayal and the founder member of Bharat Mata Society (established in 1907), Lala Hanumant Sahai, did not accept the death as natural, he suspected it as poisoning.[8]

In 1987, the India Department of Posts issued a commemorative stamp in his honor, within the series of "India's Struggle for Freedom".[9] [10]

Selected works

Some of his books with available references are listed below:[11]

  1. Our Educational Problem: Collection of Lalaji's articles. It was published in Punjabi, from Lahore, as a 1922 book with introduction by Lala Lajpat Rai
  2. Thoughts on Education: Lalaji wrote many articles in Punjabi (published from Lahore) and Modern Review (published from Calcutta); most of them were against the Education Policy of British Government in India. Mr Hem Chand Kaushik gave to the author this book which he published in July 1969.
  3. Social Conquest of Hindu Race: A booklet containing 21 pages, proscribed by British Raj and kept in National Archives of India under Acc.No.74. (Ref:Patriotic s Banned by the Raj)
  4. Writings of Lala Har Dayal: This book was published in 1920 by Swaraj Publishing House, Varanasi, as mentioned in the book by Vishwa Nath Prasad Verma Adhunik Bhartiya Rajneetik Chintan on page 389.
  5. Book: Dayal, Har . Forty-four months in Germany and Turkey, February 1915 to October 1918, a record of personal impressions . 1920 . London, King. : This book was published in 1920 by P.S. King and Sons in London when Lalaji was living in Sweden. Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthy quoted many references from this book in his Kranti Ka Udghosh.
  6. Lala Har Dayal Ji Ke Swadhin Vichar: This book was translated into Hindi by Sri Narayan Prasad Arora and was published in Raghunandan Press, Kanpur by Pt. Ganga Narayan Shukla in 1922. It can be seen in Seth Soorajmull Jalan Library, Calcutta.
  7. Amrit me Vish: This was the Hindi Translation of above book 'Thoughts on Education'. It was published by Lajpat Rai Prithviraj Sahni from Lohari Gate, Lahore in the year 1922. In the National Library, Calcutta under catalogue no 181.Rc.92.33.
  8. Hints for Self Culture: This famous book of Lala Har Dayal was published by Hy.S.L.Polak and Co. London (U.K) in 1934. Jaico Publishing House published it in 1977 from Bombay by obtaining copyright from its original publisher in 1961. Its Hindi Translation has also been published from Kitab Ghar, Delhi (India) in 1997 under the title 'Vyaktitva Vikas-Sangharsh aur Safalata'.
  9. Glimpses of World Religions: It was the presentation of several religions by Lala Har Dayal from so many angles of history, ethics, theology, and religious philosophy. It reflects the individuality of every religion in a rational way of thinking. This book was also published by Jaico Publishing House India from Bombay.
  10. Bodhisattva Doctrines: Lala Lajpat Rai, who was a mentor of Har Dayal, had suggested him to write an authentic book based on the principles of Gautam Buddha. In 1927 when Har Dayal was not given permission by the British Government to return to India, he decided to remain in London. He wrote this book and presented it to the university as a thesis. The book was approved for Ph.D. and a Doctorate was awarded to him in 1932. It was published from London in the year 1932. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers of India re-published this book in 1970 as The Bodhisattva Doctrines in Buddhist Sanskrit Literature.

The Bodhisattva Doctrines in Buddhist Sanskrit Literature

This 392-page work of Lala Hardayal consists of 7 chapters which deal with the Bodhisattva doctrine as expounded in the principal Buddhist Sanskrit Literature.

This book contains comprehensive notes and references besides a general index appended at the end. This book has been written in a particularly lucid style which exhibits scholarly acumen and the mastery of Lala Hardayal in literary art. It proved influential with Edward Conze, a German Marxist refugee from Nazi Germany who made Har Dayal 's acquaintance in London in the 1930s.[12]

Appreciations

According to Swami Rama Tirtha, Lala Har Dayal was the greatest Hindu who ever came to America, a great sage and saint, whose life mirrored the highest spirituality as his soul reflected the love of the 'Universal Spirit' whom he tried to realize.[13]

In another appreciation Prof. Dharmavira has sketched the picture of Lala Har Dayal which is being quoted here in verbatim:

Further reading

External links

Notes and References

  1. Book: Brown, Emily C.. Har Dayal: Hindu Revolutionary and Rationalist. 1975. University of Arizona Press. Tucson. 0-8165-0422-9.
  2. Book: Sareen, Tilakraj. Select Documents on the Ghadr Party . 1994. Mounto Publishing House. 20. Hardayal was a Delhi man, a high caste Hindu of the Mathur, Kayastha Community.
  3. Web site: Making of Britain. Open University. 24 October 2013.
  4. Book: Avrich, Paul . Paul Avrich. Anarchist Portraits . registration . Princeton University Press . Princeton . 1988 . 0-691-00609-1 . 30.
  5. Book: Farquhar, J.N.. The Crown Of Hinduism. 1913. 978-1375792240. 36–37. Metaphysics has been the curse of India. It has blighted her history and compassed her ruin. ... It has blinded her seers and led them to mistake phantoms for realities. ... Young men of India, look not for wisdom in the musty parchments of your metaphysical treatises. There is nothing but an endless round of verbal jugglery there. Read Rousseau and Voltaire, Plato and Aristotle, Haeckel and Spencer, Marx and Tolstoi, Ruskin and Comte, and other European thinkers, if you wish to understand life and its problems. India has hundreds of really sincere and aspiring young men and women, who are free from all taint of greed and worldliness, but they are altogether useless for any purpose that one may appreciate. They have established monasteries in remote, nooks in the mountains in order to realize the Brahman..
  6. Web site: 2012-02-16. The Inanity of Brahman and the Vedantic Worldview. 2020-07-26. Nirmukta. en-GB. We keep moving in the old rut; we edit and re-edit the old books instead of translating the classics of European social thought. Indian pundits and graduates seem to suffer from a kind of mania for what is effete and antiquated. Thus an institution, established by progressive men, aims at leading our youths through Sanskrit grammar to the Vedas via the Six Darshanas! What a false move in the quest for wisdom!.
  7. Liebau. Heike. 2019. "Unternehmungen und Aufwiegelungen": Das Berliner Indische Unabhängigkeitskomitee in den Akten des Politischen Archivs des Auswärtigen Amts (1914–1920). MIDA Archival Reflexicon. 3–4.
  8. Book: Dr.'Krant', M.L.Verma. Swadhinta Sangram Ke Krantikari Sahitya Ka Itihas (Vol-2). 2006. Praveen Prakashan. New Delhi. 452. 81-7783-120-8.
  9. Book: Jain, Manik. 2018. Phila India Guide Book. Philatelia. 114.
  10. Web site: LALA HARDAYAL . 2022-03-02 . www.indianpost.com.
  11. Book: Dr.'Krant', M.L.Verma. Swadhinta Sangram Ke Krantikari Sahitya Ka Itihas (Vol-2). 2006. Praveen Prakashan. New Delhi (India). 453–458. 81-7783-120-8.
  12. De Jong . J. W. . Edward Conze 1904–1979 . Indo-Iranian Journal . 1980 . 22 . 2 . 143–146 . 10.1163/000000080790080729 . 24653324 . 5 December 2020 . 0019-7246.
  13. Book: Pandit, Vardachari. Thoughts On Education by L. Har Dayal. 1969. Vivek Swadhyay Mandal. New Delhi-110024 (India). 70.

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