Lakewood, Ohio Explained

Lakewood, Ohio
Settlement Type:	City
Nickname:	City of Homes
Motto:	"A Great Place to Call Home"
Mapsize:	260px
Coordinates:	41.4819°N -81.7983°W
Subdivision Type:	Country
Subdivision Type1:	State
Subdivision Type2:	County
Subdivision Name2:	Cuyahoga
Government Type:	Mayor-council
Leader Title:	Mayor
Leader Name:	Meghan George (D)^[1]
Unit Pref:	Imperial
Area Footnotes:	^[2]
Area Total Km2:	17.34
Area Land Km2:	14.36
Area Water Km2:	2.98
Area Total Sq Mi:	6.70
Area Land Sq Mi:	5.54
Area Water Sq Mi:	1.15
Elevation Ft:	702
Population As Of:	2020
Population Total:	50942
Population Density Km2:	3548.69
Population Density Sq Mi:	9190.33
Timezone:	Eastern (EST)
Utc Offset:	-5
Timezone Dst:	EDT
Utc Offset Dst:	-4
Postal Code Type:	ZIP code
Postal Code:	44107
Area Code:	216
Blank Name:	FIPS code^[3]
Blank1 Name:	GNIS feature ID
Blank1 Info:	1064966

Lakewood is a city in Cuyahoga County, Ohio, United States, on the southern shore of Lake Erie. Established in 1889, it is one of Cleveland's historical streetcar suburbs and part of the Cleveland metropolitan area. The population was 50,942 at the 2020 census, making it the third largest city in Cuyahoga County, behind Cleveland and Parma.^[4]

History

Establishment

The area now called Lakewood was populated by the Ottawa, Potawatomi, Chippewa, Wyandot, Munsee, Delaware and Shawnee tribes until the Treaty of Ft. Industry pushed them west in 1805.^[5] Prior to the treaty, American settlers were prohibited from moving west of the Cuyahoga River. The treaty ceded 500,000 acres of some of the tribes' land to the United States for about $18,000 or 3.5 cents/acre. The Shawnee and Seneca, living with the Wyandot, were to get $1000 "...every year forever hereafter."^[6]

In 1806, the area was formally surveyed as Rockport Township, Township 7, Range 14, of the Connecticut Western Reserve. It was purchased from the Connecticut Land Company by a syndicate of six men headed by Judson Canfield on April 4, 1807, for $26,084. In 1818, permanent settlement began with the arrival from Connecticut of James Nicholson.^[7] Other early pioneers included Jared Kirtland and Mars Wagar. Settlements were mostly along Detroit Avenue, a toll road operated by the Rockport Plank Company from 1848 to 1901, with large farms and properties extending north to Lake Erie. Making bricks and planting orchards were among the most prolific occupations until natural gas and oil wells were developed in the early 1880s.^[5] By 1819, 18 families lived in Rockport Township. Early settlers sustained their lives through farming. The land was ideal for fruit farming and many vineyards began to emerge.^[8] Current street names reflect this history such as Orchard Grove and Blossom Park.The most common occupations in Lakewood were farming and the building trades.

Incorporation and growth

A toll road was established from Cleveland to Lakewood by the Rockport Plank Road Company, operating from 1848 to 1901. Lakewood was incorporated as a village in 1889, and named for its lakefront location.^[9] In 1893, streetcars came from Cleveland to Lakewood with the construction of the Detroit Avenue line, followed by the Clifton Boulevard line in 1903 and the Madison Avenue line in 1916.^[10]

Under the Ohio Common School Act of April 9, 1867, three schools were allotted to East Rockport, called 6, 8, and 10; they were later designated East, Middle, and West. Each school had one teacher. As the community began to grow and more schools were required, the school board adopted the policy of honoring Ohio's presidents by assigning their names to the school buildings. The Rocky River Railroad was organized in 1869 by speculators as an excursion line to bring Clevelanders to the resort area they developed at the mouth of the Rocky River. Financially unsuccessful as a pleasure and amusement venture, the line was sold to the Nickel Plate Railroad in 1881. The railroad line still exists today, running in an east–west direction north of Detroit Avenue.

Notably, Lakewood was home to two pioneering automobile manufacturers: Winton Motor Carriage Company (est. 1897) and Baker Motor Vehicle (1899). By 1906, the latter became the largest electric vehicle maker in the world at the time.

Modern redevelopment

Rockport Square was developed on the eastern end of the city in 2004 and incorporated residential townhouses all along Detroit Avenue.^[11]

Lakewood was accepted into the nationally renowned Ohio Main Street Program in 2005.^[12] In 2009, the American Institute of Architects and the Cleveland Restoration Society honored the City of Lakewood Department of Planning & Development and LakewoodAlive with an award for Creative & Effective Preservation Advocacy.^[13] Lakewood first introduced curbside recycling in 1989 and has one of the highest recycling rates in all of Ohio at 79% in 2009.^[14]

Lakewood operates a CERT program. This all-citizen emergency response program was created in 2005.^[15]

Geography

Lakewood is located about 6miles west of Downtown Cleveland. The city borders Lake Erie to the north, the Cleveland neighborhoods of Edgewater and Cudell to the east, and the neighborhoods of Jefferson and Kamm's Corners to the south. It borders the suburb of Rocky River to the west at the Rocky River valley. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 6.69sqmi, of which 5.53sqmi is land and 1.16sqmi is water.^[16]

Neighborhoods

Historical housing throughout the city and an active historical society are the norm in Lakewood. The "Make Lakewood Beautiful" program involves contests in which residents compete to make their homes look and resemble their original design and architecture, and awards are given to several homeowners each year. The city offers tours of the most famous homes in the spring, summer, and fall.^[17]

• Arts District - Centered around the Beck Center for the Arts, on the west side of Lakewood.
• Birdtown - Southeastern corner of Lakewood, a well-known 8-street residential district on the southeast side of the city that was built specifically for the workers of the nearby National Carbon Company in the 1890s. The houses are distinctive and most of the streets are named after birds.^[18] Birdtown was designated a National Register Historic District in 2006. It is adjacent to Madison Park, the former Union Carbide factory, and the W. 117th St. Rapid Transit Station.^[18] Many of the original houses built there were boarding houses.^[19] Birdtown achieved National Historic Register status in 2006.
• Clifton Boulevard - Lined with big trees and multi-family homes, apartment complexes, and 4×4 brick structures, and turn of the century single family colonials, the seven-lane Clifton Boulevard is one of the busiest streets in greater Cleveland.
• Clifton Park - The wealthiest neighborhood of Lakewood is situated in the northwestern corner of the city, and consists mostly of magnificent Victorian mansions. It is bounded by Sloane on the south, Webb Road on the east, the Rocky River on the west, and Lake Erie on the north. Built in the late 19th century, this area has been historically, and continues to be, home to many of greater Cleveland's most prominent citizens. Includes the private Clifton Beach community.^[20]
• Downtown Lakewood - The main section of Lakewood is centered at Detroit Avenue and Warren Road. Downtown Lakewood spans from Bunts Avenue to the east and Arthur Avenue to the west along Detroit.^[21] This district was formally identified when Lakewood was chosen as a member of the national MainStreet program in 2005. The area is lined with office buildings, restaurants, and variety shops. Lakewood Library, the USPS, and the site of the former Lakewood Hospital are all located in this district.
• The Edge - This easternmost neighborhood includes many concert venues, pubs, and taverns.
• Victorian Village - This was named after the large Victorian homes on Grace, Clarence and Cohassett Avenues on the city's east end. When constructed in the early 1900s, it served as residences for executives from the National Carbon Company.^[22]
• The Gold Coast - Collection of high rises on the northeast end of Lakewood, bordering Lake Erie.
• Rockport Square - Rockport Square (not to be confused with the former Rockport Township) is an urban renewal project along Detroit Avenue on the eastern side of the city. Construction began in 2004 of roughly 200 condos, lofts, and live-work spaces.
• West End - The West End is the westernmost neighborhood of Lakewood, along the Rocky River Reservation. In 2002, the administration of Mayor Madelaine Cain proposed to seize homes in this area using eminent domain, to replace them with retail development. After a citizen-led resistance attracted national media attention from 60 Minutes, the West End proposal failed in a 2003 referendum.^[23]

Demographics

As of the census^[24] of 2010, there were 52,131 people, 25,274 households, and 11,207 families residing in the city. The population density was 9426.9PD/sqmi. There were 28,498 housing units at an average density of 5153.3/sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 87.5% White, 6.4% African American, 0.3% Native American, 1.9% Asian, 1.3% from other races, and 2.7% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.1% of the population.

There were 25,274 households, of which 22.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 29.7% were married couples living together, 10.8% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.8% had a male householder with no wife present, and 55.7% were non-families. 44.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.05 and the average family size was 2.99.

The median age in the city was 35.4 years. 19.6% of residents were under the age of 18; 9.6% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 34.3% were from 25 to 44; 25.7% were from 45 to 64; and 11% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 49.1% male and 50.9% female.

As of the 2007 American Community Survey, the median income for a household in the city was $42,602, and the median income for a family was $59,201. Males had a median income of $42,599 versus $35,497 for females. The per capita income for the city was $26,939. About 10.9% of families and 14.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 20.3% of those under age 18 and 10.5% of those age 65 or over. Of the city's population over the age of 25, 39.0% hold a bachelor's degree or higher.^[25]

According to the 2020 United States census, Lakewood had a population of 50,942. Of which, 82.7% were non-Hispanic White, 5.2% were non-Hispanic Black, 4.8% were Hispanic/Latino, 2.4% were Asian, 5.9% were mixed or other.^[26]

Ethnicity and immigration

Lakewood's ethnic mosaic includes Albanian, Arab, Chinese, German, Hungarian, Irish, Italian, Mexican, Nepalese, Puerto Rican, Polish, Russian, Slovak, and Ukrainian ancestries.^[27] As of 2019, 12.2% spoke a language other than English at home, including Arabic, Spanish, Albanian, Russian, Serbo-Croatian, and Hungarian.^[28] The community is a hotspot for immigrants, arriving primarily from Southeast Europe (especially Albania, Romania, Greece, and the former Yugoslavia),^{[29] [30]} the Middle East (Lebanon, Syria, and Iran),^{[30] [31]} South Asia (India, Nepal, and Myanmar),^{[5] [32]} and the former USSR (Russia, Uzbekistan, and Ukraine).^{[5] [33]} The foreign-born population was approximately 8.6% in 2019.^[28]

Economy

Lakewood Hospital first opened its doors in 1907. The city of Lakewood purchased the hospital in 1931. The Cleveland Clinic added the hospital to its health system in 2006.^[34] In January 2015, the Cleveland Clinic announced it would close the hospital in 2016 and replace it with a family medical center. The new medical center which included outpatient programs, an emergency department and wellness services opened across the street from the old hospital site in 2018. None of the 845 employees of Lakewood lost their jobs, as they were offered other positions in the Cleveland Clinic system.^[35] There was opposition to the closing from a citizens' group called "Save Lakewood Hospital" who contended that the city could find another entity to manage the hospital and keep it open.^[36]

Cleveland Clinic completed construction of a new one-story facility on Detroit Avenue in 2005, adjacent to Rockport Square. Cleveland Clinic began demolition in 2016 of a professional office building and garage in preparation for the construction of a new $34 million, 62,000 square foot family health building, which will serve as a replacement, in part, for Lakewood Hospital. The hospital's emergency department remains open through the construction, which is scheduled to be completed in 2018.^[37]

Arts and culture

Lakewood Public Library has won numerous awards^[38] and has two branches: the main branch on Detroit Avenue and a smaller branch on Madison Avenue.^{[39] [40]} The Lakewood Library's 2008 expansion increased the main library to 93,000 square feet; the collection then grew to over 474,000 items by 2015. The Lakewood Library celebrated its centennial in 2016.^[41] The Madison branch of the Library, designed by architectural firm Walter and Weeks, opened in 1929 in the southeastern part of the city. It underwent a $2.1 million renovation and expansion, and reopened to the public in March 2022.^[42]

The Lakewood Civic Auditorium, a 2,000-seat performing arts venue located on the campus of Lakewood High School, opened in 1955. The auditorium hosted the Great Lakes Shakespeare Festival from 1962 to 1981.^[43] The facade of the auditorium features the world's largest free-standing ceramic sculpture, Early Settler, created by Viktor Schreckengost.^[44] The sculpture is commonly known as "Johnny Appleseed" who was the subject of Schreckengost's design.^[45]

The Beck Center for the Arts is the largest cultural arts center on Cleveland's west shore.^[46]

Geiger's, a retailer of clothing and ski equipment and accessories, was founded in downtown Lakewood in 1932. The company, now run by the third generation of the Geiger family, moved to its present location in 1936.^[47] The home of Malley's Chocolates is in Lakewood.^[48] Aladdin's Eatery, a national restaurant brand, is also based in Lakewood. Their first restaurant was founded in Lakewood by Fady and Sally Chamoun in 1994.^[49] Aladdin's Lakewood Headquarters was expanded in 2007.

Parks and recreation

Lakewood Park is one of the largest lakefront parks in Ohio and features a live concert stage, outdoor swimming pool, picnic pavilions, 4-season public pavilion, kids' playground, baseball, volleyball, and a skate park, which opened in 2004. Lakewood has more than 150acres of greenspace citywide. The park's million dollar lakefront promenade opened in 2006 and offers an excellent panorama of Downtown Cleveland and the presence of viewing telescopes enhances the viewing experience of Downtown Cleveland. An all-purpose trail that circles the park was built in 2006.

On October 30, 2015, Lakewood opened its "Solstice Steps" in the northwest corner of the park. The steps are aligned in the direction of sunset on the summer solstice. They are constructed of white concrete blocks in five tiers; each tier has four steps separated by green grass strips.^[50]

A renovated Charles A. Foster Pool is open for the 2023 outdoor swimming season.^[51]

The Rocky River Reservation of the Cleveland Metroparks System forms part of the city's western border. The Lakewood Dog Park, built in 2004, is located next to the Metroparks, in the Rocky River valley.

Government

Lakewood is governed by an elected mayor and elected council. The council has seven members, with four members representing wards in the city and the other three are at-large council members.^[52] Once politically dominated by New England Republicans, Lakewood has become a center for the progressive wing of the Democratic Party in Ohio. It was a stronghold of support for former Congressman Dennis Kucinich, and in the 2016 Democratic presidential primary, its voters strongly backed Bernie Sanders.^[53] The city is currently represented in the U.S. House of Representatives by Shontel Brown (OH-11, D).^[54] In the Ohio General Assembly it is represented by Nickie Antonio (D) in the State Senate^[55] and by Michael Skindell in the (D) State House.^[56]

Notable former mayors include Anthony Sinagra (19781990), Madeline Cain (19962003), and Ed FitzGerald (20082010).^[57]

Education

Public schools

The Lakewood City School District is managed by a directly elected school board.^[58] The Lakewood City Schools was rated as having "Continuous Improvement" by the Ohio Department of Education in 2013. Lakewood rebuilt or renovated the city's high school, two middle schools and seven elementary schools in a process completed in 2017.^[59] The investment was the first major school building program in Lakewood since 1920. The school system is one of the largest employers in the city of Lakewood.

Current schools in the public system include Emerson, Grant, Harrison, Hayes, Horace Mann, Lincoln and Roosevelt elementary schools (grades PK–5); Garfield and Harding middle schools (grades 6–8) and Lakewood High School (grades 9–12).^[60]

Private schools

Lakewood Catholic Academy (grades K–8) was founded in 2005 through a consolidation of four parochial elementary schools, St. James, St. Luke and St. Clements and Transfiguration on the site of the former St. Augustine Academy. Since its founding, over $1.5 million has been invested in capital improvements, making LCA a "significant institution for parochial education in Lakewood.^[61] St. Edward High School serves boys in grades 9–12 throughout the Roman Catholic Diocese of Cleveland. Padre Pio Academy is a K–12 elementary/high school founded by lay Catholics that operates independently of the Diocese.

Lakewood Lutheran School offers a K–8 integrated elementary education.

Colleges

Post secondary education in Lakewood includes The North Coast College, focusing on graphic and fashion design.^[62]

Media

A handful of print and online media chronicle Lakewood, including The Sun Post-Herald, and The Lakewood Observer.^{[63] [64]}

Transportation

The Greater Cleveland Regional Transit Authority's Cleveland State Line (routes 55,55B,55C), run east and west along Clifton Boulevard, terminating at Cleveland State University in downtown Cleveland to the east and in North Olmsted (55) or Bay Village (55B) and Westlake (55C) to the west.^[65] RTA Routes 26 and 26A serve Detroit Avenue, Route 83 serves Warren Road, Route 78 serves as the border line on West 117th Street, and Route 25 serves Madison Avenue.^[65] Two RTA rapid transit stations exist just across the Lakewood/Cleveland border, at W. 117th St. and Madison Avenue and the other between Lakewood Heights and Triskett near West 140. Both stations provide access to the Red Line east to Windermere via Downtown Cleveland and west to Cleveland Hopkins International Airport.^[65] RTA's Route 804, the Lakewood Community Circulator, was discontinued by RTA in late 2009. Lakewood residents and city officials were campaigning for it to return.^[65]

I-90 borders the south side of Lakewood and has on/off-ramps at W. 117th St., Bunts Road, Warren Road, and McKinley Road. The Cleveland Memorial Shoreway begins approximately 1miles east of Lakewood via Lake Avenue and Clifton Boulevard and serves as a transportation hub to and from downtown Cleveland.

Lakewood is bicycle-friendly, with designated "share the road" paths through the city.^[66]

Notable people

Birthplace

• Richard Celeste, Governor of Ohio from 1983 to 1990, director of the Peace Corps, and 12th president of Colorado College^[67]
• Teri Garr, actress/singer/comedian^[68]
• Brian Hoyer, New England Patriots quarterback^{[69] [70]}
• John L. Koprowski, university dean and professor^[71]
• Dave Malloy, three-time Tony Award nominee^[72]
• Seán Patrick O'Malley, Roman Catholic Cardinal and Archbishop of Boston^[73]
• Benjamin Orr, singer and bassist for The Cars^[74]

Former/current residents

• David Conte, composer^[75]
• Mike Douglas, singer and talk show host^[76]
• Jimmie Foxx, professional baseball player and manager, elected to the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 1951.^{[77] [78]}
• Mike Hegan, professional baseball player and broadcaster for the Cleveland Indians^[79]
• Gary Lewis, musician^[80]
• John Lithgow, actor^[81]
• Kevin McMahon, musician^[82]
• Burgess Meredith, actor^[83]
• Lorin Morgan-Richards, author and illustrator^[84]
• Darlington Nagbe, professional soccer player^[85]
• Jack Riley, actor^[86]
• Milton C. Portmann pro football player and decorated US Army officer WWI.^[87]
• Jack Buck, sportscaster, National Baseball Hall of Fame Class of 1987, Lakewood High class of 42'.^[88]

Further reading

• Book: Butler, Margaret Manor . Romance in Lakewood Streets . 1962 . William Feather Co. . Cleveland.
• Book: Lakewood: The First Hundred Years. Borchert. Jim. Borchert. Susan. 1989. The Donning Company. Virginia Beach. 9780898657746.
• Book: Gallo Becker, Thea. Lakewood. 2003. Arcadia Publishing. Charleston. 073852333X.

Notes and References

1. Web site: Exner. Rich. Democrats outnumber Republicans as mayors in Cuyahoga County, 39-14. Cleveland.com. January 30, 2016. November 16, 2013. October 8, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20151008045644/http://www.cleveland.com/datacentral/index.ssf/2013/11/democrats_outnumber_republican.html. live.
2. Web site: ArcGIS REST Services Directory. United States Census Bureau. September 20, 2022. January 19, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220119173812/https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/arcgis/rest/services/TIGERweb/Places_CouSub_ConCity_SubMCD/MapServer. live.
3. Web site: U.S. Census website. United States Census Bureau. January 31, 2008. December 27, 1996. https://web.archive.org/web/19961227012639/https://www.census.gov/. live.
4. Web site: U.S. Census website. March 20, 2010. December 27, 1996. https://web.archive.org/web/19961227012639/https://www.census.gov/. live.
5. Encyclopedia: Miller . April . Lakewood . The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History . . May 7, 2020 . September 25, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200925075912/https://case.edu/ech/articles/l/lakewood . live .
6. Erb . Robin . 1805 Fort Industry treaty entices Toledo historians . The Blade . 16 November 2003 . Block Communications . Toledo Ohio . April 28, 2020 . April 15, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190415011515/https://www.toledoblade.com/local/2003/11/16/1805-Fort-Industry-treaty-entices-Toledo-historians/stories/200311160035 . live .
7. Web site: Murray . Lorraine . Lakewood Ohio US . Britannica.com . Encyclopedia Britannica . Chicago IL . April 28, 2020 . May 19, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200519194229/https://www.britannica.com/place/Lakewood-Ohio . live .
8. Book: Becker, Thea Gallo . Lakewood . Arcadia Publishing . 2003 . 073852333X . Charleston, SC . Introduction, i; 12-13 . English.
9. Book: Overman, William Daniel. Ohio Town Names. 1958. Atlantic Press. Akron, OH. 72. June 15, 2016. March 28, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170328023300/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015015361465;view=1up;seq=88. live.
10. Web site: Johnston . Laura . 9 Lakewood historical milestones: Inner-ring Divide . Cleveland.com . AdvanceOhio . Cleveland OH . 11 January 2019 . April 28, 2020 . January 24, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220124220612/https://www.cleveland.com/metro/2016/07/10_lakewood_historical_milesto.html . live .
11. Web site: Lakewood City Council Approves New Townhomes at Rockport Square The City of Lakewood, Ohio . 2022-11-11 . www.lakewoodoh.gov . September 28, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230928154221/https://www.lakewoodoh.gov/lakewood-city-council-approves-new-townhomes-at-rockport-square/ . live .
12. Web site: Lakewood Is Ohio's Newest Main Street - The Lakewood Observer. lakewoodobserver.com. May 19, 2017. April 19, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230419002733/http://lakewoodobserver.com/read/2006/01/11/lakewood-is-ohios-newest-main-street. live.
13. Web site: Home - LakewoodAlive. July 13, 2005. July 11, 2005. https://web.archive.org/web/20050711234425/http://lakewoodalive.com/. live.
14. according to the city web site, accessed October 1, 2009
15. Web site: CERT Training To Be Held Beginning February 20th The City of Lakewood, Ohio. www.onelakewood.com. August 4, 2019. February 18, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190218151054/http://www.onelakewood.com/cert-training-to-be-held-beginning-february-20th/. live.
16. Web site: US Gazetteer files 2010 . . January 6, 2013 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120702145235/http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt . July 2, 2012 .
17. Web site: State of the suburbs: Lakewood . 2022-11-11 . wkyc.com . en-US . September 28, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230928154222/https://www.wkyc.com/article/news/local/cuyahoga-county/state-of-the-suburbs-lakewood/95-315851453 . live .
18. Encyclopedia: Birdtown. The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History. May 11, 2020. Case Western Reserve University. July 25, 2022. April 29, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220429124527/https://case.edu/ech/articles/b/birdtown. live.
19. Web site: Birdtown. Cleveland Historical. July 25, 2022. December 28, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20141228204637/http://clevelandhistorical.org/items/show/219. live.
20. Book: Becker, Thea Gallo . Lakewood . Arcadia Publishing . 2003 . 073852333X . Charleston, SC . 97–99; 103 . English.
21. Web site: Downtown Lakewood Studio Graphique. https://web.archive.org/web/20140825024552/http://www.designwithdirection.com/work/downtown-lakewood/. August 25, 2014. August 25, 2014.
22. Book: Butler, Margaret Manor . The Lakewood Story . Stratford House . 1949 . 256–257 . English.
23. Web site: How the West End Was Won. clevelandmagazine.com. May 31, 2017. November 30, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201130110416/https://clevelandmagazine.com/in-the-cle/the-read/articles/how-the-west-end-was-won. live.
24. Web site: U.S. Census website. United States Census Bureau. January 6, 2013. December 27, 1996. https://web.archive.org/web/19961227012639/https://www.census.gov/. live.
25. Web site: Population estimates, July 1, 2015, (V2015). March 1, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110301052222/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/39/3941664.html. March 1, 2011. dead.
26. Web site: Explore Census Data . September 1, 2022 . September 1, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220901155205/https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=Lakewood%20city,%20Ohio&y=2020&d=DEC%20Redistricting%20Data%20(PL%2094-171)&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P2 . live .
27. Web site: Ancestry in Lakewood, Ohio . Statistical Atlas . July 2, 2019 . April 19, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230419002732/https://statisticalatlas.com/place/Ohio/Lakewood/Ancestry . live .
28. Web site: U.S. Census Bureau Quick Facts: Lakewood, Ohio. May 21, 2020. August 10, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190810180100/https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/lakewoodcityohio. live.
29. Encyclopedia: Albanians . The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History . . May 14, 2020 . June 30, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200630141436/https://case.edu/ech/articles/a/albanians . live .
30. Web site: Rebecca. Meiser. Destination Lakewood: How a bar town became an immigration hot spot. Cleveland Scene. November 29, 2006. August 1, 2019. December 9, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181209121747/https://www.clevescene.com/cleveland/destination-lakewood/Content?oid=1496957. live.
31. Web site: National Origin in Lakewood, Ohio . Statistical Atlas . May 24, 2020 . June 4, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200604151648/https://statisticalatlas.com/place/Ohio/Lakewood/National-Origin . live .
32. Web site: Joon-Li. Kim. Asia in Lakewood. The Lakewood Observer. January 6, 2015. June 20, 2020. June 22, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200622091258/https://lakewoodobserver.com/read/2015/01/06/asia-in-lakewood. live.
33. Encyclopedia: Russians . The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History . . July 2, 2019 . August 18, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190818034455/https://case.edu/ech/articles/r/russians . live .
34. Book: Encyclopedia of Cleveland History . LAKEWOOD HOSPITAL . 11 May 2018 . Case Western Reserve University . 21 April 2022 . en . April 21, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220421170115/https://case.edu/ech/articles/l/lakewood-hospital . live .
35. Ellison . Alya . Cleveland Clinic's Lakewood Hospital ceases inpatient services . Becker's Hospital Review . 11 February 2016 . April 21, 2022 . April 19, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230419002733/https://www.beckershospitalreview.com/finance/cleveland-clinic-s-lakewood-hospital-ceases-inpatient-services.html?oly_enc_id=0095D0347567H1U . live .
36. News: Geiselman . Bruce . Clevel . Special to . Mayor Michael Summers describes orderly wind down at Lakewood Hospital . cleveland . 11 February 2016 . en . April 21, 2022 . April 21, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220421170115/https://www.cleveland.com/lakewood/2016/02/mayor_michael_summers_describe.html . live .
37. News: Magaw. Timothy. Site prep starts for Cleveland Clinic's new Lakewood health center. November 21, 2016. Crain's Cleveland Business. Crain Publishing Co.. October 25, 2016. October 7, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171007005512/http://www.crainscleveland.com/article/20161025/NEWS/161029878/site-prep-starts-for-cleveland-clinics-new-lakewood-health-center. live.
38. http://www.lkwdpl.org/about/awards/awards
39. Web site: Lakewood Public Library (Lakewood, Ohio) . March 2, 2004 . http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20091007222057/http://www.lkwdpl.org/ . October 7, 2009 . dead .
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42. Web site: John Benson . special to cleveland com . 2022-03-25 . Lakewood Public Library opening newly renovated Madison branch: Photos . 2023-02-16 . cleveland . en . February 16, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230216133939/https://www.cleveland.com/community/2022/03/lakewood-public-library-opening-newly-renovated-madison-branch-photos.html . live .
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49. Web site: The Production Facility and Bakery Behind Aladdin's 40 Restaurants. Douglas. Trattner. Cleveland Scene. October 28, 2017. October 28, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171028094604/https://www.clevescene.com/cleveland/the-production-facility-and-bakery-behind-aladdins-40-restaurants/Content?oid=9883696. live.
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58. Web site: Board of Education . Lakewood City Schools . SchoolPointe . 15 April 2020 . August 7, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200807181855/https://www.lakewoodcityschools.org/Board . live .
59. Web site: School Construction . Lakewood City Schools . SchoolPointe . 15 April 2020 . May 20, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190520103312/http://www.lakewoodcityschools.org/Content/818 . live .
60. Web site: Lakewood City . . September 26, 2023 . September 26, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230926203646/https://nces.ed.gov/ccd/schoolsearch/school_list.asp?Search=1&DistrictID=3904419 . live .
61. Web site: The History & Formation of LCA | Lakewood Catholic Academy . April 26, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190426031602/https://www.lakewoodcatholicacademy.com/about-us/history-formation/ . April 26, 2019 . dead .
62. Web site: The North Coast College . The North Coast College . September 26, 2023 . September 27, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230927010030/https://thencc.edu/ . live .
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66. Web site: Archived copy . February 23, 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110725073324/http://bikelakewood.org/Bike%20Ordinances%20New.pdf . July 25, 2011 . dead .
67. Web site: Board Votes to Name Cornerstone Venue 'Richard F. Celeste Theatre'. May 25, 2011. June 5, 2014. June 6, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140606225700/https://sites.coloradocollege.edu/atb/2011/05/25/board-votes-to-name-cornerstone-venue-richard-f-celeste-theatre/. live.
68. Book: Welsh . James M. . Phillips . Gene D. . Hill . Rodney F. . The Francis Ford Coppola Encyclopedia . 27 August 2010 . Scarecrow Press . 978-0-8108-7651-4 . 100 . en . October 23, 2021 . September 28, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230928154252/https://books.google.com/books?id=3m5SrXs42YEC&pg=PA100#v=onepage&q&f=false . live .
69. Web site: Brian Hoyer. NFL.com. January 21, 2014. January 19, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140119151039/http://www.nfl.com/player/brianhoyer/81294/profile. live.
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71. Web site: Haub School of Environment and Natural Resources | University of Wyoming. October 19, 2022. October 19, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221019192725/http://www.uwyo.edu/haub/index.html. live.
72. Web site: Simakis. Andrea. Lakewood native Dave Malloy made Tony darling the "Great Comet," but what made Dave Malloy?. Cleveland.com. June 11, 2017. AdvanceOhio. June 13, 2017. June 14, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170614021420/http://www.cleveland.com/onstage/index.ssf/2017/06/lakewood_native_dave_malloy_ma.html. live.
73. Web site: A look at Boston's Cardinal Sean O'Malley. Boston.com. February 27, 2013. July 25, 2022. July 25, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220725214502/https://www.boston.com/uncategorized/noprimarytagmatch/2013/02/27/a-look-at-bostons-cardinal-sean-omalley/. live.
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75. News: Endress. Jeff. April 23, 2007. Davis Celebration to Feature Renowned LHS Grad David Conte. Lakewood Observer. March 30, 2021. March 31, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220331012634/http://www.lakewoodobserver.com/read/2007/23/04/davis-celebration-to-feature-renowned-lhs. live.
76. Web site: Washington . Julie . Mike Douglas made me famous (sort of): Cleveland Remembers . cleveland.com . . October 14, 2017 . September 6, 2011 . January 24, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220124234741/https://www.cleveland.com/remembers/2011/09/mike_douglas_made_me_famous_so.html . live .
77. Web site: Jimmie Foxx Field . Lakewood Community Baseball Association . May 31, 2023 . June 1, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230601032147/https://www.lkwdbaseball.org/ball-fields/jimmie-foxx-field . live .
78. Web site: Bennett . John . James E. Foxx . ALL-AMERICAN GIRLS PROFESSIONAL BASEBALL LEAGUE . Society of American Baseball Research . May 31, 2023 . June 1, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230601032201/https://www.aagpbl.org/profiles/james-e-foxx-jimmie-and-double-x-and-beast/689 . live .
79. News: Ingraham. Jim. Indians: Former broadcaster Mike Hegan dies. June 13, 2017. News-Herald. December 25, 2013. Willoughby Ohio. September 11, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170911024151/http://www.news-herald.com/sports/20131225/indians-former-broadcaster-mike-hegan-dies. live.
80. Web site: Theiss . Evelyn . Gary Lewis of Gary Lewis and the Playboys: Whatever happened to ...? . cleveland.com . . October 14, 2017 . April 25, 2011 . November 11, 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20141111193734/http://blog.cleveland.com/metro/2011/04/gary_lewis_of_gary_lewis_and_t.html . live .
81. News: Mark . Dawidziak . John Lithgow returns to Akron to share stories and talk about storytelling . October 14, 2017 . The Plain Dealer . April 12, 2013 . October 14, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171014083905/http://www.cleveland.com/tv-blog/index.ssf/2013/04/john_lithgow_returns_to_akron_to_share_stories_and_talk_about_storytelling.html . live .
82. Web site: Prick Rising . October 2, 2020 . June 21, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210621073851/https://m.clevescene.com/cleveland/prick-rising/Content?oid=1479721 . live .
83. News: Chabek . Dan . Meredith's Lakewood memories are mostly unhappy . October 14, 2017 . Lakewood Sun Post . December 7, 1995 . August 26, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170826024450/http://lakewoodhistory.org/lore/lore31.htm . live .
84. Web site: Cacho . Daniela . One of many Tri-C Alumni Contains a Creator of Children's Literature – The Voice . Cccvoice.com . February 13, 2015 . February 27, 2018 . February 28, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180228041249/http://www.cccvoice.com/2018/02/26/one-of-many-tri-c-alumni-contains-a-creator-of-childrens-literature/ . live .
85. News: Mosby . Chris . Lakewood Soccer Player To Join Columbus Crew . October 23, 2021 . Lakewood, Ohio Patch . November 8, 2019 . en . October 23, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211023031634/https://patch.com/ohio/lakewood-oh/lakewood-soccer-player-join-columbus-crew . live .
86. News: In memoriam . October 14, 2017 . JCU Alumni Magazine . John Carroll University . November 7, 2016 . October 14, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171014083534/http://sites.jcu.edu/magazine/2016/11/07/in-memoriam-22/ . live .
87. Web site: Portmann . Milton . US Veterans Bureau . Library of Congress . United States of America.
88. Book: Rob Raines . Bob Broeg . Thats a winner! . 1997 . Sagamore Publishing . Champaign, IL . 1-57167-111-0.