| Bolyu | |
| Pronunciation: | pronounced as /pɔ33 lju13/ |
| States: | China |
| Region: | Longlin County, Guangxi |
| Ethnicity: | Bolyu (2007) |
| Speakers: | 500 |
| Date: | 2007 |
| Ref: | e18 |
| Familycolor: | Austroasiatic |
| Fam2: | Pakanic |
| Iso3: | ply |
| Glotto: | boly1239 |
| Glottorefname: | Bolyu |
The Bolyu language (autonym: pronounced as /pɔ33 lju13/; ; also known as Paliu, Palyu, or Lai 俫语, 徕语) is an Austroasiatic language of the Pakanic branch.
Bolyu is related to the Bugan language, forming the Pakanic branch along with it. In 1984, Bolyu was first studied by Liang Min of the Nationalities Research Institute in Beijing. Liang was the first to suggest a Mon–Khmer affiliation of Bolyu, which was later confirmed by Western linguists such as Paul K. Benedict, Paul Sidwell, and Jerold A. Edmondson. However, the place of the Pakanic branch within the Mon–Khmer family is uncertain. Sidwell (1995) suggests that the Pakanic branch may be an Eastern Mon–Khmer branch, thus making it most closely related to the Vietic branch. However, Gérard Diffloth classifies Pakanic as Northern Mon–Khmer, making it most closely related to the Palaungic branch.[1] Paul Sidwell later classified Bolyu and Bugan together as forming a separate Pakanic branch within Austroasiatic, while Mang is excluded as yet another separate branch of Austroasiatic.[2]
Bolyu speakers are found in the following locations in southern China.[3]
Li (1999) documents the Bolyu variety of Muzitun 亩子屯, Xinhe Village 新合村, Changfa Township 长发乡, Longlin County, Guangxi.
In the following villages, only elderly speakers of Bolyu remain.
1,400 Bolyu reside in Guangxi, and over 1,000 in Yunnan.
Bolyu is a monosyllabic tonal language like the surrounding Tai–Kadai, Hmong-Mien and even Vietic languages. Unlike Bugan, Bolyu does not have a tense–lax voice quality distinction.
| Labial | Alveolar | Alveolo- palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | pal. | vel. | plain | pal. | sib. | plain | pal. | lab. | plain | pal. | |||||
| Nasal | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | |||||||||||
| Plosive/Affricate | voiceless | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | |||
| aspirated | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | |||||||
| prenasalized | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | ||||||||||||
| Fricative | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | ||||
| Approximant | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | |||||||||||
| Front | Central | Back | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Close | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | ||
| Close-mid | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | |
| Open-mid | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | ||
| Open | pronounced as /link/ |
Bolyu has a total of six tones.
| Tone number | Tone letter ! | Pitch value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ˥ | 55 | |
| 2 | ˧ | 33 | |
| 3 | ˩ | 11 | |
| 4 | ˥˧ | 53 | |
| 5 | ˧˩ | 31 | |
| 6 | ˩˧ | 13 |